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CSC 501-Embedded Systems

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65 views14 pages

CSC 501-Embedded Systems

Uploaded by

Elusie Emmanuel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSC 501:

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
System
• A system is the operational or arrangement pattern
of one or more tasks following a fixed plan or some
set of rules.
• A system is also an assembly of several units
working in synergy to carry out some set of
instructions.
• A system comprises some components which are
capable of triggering some operations
Embedded Systems by Dr. Caesar Nwandu 2
System (Examples)
1. Watch:- A time display system 2. Washing Machine:- An automatic
Components: Hardware, Needles, clothes washing system
Battery, Dial, Chassis and Strap Components: Status display panel,
Operations: Switches & Dials, Motor, Power supply
& control unit, Inner water level sensor
• All needles move clockwise only and solenoid valve
• The thinnest needle rotates every Operations:
second
• The longest needle rotates after • Washing is by spinning
60 seconds (1 minute) • Washed clothes are rinsed
• The shortest needle rotates after • Rinsed clothes are Dried
3,600 seconds (1 hour) • In case of interruption, only the
• All needles return to the original remaining tasks are executed
position after 43,200 seconds (12
hours)
Embedded Systems by Dr. Caesar Nwandu 3
Embedded System

• An embedded system is a system that possesses computer


hardware with software loaded into it as one of its
components.
• An embedded system is a device that has a programmable
computer as part of its components but is not a general-
purpose computer itself.
• An embedded system is usually purchased as part of
another device.

Embedded Systems by Dr. Caesar Nwandu 4


Components of Embedded System
1. Hardware – Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O
Devices, Memories, Ports, …
2. Application Software – which may perform some sets of
tasks or series of tasks concurrently.
3. Real Time Operating System (RTOS) – which defines how
the system works. RTOS supervises application software.

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Types of Embedded Systems
1. General Computing – applications in embedded package.
-E.g. video games, wearable computers
2. Control Systems – closed-loop feedback in control of real-
time system.
-E.g. vehicle engines, nuclear plant, flight control
3. Signal Processing – computations of large data streams.
-E.g. video compression, radar, sonar
4. Communication and Networking – switching and
transmission of information.
-E.g. GSM, Internet
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems
1. Real-time operation: Embedded systems operate in a manner
that an external event prompts computations.
2. Small size: Embedded systems are usually hand-held with low
weight.
3. Low power: Embedded systems consumes less power than
normal PCs. Battery power may last up to 8 hours or more.
4. Safety-critical operation: Embedded systems’ operation must
be accurate. There is no room for closely-correct syndrome.
5. Environment adaptive: Embedded systems withstand harsh
environment such as heat, power fluctuations, lightening, …
Embedded Systems by Dr. Caesar Nwandu 7
Embedded System Design Classification
1. Small Scale – usually a single 8 bit or 16 bit
microcontroller with little hardware and low software
complexity. C language is used in its development.
2. Medium Scale – usually uses more complex hardware and
software components. It may contain single or a few
number of 16 bit or 32 bit microcontrollers or Digital Signal
Processors (DSP) or Reduced Instructions Set Computers
(RISC).
3. Sophisticated – has high hardware and software
complexity. It may require scalable or configurable
processor and programming logic arrays.
Embedded Systems by Dr. Caesar Nwandu 8
Embedded System Design Classification

1. Small Scale

2. Medium Scale

3. Sophisticated

Embedded Systems by Dr. Caesar Nwandu 9


Processor
• A Processor is the heart of an embedded system.
• It accepts input and produces output after data processing.
• It takes response from sensors in digital form and processing of this response in real time
• A processor has 2 main parts:
1. Program Flow Control Unit – for fetching instructions from memory.
2. Execution Unit – contains circuits that implement data transfer and data conversion
instructions
• A processor runs the cycles of fetch and executes the instructions in a sequence as they are
fetched from memory.
• There are different types of processors:
1. General Purpose processor (GPP)
- Including Microprocessor, Microcontroller, Embedded Processor, Digital signal
Processor, Media Processor
2. Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)
3. Application Specific Instruction Processor (ASIP)
4. Multi Processor System using GPPs and ASIPs
Embedded Systems by Dr. Caesar Nwandu 10
Microprocessor
• Microprocessor is a semi-conductor chip having a CPU.
• It can function as a standalone computer but not a complete computer.
• Usually, microprocessors operate fetch-and-execute cycle at a clock
frequency of 2GHz (giga hetz).
• They are multitasking in nature since multiple tasks can be performed
at a time.
• A microprocessor is a GPP in which the CPU of its single chip comprises
1. an ALU,
2. a program counter,
3. a stack,
4. a clock timing circuit,
5. interrupt circuit and
6. registers

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Microprocessor

A Block Diagram of a Microprocessor

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Features of Microprocessors
1. Instruction set: They have specific instruction set that defines operations they
can perform.
2. Clock speed: They have high clock speed which makes them to execute
instructions fast.
3. Data bus: They contain data bus which helps in transferring data between the
microprocessor and other system components.
4. Address bus: They also have address bus for transferring the address of a
memory location between the microprocessor and other system components.
5. Cache: They have a small amount of high-speed memory used in storing
frequently used data.
6. Size: They are usually small in order to fit into devices.
7. Cost: They vary in cost depending on capabilities and features.

Embedded Systems by Dr. Caesar Nwandu 13


Review Questions
1. The design of Embedded systems can lead to classifying
them as small scale, medium scale and sophisticated.
Discuss.

Embedded Systems by Dr. Caesar Nwandu 14

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