ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (417)

Class X (Session 2020-21)

NO. OF HOURS MAX. MARKS
for Theory and for Theory and
UNITS Practical Practical
200 100
Employability Skills
Unit 1 : Communication Skills-II 10
PART A

Unit 2 : Self-Management Skills-II 10

Unit 3 : ICT Skills-II 10 10
Unit 4 : Entrepreneurial Skills-II 15
Unit 5 : Green Skills-II 05
Total 50 10

Subject Specific Skills Marks

Unit 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Unit 2: AI Project Cycle
Unit 3: Advance Python*
(*To be assessed in Practicals only)
PART B

Unit 4: Data Science*

40
(*To be assessed in Practicals only)
Unit 5: Computer Vision*
(*To be assessed in Practicals only)
Unit 6: Natural Language Processing
Unit 7: Evaluation
Total 40
Practical Work:
 Unit 3: Advance Python,
 Unit 4: Data Science
PART C

 Unit 5: Computer Vision

Practical Examination
35
Viva Voce
Total 35
Project Work/Field Visit
PART D

Practical File/ Student Portfolio

15
Viva Voce
Total 15

GRAND TOTAL 200 100

 Unit 1
Communication
Skills

Introduction
In the present time, a thorough knowledge
of language with communication skills
is very important in any occupation or
business. As a student, you may study
any language, but it is important that you
are able to read, write, speak and listen
well in order to communicate properly.
Speaking more than one language can
help you to communicate well with people
around the world. Learning English can
help you to communicate with people who
understand English besides the mother
tongue i.e., the language one has been
exposed to since birth.

Session 1: Methods of Communication

The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word
commūnicāre, meaning ‘to share’.
Being able to communicate effectively is one of the
most important life skills. Communication skills are

Unit 1.indd 1 31-Jan-20 9:48:05 AM

 Notes needed to communicate effectively with people and
customers. This module aims to help you improve your
communication skills.
Clear and concise communication is of immense
importance in work and business environment as there
are several parties involved. Various stakeholders, like,
customers, employees, vendors, media, etc., are always
sending important information to each other.
Communication has three important parts:
1. Transmitting — The sender transmits the
message through one medium or another.
2. Listening — The receiver listens or understands
the message.
3. Feedback — The receiver conveys their
understanding of the message to the sender in the
form of feedback to complete the communication
cycle.
Let us look at an example below in an outlet of a
bookstore:
Customer (to a retail associate): Do you have the
textbook of Beauty Therapist, published by National
Council of Educational Research and Training?
Salesperson : Let me check.
In the above conversation, the information is being
transmitted orally by the customer. The salesperson is
the listener in this case. The discussion about book is
the message.
Salesperson: Yes, we have the textbook of Beauty
Therapist.
Customer: Please give me one copy of the textbook.
I want to purchase it.
In the above conversation, the receiver’s response
(i.e., the salesperson) is the feedback. This is an
example of a communication between the customer and
the salesperson.
The process of conveying a message is complete
only when the person receiving it has understood the
message in its entirety. In this case, the customer
understood that the book store has the textbook and
they can get a copy of the same.

2 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 2 31-Jan-20 9:48:05 AM

 Communication Process and Elements
Let us see the process of communication in detail.

Information/ Behaviour/
Input Output
The Channel—
What speaking, writing
I mean graphic, video, etc. What
I understand

Coding The Message De-coding

The The
At least some
Messenger Recepient
code in common

Fig. 1.1: Communication Process

Sender sends a
message
Giving Information

Message
(Encoding) channel
Sender Receiver
Communication A Channel is
starts with used to transfer
sender the message

Reply to Sender
(Encoding)

Receiver channel Message is Receiving Information

replies to the received by the
sender receiver

Figure 1.2: Elements of Communication

Communication Skills 3

Unit 1.indd 3 31-Jan-20 9:48:06 AM

 The various elements of a communication cycle are:
Sender: the person beginning the communication.
Message: the information that the sender wants to
convey.
Channel: the means by which the information is sent.
Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent.
Feedback: the receiver’s acknowledgement and response
to the message.
We are constantly use some form of communication or
another to send a message across. Without the different
methods of communication available today, it would be
challenging to carry out business as proficiently as it is
done today and with the same swiftness. Some common
methods of communication are given in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1: Methods of Communication
Method Description Pictorial Description
Face-to-face informal There is nothing better than face-to-face
communication communication. It helps the message
to be understood clearly and quickly.
Also, since body language can be seen
in this case; it adds to the effectiveness
of the communication.

e-mail e-mail can be used to communicate

quickly with one or many individuals
in various locations. It offers flexibility,
convenience and low-cost.

Notices/Posters It is effective when the same message

has to go out to a large group of
people. Generally used for where email
communication may not be effective.
For example, ‘Change in the lunch time
for factory worker,’ or ‘XYZ Clothing
will remain closed for customers on
Sunday.’
Business Meetings Communication during business
meetings at an organisation are generally
addressed to a group of people. It can
be related to business, management
and organisational decisions.

4 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 4 31-Jan-20 9:48:12 AM

 Other Methods There can be various other methods
like social networks, message, phone
call for communication, newsletter,
blog, etc.

Choosing the right method of communication

depends on
• target audience
• costs
• kind/type of information
• urgency/priority
The methods of communication you choose could affect
your relationship with peers, supervisors and customers.
It is, therefore, vital that you spend considerable time
and consider all factors choosing the right methods to
aid you in your tasks.

Practical Exercises
The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the
e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics
as well as detailed instructions for some activities below.
Initial Thinking Activity
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for
this topic, write the answer of the following question: Why is it
important to communicate effectively?

Activity 1
Role Play on Communication
Procedure
• Form groups with four students in each group.
• The situation is that a student is Sales Executive at a
toy store and he or she is supposed to communicate to
customers about the various types of toys available with
the store for different age group.
• The other students will reach the Sales Executive one by
one and ask different types of questions related to toys.
• Develop a script for the role play and act on the same.
• Discuss what you all learned from this activity.

Communication Skills 5

Unit 1.indd 5 31-Jan-20 9:48:14 AM

 Notes Activity 2
Identifying Elements of the Communication Cycle in Activity 1
Material required
Paper and pencil
Procedure
• Each student will draw a communication cycle.
• The entire class will then discuss how each element
affected communication during Activity 1.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter(s) (a),
(b), (c) or (d) that best answer(s) the question. (Note: There
can be more than one correct choice)

1. Which of the following is NOT an element of communication

within the communication process cycle?
(a) Channel
(b) Receiver
(c) Sender
(d) Time
2. You need to apply leave at work? Which method of
communication will you use?
(a) e-mail
(b) Poster
(c) Newsletter
(d) Blog
3. By which action can senders send their messages?
(a) Gestures
(b) Speaking
(c) Reading
(d) Writing

B. Subjective question

1. Make a chart highlighting all the methods of

communication. Use markers and colours to highlight
differences amongst all.

What Have You Learnt?

After this session, you will be able to
• identify the different communication elements.
• explain the communication process along with all the
communication elements.
• list the various methods of communication.

6 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 6 11-Feb-20 9:35:19 AM

 Session 2: Verbal Communication
Verbal communication includes sounds, words,
language, and speech. Speaking is one of the most
effective and commonly used way of communicating. It
helps in expressing our emotions in words. By improving
your verbal communication skills you will build rapport,
and have a better connect. Table 1.2 lists the important
forms of verbal communication.
Table 1.2: Verbal Communication
Type of Verbal Examples
Communication
Interpersonal This form of communication takes
Communication place between two individuals and is
thus a one-on-one conversation. It
can be formal or informal.
Examples
1. A manager discussing the
performance with an employee.
2. Two friends discussing
homework.
3. Two people talking to each other
over phone or video call.
Written Communication This form of communication
involves writing words. It can be
letters, circulars, reports, manuals,
SMS, social media chats, etc. It can
be between two or more people.
Examples
1. A manager writing an
appreciation e-mail to an
employee.
2. Writing a letter to grandmother
enquiring about health.

Small Group This type of communication takes

Communication place when there are more than two
people involved. Each participant
can interact and converse with
the rest.
Examples
1. Press conferences
2. Board meetings
3. Team meetings

Communication Skills 7

Unit 1.indd 7 31-Jan-20 9:48:25 AM

 Public Communication This type of communication takes
place when one individual addresses
a large gathering.
Examples
1. Election campaigns
2. Public speeches by dignitaries

Advantages of Verbal Communication

It is an easy mode of communication in which you
can exchange ideas by saying what you want and get
a quick response. Verbal communication also enables
you to keep changing your interaction as per the other
person’s response.

Disadvantages of Verbal Communication

Since verbal communication depends on written or spoken
words, sometimes the meanings can be confusing and
difficult to understand if the right words are not used.

Mastering Verbal Communication

Most people tend to get nervous while speaking in front
of a large group, or even while speaking to their teachers,
managers or supervisors. However, if you focus on the
points given in Table 1.3, you can enhance and master
your verbal communication skills.
Table 1.3: Mastering Verbal Communication
Think Before You • Think about your topic.
Speak • Think about the most effective ways to make your listeners
understand the topic.
• Write or note down whatever you plan to say.
Concise and Clear • Speak clearly, loudly and at moderate speed.
• Be sure the information you want to share is to the point.
• Do not repeat the same sentences.
Confidence and • Be confident.
Body Language • Maintain eye contact, stand straight and be attentive.
• Be friendly.

Practical Exercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the
e-Learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics
as well as detailed instructions for some activities below.

8 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 8 11-Feb-20 9:36:45 AM

 Initial Thinking Activity Notes
After watching the video in the e-Learning lesson for this topic write
down why do you think Tina’s directions were misunderstood?
How would you have given directions on the phone?

Activity 1
Group-Practice: Role Play of a Telephonic Conversation
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Form groups with three students in each group.
• Write a phone conversation based on a given scenario of a
student calling a university academic coordinator to know
about study courses and admission procedure.
• One student acts as caller and the other as receiver.
• Read out the conversation by enacting the roles.
• The third student gives feedback based on the 7Cs of
communication (clear, concise, concrete, correct, coherent,
complete and courteous).

Activity 2
Group-Practice on Public Speaking
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Form groups with three students in each group.
• Within the group, choose a topic for a short speech.
For example, Importance of Punctuality, Healthy Food
Habits, etc.
• Each person should make a speech to the others in the
group; who then give feedback based on whether the
person was able to communicate properly.
• One student from the group volunteers to give the same
speech in front of the class.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b),
(c) or (d) that best answers the questions.

1. Which of the following is an example of oral

communication?
(a) Newspapers
(b) Letters
(c) Phone call
(d) e-mail

Communication Skills 9

Unit 1.indd 9 11-Feb-20 9:37:08 AM

 Notes 2. What are the types of words we should use for
verbal communication?
(a) Acronyms
(b) Simple
(c) Technical
(d) Jargons
3. Why do we use e-mails?
(a) To communicate with many people at the same time.
(b) To share documents and files.
(c) To talk to each other in real-time.
(d) To keep a record of communication.

B. Subjective question

1. List the different types of verbal communication.

Include examples for each verbal communication type.

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will able to
• describe different types of verbal communication.
• list the advantages and disadvantages of verbal
communication.

Session 3: Non-verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication is the expression or
exchange of information or messages without using any
spoken or written word.
In other words, we send signals and messages to
others, through expressions, gestures, postures, touch,
space, eye contact and para language. In this session,

Figure1.3: Non-verbal Communication

10 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 10 31-Jan-20 9:48:27 AM

 you will learn about the importance of different types
of non-verbal communication skills and also know the
correct body language to be used for communication.

Importance of Non-verbal Communication

In our day-to-day communication
• 55% communication is done using body
movements, face, arms, etc.
• 38% communication is done using voice, tone,
pauses, etc.
• only 7% communication is done using words.

Figure 1.4: Methods of Communication

As we can see in Figure 1.4, around 93% of our

communication is non-verbal. Certain examples of
communicating with tone of voice and body language
are shown in Table 1.4.
Table 1.4: Non-verbal Communication
Non-Verbal Communication
Gestures • Raising a hand to greet or say goodbye
• Pointing your finger at someone

Expressions • Smiling when you are happy

• Making a sad face when you are sad

Communication Skills 11

Unit 1.indd 11 31-Jan-20 9:48:33 AM

 Body Language Postures by which attitudes and feelings
are communicated. Standing straight,
showing interest.

• Our message becomes more effective if we use the

right gestures while communicating.
• If we know about non-verbal communication,
we can understand our audience’s reaction and
adjust our interaction accordingly.
• Using the right gestures and postures is a sign of
professionalism and etiquette.
• If verbal messages are obstructed by noise or
distance, etc., we can use our hand movements to
exchange messages. For example, placing a finger
on the lips indicates the need for silence while
nodding the head is the same as saying ‘yes’.
As mentioned in Table 1.5, let us learn about some
of the ways in which we communicate non-verbally.
Table 1.5: Types of Non-verbal Communication
Type What it means How to use effectively?
Facial Expressions Our expressions can show different • Smile when you
feelings, such as Happiness, meet someone.
Sadness, Anger, Surprise, Fear, etc. • Keep your face relaxed.
• Match your expressions
with your words.
• Nod while listening.

Posture Postures show our confidence and • Keep your shoulders

feelings. For example, a straight straight and body relaxed.
body posture shows confidence • Sit straight while resting
while a slumped posture is a sign of your hands and feet in
weakness. relaxed position.
• While standing, keep your
hands by your sides.
Gestures or Gestures include body movements • Keep your hands open.
Body Language that express an idea or meaning. • Avoid pointing your finger
For example, raising a hand in at people.
class to ask a question and biting • Tilt your head a bit to show
nails when nervous. that you are attentive.

12 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 12 31-Jan-20 9:48:40 AM

 Touch We communicate a great deal • Shake hands firmly while
through touch. For example, meeting someone.
a firm handshake to display • Avoid other touch
confidence and pat on the back gestures during formal
to encourage someone. communication.

Space Space is the physical distance • Maintain proper space

between two people. The space depending on the
between tow persons while relationship, which could
communicating, generally depends be formal or informal or
on the intimacy or closeness the closeness with the
between them. person with whom you
are talking.
Eye Contact The way we look at someone can • Look directly at the person
communicate a lot. Eye contact who is speaking.
shows that we are paying attention • Avoid staring; keep a
to the person as opposed to looking relaxed look.
away, which can make the other • Maintain eye contact with
person feel ignored. intermittent breaks.
Paralanguage How we speak affects our • Use a suitable tone
communication and includes the and volume
tone, speed and volume of our • Maintain a moderate speed
voice. For example, talking fast while talking
may show happiness, excitement or
nervousness while speaking slow
may show seriousness or sadness.

Visual Communication
Visual communication proves to be effective since it
involves interchanging messages only through images
or pictures and therefore, you do not need to know any
particular language for understanding it. It is simple
and remains consistent across different places. Some
common types of visual communication are shown in
Table 1.6.
Table 1.6: Examples of Visual Communication
Visual Communication: Exchanging Information through Images
Under construction No pets allowed

Communication Skills 13

Unit 1.indd 13 31-Jan-20 9:48:50 AM

 No parking zone No entry

Danger warning Radiation/biohazard

warning

Under CCTV surveillance No mobile phone

Practical Exercises
The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the
e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics
as well as detailed instructions for some activities below.
Initial Thinking Activity
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for this
topic write down how could Rohit understand something was
wrong with Amar? Can you understand how your friends are
feeling even when they do not tell you anything?

Activity 1
Group-Practice: Role-play on Non-verbal Communication
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Form groups with three students in each group.
• Prepare the script for the role play, based on the given
scenario. For example, a hearing impaired salesperson is
attending a female customer at an apparel store.
• Act it out in front of your group.
• One group volunteers to act before your whole class.
Discuss how students used non-verbal communication.
Was this communication effective?

14 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 14 31-Jan-20 9:49:01 AM

 Activity 2
Notes
Group-Practice: How to Avoid Body Language Mistakes
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• In the same group of three students as above, discuss what
are the Dos and Don’ts of avoiding miscommunication
because of body language.
• Each student should write down a list of these Dos and
Don’ts. (Prepare the lists as homework, if there is less time
left to complete the task in class).

Activity 3
Individual-Practice: Comparing Methods of Communication
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Discuss the three methods of communication (Verbal,
Non-verbal and Visual).
• Ask each student to write a list of the advantages and
disadvantages of each method.
• Practice: In all your conversations at home and school,
pay attention to the non-verbal signs others are using.
Practice using the non-verbal methods you learnt here in
the right manner.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b),
(c) or (d) that best answers the question.

1. Which of these is a positive (good) facial expression?

(a) Frowning while concentrating
(b) Maintaining eye contact
(c) Smiling continuously
(d) Rolling up your eyes
2. What does an upright (straight) body posture convey
or show?
(a) Pride
(b) Professionalism
(c) Confidence
(d) Humility
3. Which of these is NOT an appropriate non-verbal
communication at work?
(a) Keeping hands in pockets while talking
(b) Talking at moderate speed

Communication Skills 15

Unit 1.indd 15 31-Jan-20 9:49:01 AM

 Notes (c) Sitting straight
(d) Tilting head a bit to listen
4. Which of the following statement is true
about communication?
(a) 50% of our communication is non-verbal
(b) 20% communication is done using body movements,
face, arms, etc.
(c) 5% communication is done using voice, tone,
pauses, etc.
(d) 7% communication is done using words
5. Put a X mark against the actions below which are
examples of bad non-verbal communication.
• Laughing during formal communication
• Scratching head
• Smiling when speaking to a friend
• Nodding when you agree with something
• Standing straight
• Yawning while listening
• Sitting straight
• Maintaining eye contact while speaking
• Biting nails
• Firm Handshake
• Clenching jaws
• Looking away when someone is speaking to you
• Intense stare

B. Subjective question

1. Draw any five common signs used for Visual

Communication. Explain what each conveys and where
did you see it?

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• explain non-verbal and visual communication and
their importance.
• identify different types of non-verbal communication.
• use non-verbal communication in the right manner at work.
• avoid common mistakes in non-verbal communication.

Session 4: Communication Cycle and

Importance of Feedback
Feedback is an important part of the communication
cycle. For effective communication, it is important
that the sender receives an acknowledgement from

16 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 16 31-Jan-20 9:49:01 AM

 the receiver about getting the message across.
While a sender sends information, the receiver
provides feedback on the received message.
Translated to the work environment, when you
observe someone perform their work and then,
communicate with them to help improve their
performances, you are giving feedback. Feedback
can be positive or negative. A good feedback is always
• specific
• helpful
• kind
Figure 1.5: Communication Cycle

Table 1.5: Types of Feedback

Type of Feedback Examples

Positive Feedback • I noticed you finished the work

perfectly. Great job!
• I really appreciate you taking that
call. Can you please also share
the details?

Negative Feedback • You keep forgetting to smile at the

hotel guests when you talk
to them.
• You take really long to reply to
e-mails! Are you always so busy?

No Feedback • It is also a feedback in itself which

indicates disagreement of ideas.

Feedback
Feedback, if shared properly, can help reinforce existing
strengths and can increase the recipient’s abilities to

Communication Skills 17

Unit 1.indd 17 31-Jan-20 9:49:18 AM

 Notes rectify errors. It can have a long-term effect in managing
and achieving goals.
A good feedback is one that is:
• Specific: Avoid general comments. Try to
include examples to clarify your statement.
Offering alternatives rather than just giving
advice allows the receiver to decide what to do
with your feedback.
• Timely: Being prompt is the key, since feedback
loses its impact if delayed for too long.
• Polite: While it is important to share feedback,
the recipient should not feel offended by the
language of the feedback.
• Offering continuing support: Feedback sharing
should be a continuous process. After offering
feedback, let recipients know you are available
for support.

Importance of Feedback
Feedback is the final component and one of the most
important factors in the process of communication since
it is defined as the response given by the receiver to
the sender. Let us look at certain reasons why feedback
is important.
• It validates effective listening: The person
providing the feedback knows they have been
understood (or received) and that their feedback
provides some value.
• It motivates: Feedback can motivate people to
build better work relationships and continue the
good work that is being appreciated.
• It is always there: Every time you speak to
a person, we communicate feedback so it is
impossible not to provide one.
• It boosts learning: Feedback is important to
remain focussed on goals, plan better and develop
improved products and services.
• It improves performance: Feedback can
help to form better decisions to improve and
increase performance.

18 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 18 31-Jan-20 9:49:18 AM

 Notes
Practical Exercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the
e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics
as well as detailed instructions for some activities below.

Activity 1
Role Play on Providing Feedback
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Form groups with five students in each group.
• Two volunteers in the group should act out a role play
of a hotel staff. For example, Volunteer A can act as a
front desk executive and Volunteer B as a guest enquiring
availability of rooms.
• After the role play, remaining members of group will give
constructive feedback to both the volunteers.

Activity 2
Group-Practice on Constructive Feedback
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Form groups with five students in each group.
• Each member in the group should write down three
sentences showing how feedback should NOT be given.
• Then, each group forms a circle. One person in the circle
starts by saying a sentence or feedback. The next person
in the circle tries to make the feedback more constructive.
• Keep repeating until all written feedback have
constructive alternatives.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b),
(c) or (d) that best answers the question.

1. Which of these are examples of positive feedback?

(a) Excellent, your work has improved.
(b) I noticed your dedication towards the project.
(c) You are always doing it the wrong way.
(d) All of the above

Communication Skills 19

Unit 1.indd 19 31-Jan-20 9:49:18 AM

 Notes 2. Which of these are examples of negative feedback?
(a) I hate to tell you this but your drawing skills are poor.
(b) You can surely improve your drawing.
(c) This is a good drawing but you can do better.
(d) None of the above
3. Which of the following are effective components of a good
feedback?
(a) Detailed and time consuming
(b) Direct and honest
(c) Specific
(d) Opinion-based

B. Subjective question

1. What do you mean by feedback? Let’s take a scenario.

Radha is your co-worker. Together you are making a
report on how to manage the waste in your store. Since
she has not finished her part of the report on time, the
whole report has got delayed and the manager has given
you both a warning. Write down the feedback you would
like to give your co-worker on managing time. Try to keep
the feedback specific and polite.

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will able to
• identify how and when to give feedback.
• explain the importance of feedback.
• use suitable words and phrases when giving or receiving
feedback.

Session 5: Barriers to Effective

Communication
What is Effective Communication?
We now know that there are different methods of
communication: non-verbal, verbal and visual. However,
all these methods can only be effective if we follow the
basic principles of professional communication skills.
These can be abbreviated as 7 Cs i.e., Clear, Concise,
Concrete, Correct, Coherent, Complete and Courteous.
These are further explained in Figure 1.6.
Absence of any of these 7Cs can lead to
miscommunication. Let us take a closer look at certain
barriers to effective communication.

20 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 20 31-Jan-20 9:49:18 AM

 Notes

Figure 1.6: 7Cs of Effective Communication

Linguistic Cultural

Barriers to
Communication

Physical and
Interpersonal
Organisational

Figure 1.7: Barriers to Effective Communication

Barriers to Effective Communication

Physical Barriers
Physical barrier is the environmental and natural
condition that act as a barrier in communication in
sending message from sender to receiver. Not being
able to see gestures, posture and general body language
can make communication less effective. For example,
text messages are often less effective than face-to-face
communication.

Linguistic Barriers
The inability to communicate using a language is known
as language barrier to communication. Language
barriers are the most common communication
barriers, which cause misunderstandings and

Communication Skills 21

Unit 1.indd 21 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

 Notes misinterpretations between people. For example,
slang, professional jargon and regional colloquialisms
can make communication difficult.
Interpersonal Barriers
Barriers to interpersonal communication occur when
the sender’s message is received differently from how
it was intended. It is also very difficult to communicate
with someone who is not willing to talk or express their
feelings and views. Stage fear, lack of will to communicate,
personal differences can create interpersonal barriers
to communication.
Organisational Barriers
Organisations are designed on the basis of formal
hierarchical structures that follow performance
standards, rules and regulations, procedures, policies,
behavioural norms, etc. All these affect the free flow
of communication in organisations and therefore,
need to be suitably managed. Superior-subordinate
relationships in a formal organisational structure can be
a barrier to free flow of communication. Also, sometimes
due to the stringent rules, the employees find it difficult
to communicate with their peers too.
Cultural Barriers
Cultural barriers is when people of different cultures are
unable to understand each other’s customs, resulting in
inconveniences and difficulties.People sometimes make
stereotypical assumptions about others based on their
cultural background, this leads to difference in opinions
and can be a major barrier to effective communication.
Although there are certain barriers to effective
communication, you can always overcome these
barriers by following some best practices of effective
communication that are listed here.
Ways to Overcome Barriers to Effective
Communication
• Use simple language
• Do not form assumptions on culture, religion
or geography

22 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 22 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

 • Try to communicate in person as much as possible Notes
• Use visuals
• Take help of a translator to overcome differences
in language
• Be respectful of other’s opinions

Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Role Play on Barriers to Effective Communication.
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Form groups with five students in each group.
• Two volunteers from the group should act out a role play of
a salesperson in a shopping mall. For example, Volunteer
A can act as a sales executive, and Volunteer B as a
customer enquiring about a television set. The customer
is from a foreign country.
• Enact the communication barriers or challenges the
customer or salesperson may face while interacting with
each other.

Activity 2
Group practice: Overcoming Barriers
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Form groups with five students in each group.
• Each member in a group should write down three ways
to overcome barriers to effective communication. The
group members will then stand in a circle. Each student
should say aloud one point each; till all the ways have
been discussed.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter(s) (a),
(b), (c) or (d) that best answers the question.

1. Which of these is NOT a common communication barrier?

(a) Linguistic barrier
(b) Interpersonal barrier

Communication Skills 23

Unit 1.indd 23 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

 Notes (c) Financial barrier
(d) Organisational barrier
2. Which of these are ways to overcome communication
barriers?
(a) Respecting each other’s differences
(b) Using a translator
(c) Not communicating at all
(d) Using your own language for comfort

B. Subjective question

1. Write down the common communication barriers you

may come across when you move to a new city or country.

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• identify the common barriers to effective communication.
• list ways to overcome barriers to effective communication.

Session 6: Writing Skills — Parts of Speech

Writing skills are part of verbal communication and
include e-mails, letters, notes, articles, SMS/chat,
blogs, etc. In all these forms of written communication,
we use sentences to express ourselves. Sentences
are important because they help to clearly present
the message. We all know that a sentence is a group
of words that communicates a complete thought. For
example, Pooja goes to school. On the other hand, a
group of words, which does not make complete sense, is
known as a phrase. For example, Pooja goes. A sentence
always begins with a capital letter, and it always ends
with a question mark, full stop or exclamation mark. In
this session, we will cover all these topics in detail. But
first, read aloud the examples given below:
• When will you complete your homework?
• I completed it yesterday.
• That is good!

Capitalisation
We know that all sentences begin with capital letters.
However, there are certain other points in a sentence
where we should use capital letters. ‘TINS’is a set of
24 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 24 11-Feb-20 9:38:25 AM

 simple rules that help you capitalise words correctly.
Each letter in the word TINS refers to one capitalisation
rule as shown in Table 1.7.
Table 1.7: Capitalisation Rules
Alphabet T I N S
What it shows: Titles word ‘I’ Names Starting letter
of sentences
Rule Capitalise the Capitalise the Capitalise the first Capitalise
first letter in letter ‘I’ when it letter in the names the first
the titles used is used as a word of people, places, letter in every
before people’s (Pronoun). days and months. sentence.
names.
Example Dr Malik and He said that I The summer break The little girl
Mr Pandey should accompany is starting this lost her book.
were invited to him to the mall. Friday and will
the party. continue till the end
of June. Suresh is
planning to visit
London next year.

Punctuation
Certain set of marks, such as full stop, comma, question
mark, exclamation mark and apostrophe are used in
communication to separate parts of a sentence for
better clarity of message. Some common punctuation
marks and their rules are shown here in Table 1.8.
Table 1.8: Punctuation Marks
Punctuation Sign Use Example
name
Full stop . • Used at the end of a Omar is a professor. His students
sentence. call him Prof. Omar.
• Used with short form of
long words.
Comma , • Used to indicate a pause After getting down from the bus, I
in the sentence. walked towards my school.
• Used to separate two or The grocery store had fresh
more items in a row. kiwis,strawberries and mangoes.
Question mark ? • Used at the end of a Where is your book?
question.
Exclamation mark ! • Used at the end of a What a beautiful dress!
word or a sentence to Hooray! We won the match.
indicate a strong feeling.

Communication Skills 25

Unit 1.indd 25 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

 Apostrophe (‘) • Used followed by an ‘s’ That is Shobha’s cat.
to show possession or Are these Rahim’s colour pencils?
belonging. Let’s go for the movies today.
• Used with shortened She isn’t coming to school today.
form of words in
informal speech.

Basic Parts of Speech

The part of speech indicates how a particular word
functions in meaning as well as grammatically within
the sentence. Some examples are nouns, pronouns,
adjectives, verbs and adverbs as shown in Figure 1.8.
Nouns
(Name, Place,
Animal, Thing)

Adverbs Pronouns
(slowly, (He, she,
quickly, etc.) you, I)

Adjectives
Verbs (Walk, (Salty, Spicy,
Talk, etc.) etc.)

Figure 1.8: Parts of Speech

Table 1.8: Parts of Speech

Parts of What they do Example sentence Example
speech words
Noun Words (naming words) Kavita bought a book. ‘Kavita’ Tiger
that refer to a person, and ‘book’ are nouns. Truth
place, thing or idea. India
Raj
January
Pronoun Words used in place of Kavita bought a book. She has I
a noun a great book collection. ‘She’ is You
used in place of the noun Kavita. They
Us
She
He

26 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 26 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

 Adjectives Words that describe Kavita bought a best-selling book Large
other words. best-selling is an adjective that Red
describes the noun book. Naughty
Weak
One-foot
Verbs Words that show action Kavita buys a new book every Run
month. Buys is the verb that tells Eat
about Kavita’s actions. Think
Sit
Adverbs Words that add meaning Kavita quickly read her Easily
to verbs by answering book.‘Quickly’ tells us how Kavita Always
How? How often? When? did the action. Before
and Where? Fast
Carefully

Let us now see how these words are used. Read aloud
the sentence given below.
Hooray! Shyam and his team won the exciting
match yesterday.
We already know that Shyam, team and match are
nouns. ‘Exciting’ is an adjective here because it describes
the noun match, the word won is a verb because its
hows an action and the word ‘yesterday’ is an adverb
because it describes when they won the match.
But what about the remaining words in this sentence:
Hooray, the, and? Such supporting words are used to
join the main parts of speech together and also to add
information to the sentences. Let us now look at some
types of these supporting words.
Supporting Parts of Speech Types
Articles (a,
an, the)

Interjection
Conjunctions
(wow, oh no,
(and, but, etc.)
etc.)

Preposition
(in, on, etc.)

Figure 1.9: Supporting Parts of Speech

Communication Skills 27

Unit 1.indd 27 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

 Some supporting words are shown in Figure 1.9. Let
us learn more about them using Table 1.10.

Table 1.10: Supporting Parts of Speech

Supporting Parts Use Example
of Speech
Articles (a, an, the) Generally used before nouns. Wow! The boy was taken
An — used before words with a vowel sound by surprise because he
A — used before nouns with a consonant saw a bird flying over
sound his head.
The — Refers to specific or particular words
Conjunctions Joins two nouns, phrases or sentences Wow! The boy was taken
(and, but, by surprise because he
because) saw a bird flying over
his head.
Prepositions (on, Connects one word with another to Wow! The boy was taken by
over, in, under) usually answer the questions ‘where’, surprise because he saw a
‘when’ and ‘how’. bird flying over his head.
Interjections Expresses strong emotions, such as Wow! The boy was taken
(Wow!, Help!) happiness, surprise, anger or pain. by surprise because he
saw a bird flying over
his head.

Practical Exercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities – by showing you the
e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics
as well as detailed instructions for some activities below.
Initial Thinking Activity
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for
this topic, write down what do you think was wrong with
Seema’s letter?

Activity 1
Identifying Parts of Speech
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Form groups with five students in each group.
• In the paragraph given below (taken from from ‘La Bamba’—
a short story; Gary Soto pp. 115), identify the different
parts of speech and write them down accordingly.
“manuel walked on stage and the song started immediately
glassy-eyed from the shock of being in front of so many

28 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 28 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

 people manuel moved his lips and swayed in a made-up
Notes
dance step he couldn’t see his parents but he could see his
brother mario who was a year younger thumb-wrestling
with a friend mario was wearing manuel’s favourite shirt
he would deal with Mario later. He saw some other kids get
up and head for the drinking fountain and a baby sitting
in the middle of an aisle sucking her thumb and watching
him intently.”
• This paragraph contains examples of the parts of speech
you learnt about in this lesson.
• Identify as many of these parts of speech as you can and
mark them. Discuss what was difficult in this activity.
• Write the paragraph with correct capitalisation and
punctuation. One of the groups will volunteer and present
to the class what they have marked. They write out the
paragraph on the board with proper punctuation. The
other students will share if it is correct.

Activity 2
Pair Activity: Sentence Construction
Material required
Notebook, pen
Procedure
• Form pairs of students.
• List out nine parts of speech that you learnt in the lesson.
Select any three of them and create five simple sentences
which use these parts of speech.
• For each part of speech, a volunteer reads out their
sentences. The other students share if it is correct.

Activity 3
Group Practice: Identify Name, Place, Animal, Thing
Material required
Notepad and pens
Procedure
• Number yourselves from 1 to 5.
• One set of 1–5 is in one group and so on.
• Each member of a group has to say a word that is either a
name, place, animal, thing or feeling; the fifth member has
to perform any kind of action.
• Each group gets 30 seconds to think what they are going
to say and do.
Discussion
The class discussion will highlight different words that are used
to name a person, place, animal, thing, or feeling and their role in
a sentence as parts of speech. The discussion will also highlight
the role of action words as parts of speech

Communication Skills 29

Unit 1.indd 29 31-Jan-20 9:49:20 AM

 Notes
Check Your Progress
A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b),
(c) or (d) that best answers the question.

1. In which of the following, the underlined word is

an adjective?
(a) Radha has a red dress.
(b) I can speak French.
(c) The Girl on the Train is a best-seller.
(d) Abdul can swim fast.
2. Which of these sentences is capitalised correctly?
(a) Ravi and i are going to the movies.
(b) Salim is visiting India in july.
(c) The Tiger is a strong animal.
(d) She is arriving on Monday.
3. Which of these sentences are punctuated correctly?
(a) When is the party.
(b) I had bread omelette and a Banana for breakfast.
(c) I am so excited about my first foreign trip!
(d) This is Abdul’s notebook.
4. In which of these sentences can you find an adverb?
(a) Divya drinks milk every day.
(b) Sanjay gifted me a new pen.
(c) I opened the door lock.
(d) Sita is 5-feet tall.

B. Fill in the blanks

1. Fill correct nouns and verbs from the given options to
complete the sentence in table given below.

Nouns Verbs
Boy, Ms Sen, Rahim, Children, Swimming, Driving, Writing,
Cat, Students Teaching, Eating, Playing

a. The __________________ is b. The _________________ are

________________________. _______________________.

c. The _________________ are d. __________________________

________________________. is_______________ the car.

30 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 30 31-Jan-20 9:49:26 AM

 e. _______________ is f. The ____________ is
_________________. _________________.

C. Subjective question

1. Identify the conjunctions and prepositions from the list

below and write these in the correct box.
Over, Because, Under, And, Since, In, At, Although, Or, Up,
On, Beside
Conjunction Preposition

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• use capitalisation and punctuation rules for sentences.
• identify the basic parts of speech.
• explain the usage of the different parts of speech.
• identify the supporting parts of speech.

Session 7: Writing Skills — Sentences

Parts of a Sentence
We all know that almost all English
sentences have a subject and a verb
while some also have an object.
Subject: Person or thing that performs
an action.
Verb: Describes the action.
Object: Person or thing that receives
the action.
Let us see the different parts of the
sentence in Figure 1.10.
Read aloud the example sentences
shown in Table 1.11 and understand
which is the subject, verb and object. Figure 1.10: Parts of a Sentence

Communication Skills 31

Unit 1.indd 31 31-Jan-20 9:49:30 AM

 Table 1.11: Parts of a Sentence
Sentence Subject Verb Object
He swam in the lake. He swam the lake
She rode the bicycle. She rode the bicycle
He threw the ball. He threw the ball
The dog chased the cat. Dog chased the cat

Types of Objects
In a sentence, there can be two types of objects — Direct
and Indirect. The objects provided in the above
examples are called direct objects since they are
directly ‘acted on’ by the verb. On the other hand,
an indirect object answers questions, such as ‘to/
for who.’
For example, in the sentence “She bought a bicycle
for her son.” The verb is ‘bought’.
What did she buy? A bicycle. For who? For her
son. Here, ‘bicycle’ is the direct object and ‘her son’
is the indirect object. Some sentences only have
direct objects while some have both direct and
indirect objects.
Read aloud the examples given in Table 1.12 and
practice finding the direct and indirect objects.
Table 1.12: Direct and Indirect Objects

Sentence Verb Verb+What? Verb+by Direct Indirect

whom/to Object Object
whom?
Ravi repaired repaired car Car
his car.

The children played football Football

played football.

The parents sent sent postcard him Postcard him

him a postcard.

He bought his bought computer his daughter Computer His daughter

daughter a
computer.

32 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 32 31-Jan-20 9:49:31 AM

 Types of Sentences Notes

Figure 1.11: Types of sentences

Active and Passive Sentences

Read aloud the sentence shown in Figure 1.11. What is
the difference between the two sentences?
1. Radha is reading a book.
2. A book is being read by Radha.
The action (verb) in both sentences is reading a book.
But the ‘subject’ of both sentences is different. In the
first sentence, the subject (Radha) does the action. In
the second sentence, the subject (a book) receives the
action. Read the sentences in Figure 1.12 again.

Figure 1.12: Active and Passive Sentences

Communication Skills 33

Unit 1.indd 33 31-Jan-20 9:49:35 AM

 Sentences where the subject does an action are
known to be in the Active voice, whereas sentences in
which the subject receives an action are known to be in
the Passive voice.
Read aloud some more active and passive voice
examples given in Table 1.12.
Table 1.12: Active and Passive Sentences
Active Voice Passive Voice
Ali changed the flat tire. The flat tire was changed by Ali.
I will clean the house every Saturday. The house will be cleaned by me every Saturday.
Ravi painted the entire house. The entire house was painted by Ravi.

So, now we know that there are active voice and

passive voice sentences. Besides these, we also have
other types of sentences which are based on the purpose
that the sentences serve while communicating.
Read aloud the sentences in Figure 1.13. How do
you think they differ from each other?

Figure 1.13: Examples of types of sentences

Each of these sentences has a different purpose.

Also, notice how each sentence in Figure 1.13 ends.
Read the examples in Figure 1.14 to understand the
different types of sentences.

34 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 1.indd 34 31-Jan-20 9:49:37 AM

 Unit 2
Self-management
Skills

Introduction
Self-management, also referred to as ‘self-control,’
is the ability to control one’s emotions, thoughts and
behaviour effectively in different situations. This also
includes motivating oneself, and setting goals. People
with strong self-management skills are better in doing
certain things better than others.
Therefore, employers too strongly prefer
people with good self-management skills.

Basics of Self-management
To perform well at work and life in
general, you must be able to manage
and improve yourself in various skills
including discipline and timeliness,
goal-setting, problem solving, teamwork,
professionalism, etc. Once you develop
your personality and abilities in these
areas,you will be able to succeed in
personal as well as professional life.
Figure 2.1 Self-management

Unit 2.indd 39 31-Jan-20 9:57:07 AM

 Following are some of the skills you must master to
succeed in life:
• Self-awareness: Ask for honest feedback. Gather
insights on your personality and work-specific
proficiencies. Think about your daily interactions
and how you handled situations well or could
have handled them differently.
• Responsibility: Taking responsibility for your
tasks is very important. Taking ownership is
the step towards self-development. For example,
if you have been assigned a task by a teacher;
ensure you take complete ownership. Even if you
are unable to complete the task on time, you must
report it and then correct it.
• Time Management: Prioritise the things you
have to do. Remove waste and redundancy from
work. Make a time table and follow it diligently.
• Adaptability: Stay current with best practices
and read up on new information always. Prepare
yourself for new changes, so that you can
transition seamlessly.

Session 1: Stress Management

Stress and Stress Management
Have you ever felt worried that you will not pass in an
exam? Do you feel pressurised when people around you
bring up certain topics for discussion (issues that you
are not comfortable with)? Do you fear that
you will be unsuccessful in life? If yes, then
you are going through stress. Stress motivates
you to achieve more but when you are under
stress for a prolonged period of time, it can
cause health problems and mental troubles
as well.

What is Stress?
Stress can be defined as our emotional,
mental, physical and social reaction to any
perceived demands or threats. These demands
or threats are called stressors. Stressors are
Figure 2.2 Stress the reason for stress.

40 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 2.indd 40 11-Feb-20 9:42:01 AM

 For example, Notes
• you are too close to the exams but feel unprepared.
• you are experiencing a loss of someone close in
the family.
• you are worried about what people would think
of you if you don’t dress well or cannot speak
confidently.
• you are stressed due to lack of sleep.

Stress Management
Stress is a part of everyday life. There are many
instances when stress can be helpful. A fire alarm
is intended to cause stress that alerts you to avoid
danger. The stress created by a deadline to finish a
paper can motivate you to finish the assignment on
time. But when experienced in excess or for a long
period of time, stress has the opposite effect. It can
harm our emotional and physical health, and limit our
ability to function well at home, in school and within
our relationships.
Managing stress is about making a plan to be able to
cope effectively with daily pressures. The ultimate goal
is to strike a balance between life, work, relationships,
relaxation and fun. By doing this, you are able to deal
with daily stress triggers and meet these challenges
head on.
Always keep in mind the ABC of stress management
A: Adversity or the stressful event
B: Beliefs or the way you respond to the event
C: Consequences or actions and outcomes of the event

Stress management can help you to

• have a joyful life.
• focus and complete tasks on time.
• be a happy person as you are stress free.
• be more energetic and spend quality time with your
friends and family.

Self-management Skills 41

Unit 2.indd 41 31-Jan-20 9:57:08 AM

 Three Steps to Manage Stress
Look out for signs of stress, such as
Step 1: Be aware
headache, sleeplessness, sadness, excessive
that you are worrying, nervousness, etc. Only when we
stressed are aware, we can manage stress.

Step 2: Identify Find out the reason for your stress. Is it

what is causing because of exams, family pressures, money
you stress issues, not eating good food, etc.?

Use time management tools to manage your

Step 3: time well. Focus on the important tasks and
Apply stress get them done. Talk to someone close about
management the issue. Take time to relax by exercising,
methods watching movie or any other activity which
can help feel relaxed.

Figure 2.3 Managing stress

Management Techniques
Here are a few simple stress management techniques.
• Time management: Proper time management
is one of the most effective stress-relieving
techniques.
• Physical exercise and fresh air: A healthy lifestyle
is essential for students. Stress is generally lower
in people who maintain a healthy routine. Doing
yoga, meditation and deep breathing exercises
help in proper blood circulation and relaxes the
body. Even taking a walk or playing in the park
will help you get a lot of fresh oxygen, which will
help you become more active.
• Healthy diet: Having a healthy diet will also help
you reduce stress. Eating a balanced diet, such
as Dal, Roti, vegetables and fruits will give you
the strength to do your daily work efficiently.
• Positivity: Focussing on negative aspects of life
will add more stress. Instead, learn to look at
the good things and stay positive. For example,
instead of feeling upset over a scoring less in a
test, try to maintain a positive attitude and look
at ways to improve the next time.

42 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 2.indd 42 31-Jan-20 9:57:10 AM

 • Organising academic life; no delaying: By Notes
keeping class notes organised, finishing in
assignments on time, and keeping track of all
deadlines, stress can be reduced to a great extent.
• Sleep: We should get a good night’s sleep for at
least 7 hours so that your brain and body gets
recharged to function better the next day.
• Holidays with family and friends: Going to a
relative’s place, such as your grandparents’ house
or a new place during your summer vacations can
help you break from the normal routine and come
back afresh.

Ability to Work Independently

If you can become a calm and relaxed person, you will
be have the ability to work independently, which means.
1. becoming self-aware, self-monitoring and
self-correcting.
2. knowing what you need to do.
3. taking the initiative rather than being told what
to do.
4. recognising your mistakes and not blaming others.
5. having the ability and the will to learn continuously.

Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and
manage one’s own emotions, as well as the emotions
of others. It is generally said to include at least
three skills:
• Emotional awareness : the ability to identify and
name one’s own emotions.
• Harnessing emotions : the ability to harness
and apply emotions to tasks like thinking and
problem solving.
• Managing emotions : the ability to regulate one’s
own emotions when necessary and help others to
do the same.
Knowing how to manage one’s emotions is critical
for all of us. You can manage stress, keep your brain

Self-management Skills 43

Unit 2.indd 43 31-Jan-20 9:57:10 AM

 Notes active and open minded, and easily overcome failures
if you can keep your emotions in check. Emotional
intelligence can also help you have better relations with
your friends and family.
Let us take an example. Ravi and his best friend,
Shiv, have been practising for the annual school dance
competition. They are both performing solo. On the
day of the competition, Shiv won. Ravi felt extremely
sad and dejected. He shouted at Shiv unnecessarily,
cried and also did not talk to his parents for 3–4 hours.
On the contrary, if Ravi would have been emotionally
intelligent, he would have accepted defeat gracefully,
and done better in the next competition.
Being emotionally intelligent enhances your chances
of success and a balanced life.
Some steps to manage emotional intelligence are as
given below.
• Understand your emotions: Observe your
behaviour and note the things you need to work
on. You can then work on the things you need
to improve.
• Rationalise: Do not take decisions abruptly; be
rational in your thinking.
• Practise: Do meditation and yoga to keep
yourself calm.

Practical Excercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the
e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.
• After watching the video ‘Have you faced this situation?’ in
the e-learning lesson, discuss what you have learnt from
the video. Do you think Priya was worried that she will
not meet her goal? What would you do differently in her
situation?
• After watching the video ‘Managing Stress at Work’ in the
e-learning lesson, discuss the various stress management
techniques that were used in the video by Gaurav to
improve his situation.

44 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 2.indd 44 31-Jan-20 9:57:10 AM

 Activity 1 Notes
Role Play on Avoiding Stressful Situation
Material required
Pen, notepad or sheets of paper
Procedure
• Form groups of three.
• Choose any one situation from below.
• Prepare a skit (role play) and perform within your groups.
• Two members will perform the skit and one member will
observe and share feedback.
Situation 1
You have missed your school bus and you are getting late. What
will you do? Will you panic or call for help or try to find a way?
Situation 2
You have to perform your best in the next cricket or badminton
match so you get a chance to play for your school at the national
level cricket or badminton tournament. You have been anxious
(worried or stressed). Will you lose your sleep worrying about it
or will you go to the field and practice?

Activity 2
Self-reflection
Material required
Pen or pencil
Procedure
• Complete the below table by listing the situation(s) that
can cause stress and what will you do to avoid stress in
such situations.
• Use the stress management techniques shared in the
lesson to complete the exercise.
Stress Management
Stress Causing Situation(s)
Techniques

Activity 3
Benefits of taking a holiday
Material required
Pen or pencil
Procedure
• Write an essay to describe the place and your experience
during a holiday trip or summer camp.
• Highlight how the trip helped you de-stress.

Self-management Skills 45

Unit 2.indd 45 31-Jan-20 9:57:10 AM

 Check Your Progress
A. Subjective questions

1. Describe stress and stress management in your

own words.
2. List your favorite stress management technique and
elaborate why you find it the most effective.

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• define stress management.
• identify the steps for managing stress.
• create a list of personal stressful situation and ways to
handle them.

Session 2: Self-awareness — Strength and

Weakness Analysis
Being self-aware means that you can identify your
strengths and weaknesses. Self-awareness, therefore,
will help you in converting your weakness into strength
and strength into an exceptional talent. Analysing your
strengths and weaknesses helps you to attain success
in life. However, strength and weakness analysis begins
with knowing yourself first.

Knowing Yourself
Understanding who you are, what
Beliefs you like or dislike, what are your
beliefs, what are your opinions,
what is your background, what
Background
you do well and what you do not
do well is important because only
Who am I? Opinions then can you actually measure
your strengths and weaknesses
(see Figure 2.4).
Likes/dislikes
Strength and Weakness
Analysis
Values
Understanding who you are
Figure 2.4 Knowing Yourself means looking outside your usual

46 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 2.indd 46 31-Jan-20 9:57:10 AM

 characteristics, such as your name, qualification and
interpersonal relationships. In other words, being self-
aware actually means knowing your inner strengths,
hidden talents, skills and even weaknesses. Let us look
at how we define strengths and weaknesses.

Figure 2.5 Strength and Weakness

Examples of strengths
• I am good at creative writing.
• I am confident of speaking in front of an audience.
• I play guitar very well.

Examples of weaknesses
• I find it difficult to solve mathematics problems.
• I would like to speak English fluently.
• I do not like to lose in any game or sports.

By understandig Based on that

By improving, we will
ourselves we can information, we can
• become confident in
• know what we • plan the next steps
what we do.
can/cannot do. to improve ourselves.

Techniques for Identifying your Strengths

and Weaknesses
Finding Strengths (or abilities)
• Think of anything that you are always
successful at.

Self-management Skills 47

Unit 2.indd 47 31-Jan-20 9:57:12 AM

 • Think about what others like in you.
• Take out time and think about what you do well.

Finding Weaknesses
• Point out the areas where you struggle and the
things you find difficult to do.
• Look at the feedback others usually give you.
• Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses
without feeling low about it. Take it as an area
of improvement.
You can find your strengths and weaknesses once
you find answers to the questions given here.
• How am I different from others?
• What do I do better than others?
• What do other people admire in me?
• What makes me stand out?
• Where do I worry and struggles?
• Where, how and why do others perform better
than me?
• What advice for improvement do I often receive
from others?

Difference between Interests and Abilities

(Strengths)

Table 2.1: Difference between Interests and Abilities

S.No Interests Abilities
1. Things that you like to do in your An acquired or natural capacity
free time that make you happy.
2. Things you are curious about or Enable you to perform a
would do even if no one asked you particular job or task with
to do it. considerable proficiency.
3. Things you want to learn or would
like to do in the future.

When your interests do not match your abilities, you

can either improve your abilities or follow some other
path. For example, you may like music, but you may
not be good at singing. In that case, do not try to become
a singer!

48 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 2.indd 48 31-Jan-20 9:57:12 AM

 Practical Exercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the
e-Learning lesson athttp://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics
as well as detailed instructions for some activities below.
Initial Thinking Activity
After watching the initial video ‘Finding the right job’ in the
e-Learning lesson, write down the points that you will use from
the video to understand your own strengths and weaknesses.

Activity 1
Pair Activity: Aim in Life
Material required
Pen, notepad or sheets of paper
Procedure
• Form pairs of students.
• Each student will make a list of things that they can do
well based on the given format.
• Share your notes with your partner.
• One volunteer from the pair comes and reads, in front of
the class.
Here is the format for you to fill in
I am
I can (abilities)
I will (plan)
My aim is

Activity 2
Individual Activity: Interests and Abilities Worksheet
Material required
Student textbooks, pen
Procedure
• Each student has to complete the given worksheet,
containing a list of statements and questions.
• Each student has to be real and honest when filling
the worksheet as it is for their own understanding
of themselves.
• If they are not real and honest, they will get incorrect
results about their own interests and abilities.
Worksheet - My Interests and Abilities

I am happiest when
My idea of a perfect day

Self-management Skills 49

Unit 2.indd 49 31-Jan-20 9:57:12 AM

 Notes
Five things I really
enjoy doing
Three things I like to do
every day
I am most passionate about
Ideas or issues I care deeply
about
If I had the talent or ability,
I would
If I could choose any job, it
would be
The three activities that
I love to do?
How often do I do them?
What stops me from doing
the activities more often?
What specific changes do
I need to make in order to
engage in these activities
more frequently?

Check Your Progress

1. Fill in the table given below to prepare an action
plan to build upon your strengths and overcome
your weaknesses.
Strengths Weakness Action plan to build upon
your strengths and
overcome your weaknesses

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• identify your own strengths and weaknesses.
• explain how to build on your strengths and overcome your
weaknesses.
• identify your interests.

50 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 2.indd 50 31-Jan-20 9:57:12 AM

 Session 3: Self-motivation
Have you heard of the story of the hare and tortoise?
Who won that race in spite of being slow? The tortoise.
They key to win was that the tortoise never thought less
of itself and stayed motivated even though it was lagging
behind. But slowly and gradually it crossed all hurdles
and continued the race without being demotivated.
Self-motivation is simply the force within you that
drives you to do things. Self-motivation is what pushes
us to achieve our goals, feel happy and improve our
quality of life. In other words, it is our ability to do
the things that need to be done without someone or
something influencing us.
Here are some examples of self-motivation.

Neha spends all her Rekha gets up at 5

after-school hours am and goes for her
to practice more dance classes. Then
and more sample she comes home and
question papers. She finishes her hoemwork
wants to do well in before going to school.
her exams so that she She does this all by
can get admission in herself. No one tells
her dream college in her to do it.
the city.

Figure 2.7 Self-motivation

Different people are motivated by different things

and at different times in their lives.

Types of Motivation
Internal Motivation: LOVE
We do things because they make us happy, healthy
and feel good. For example, when you perform on
your annual day function and you learn something
new, such as dancing, singing, etc., you feel good.

External Motivation: REWARD

We do things because they give us respect, recognition
and appreciation. For example, Suresh participated
in a 100m race and won a prize. This motivated him
to go for practice every morning.

Self-management Skills 51

Unit 2.indd 51 31-Jan-20 9:57:18 AM

 Qualities of Self-motivated People
There are some typical behaviours seen in self-motivated
people which are as given below.

Know what they want Are focussed Know what is Are dedicated to fulfill
from life important their dreams
Figure 2.8: Qualities of self-motivated people

Mr E Shreedharan, Former Managing Director, Delhi

Metro Rail Corporation Ltd, was a self-motivated and
energetic person. With his dedication and respect for
others, he motivated his team to work hard and achieve
results.
Mahashay Dharmapal Gulati, the founder of
Mahashian Di Hatti (MDH) Private Limited started with a
small shop in Karol Bagh but with his focus, dedication
and clear ideas, MDH (Spice Company) became one of
the most popular brands in India besides having a good
reputation all over the world.

Building Self-motivation
There are four steps for building self-motivation, which
are as given below.

Stay loyal to
Develop a plan your goals
to achieve
your goals
Set and focus
on your goals Work towards
Find out your Plan and set timelines
achieving your goal,
strengths even when you are
to achieve your goals, facing difficult time.
Plan a list of activities For example, even
Define the goals that you will do to
you want to though I did not clear
achieve each goal. For the Hotel Management
Identify your likes achieve and example, after schooling,
focus all your entrance exam, I will
and dislikes. you may be required to find out other ways to
Understand what energy to achieve appear for a competitive
your goal. For become a chef.
makes you happy. examination to join Hotel
For example, I example, I want Management Institute.
love cooking. to be a chef.

Figure 2.9: Building self-motivation

52 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 2.indd 52 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

 Notes
Practical Exercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the
e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.
Initial Thinking Activity
• After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for
this topic why do you think that Shyam was unable to
complete his work?
• Also, watch the video on ‘Becoming Self-motivated and
Commitment’ in the e-learning lesson and discuss how
Nikhil motivated Sheela using the Hare and Tortoise story.
Discuss your learnings in the class.

Activity 1
Staying Motivated (Group Discussion)
Material required
Pen, notepad or sheets of paper, chart paper
Procedure
• Form groups of three.
• Choose any one of the following situation and write down
the steps you would take to motivate yourself.
• Your teacher gives you feedback on the essay you had
written. There are a lot negative remarks. What will
you do to motivate yourself to improve the essay?
• Your father has given you the responsibility of
arranging for a birthday party for your little sister who
is turning 3 years old. You do not want to do this task.
How will you motivate yourself to do the work?

Activity 2
Self Reflection
Material required
Pen or pencil
Procedure
• Make a list of reasons that stop you from being motivated.
• Write down ways by which you will motivate yourself to
overcome them.
Reasons for not Ways to overcome
being motivated
For example: People For example: I will learn to speak English
make fun of the way correctly by attending classes after school.
I speak English.

Self-management Skills 53

Unit 2.indd 53 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

 Notes

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter(s) (a),
(b), (c) or (d) that best answers the question.
1. What makes you complete work or studies without
others cheering you?
(a) Self-confidence
(b) Communication
(c) Self-motivation
(d) Self-esteem

2. Which of the following are types of motivation?

(a) Internal
(b) Intermediate
(c) External
(d) Extensive
3. Ravi works hard to get the best student award at the
end of year. What type of motivation is this?
(a) Internal
(b) External
(c) Both internal and external
(d) Not any specific type of motivation

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• explain the meaning of self-motivation.
• identify types of motivation.
• list the qualities of self-motivated people.
• list the steps to build self-motivation.

Session 4: Self-regulation — Goal Setting

Goals and Setting SMART Goals
A man was travelling and stopped at an intersection. He
asked an elderly man, “Where does this road take me?”
The elderly person asked, “Where do you want to go?”
The man replied, “I don’t know.” The elderly people said,
“Then take any road. What difference does it make?”
How true is that? When we do not know where we are

54 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 2.indd 54 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

 going, any road will take us there. So in life, we need
to have a clear vision of what we will do and where we
want to go.

Goal setting is a very

essential factor in your
personal life. The process
of goal setting in your life
helps you decide on how
to live your life, where you
want to be, and how you
want to be in the future.

Goals : They are a set of dreams with a deadline to

get them, for example, saving pocket money to buy a
favourite mobile phone by a particular date.
Goal setting : It is all about finding and listing your
goals and then planning on how to achieve them.
Goals allow you to separate out what’s important.
It helps you to focus on the end result instead of less
important work. This will make you successful in your
career and personal life.

How to Set Goals?

We can use SMART method to set goals. SMART
stands for:
• Specific : A specific and clear goal answers six
questions. Who is involved in the goal? What do
I want to do? Where do I start? When do I start
and finish? Which means do I use? Why am I
doing this?
Not a specific goal: “I would learn to speak
English.”
Specific goal: “I would learn to speak English
fluently by joining coaching classes after my
school everyday, and in six months I will take
part in the inter-school debate competition.”
• Measureable : A measureable goal answers the
questions “How much?”, “How many?” and “How
do I know that I have achieved results?”

Self-management Skills 55

Unit 2.indd 55 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

 Notes Not measurable goal: “I want to be rich.”
Measurable goal: “I want to have 5 times more
money than what I have today in my hand at the
end of this year.”
• Achievable : Breaking down big goals into smaller
parts will make the goal achievable.
Bigger Goal: “I want to become a teacher in my
school.”
Breaking it into smaller goals:
ƒƒ Complete higher secondary
ƒƒ Complete Graduation
ƒƒ Complete B.Ed.
ƒƒ Apply for jobs in the teaching field
• Realistic : A realistic goal would be something
that we want to achieve and can work towards.
Example of unrealistic goal: “I will read my
entire year’s syllabus in one day and get good
marks.”
Realistic goal: “I spend 3 hours every day of
the year after school to revise my subjects to get
good marks in the exams.”
• Time bound : A SMART goal should have a
timeframe by when the goal needs to be achieved.
This encourages us to take actions to completely
fulfill the goals.
Not a time bound goal: “I want to lose 10 kg
someday.”
Time bound goal: “I want to lose 10kg in the
next 6 months.”

Practical Exercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the
e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities given ahead.
• After watching the initial video ‘Introduction’ in the
e-learning lesson, discuss the in the class: Why did Amit
feel he was not prepared for the future?
• After watching the video ‘Setting SMART Goals’ in the
e-learning lesson, discuss what you have learnt from
the video.

56 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 2.indd 56 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

 Activity 1 Notes
SMART Goal or Not (Group Work)
Materials required
Pen, notepad or sheets of paper
Procedure
• Indicate whether the below mentioned goals are SMART or
not. If they are SMART goals then tick mark against each
aspect of SMART.
Goals Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time
(Yes or (Yes or No) (Yes or No) (Yes or bound
No) No) (Yes
or No)
I want to
earn INR 1
crore in my
first job.
I want to
become
a teacher
after my
post-
graduation.
I want
to travel
to many
places.

Activity 2
Long-term Goals and Short-term Goals (Peer Feedback)
Material required
Pen, notepad or sheets of paper
Procedure
• Form groups of four. Work individually in your group and
complete the below table. Once completed, share with
your group and seek feedback on your goals. Share your
feedback when other members of the groups are presenting
their goals.
Short-term Goals (What are Long-term Goals (What are
your goals in the next 6 your goals in the next 5
months to 2 years?) years?)
1. 1.

2. 2.
3. 3.

Self-management Skills 57

Unit 2.indd 57 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

 Notes Activity 3
Self Reflection
Material required
Pen or pencil
Procedure
• Complete the table below by writing how you will make
sure that the goals you set for yourself are SMART. Use the
tips shared in the lesson for doing this.
SMART Goals How will make sure the goals
are SMART
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time-bound

Check Your Progress

A. Subjective questions

1. What is Goal Setting?

2. In SMART goals, what does ‘S’ stand for? Explain.
3. What is the best way to work on long-term goals?

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• explain the meaning of ‘Goal Setting.’
• identify the benefits of ‘Goal Setting.’
• create short-term and long-term goals using
SMART method.

Session 5: Self-regulation — Time

Management
Time Management and Its Importance
Sameer was a very lazy boy and always used to postpone
things. His father tried to make him understand the
value of time. Sameer promised his father that he would
never postpone his tasks. One day, he won the first prize
in a singing competition. He was asked to collect the

58 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 2.indd 58 31-Jan-20 9:57:24 AM

 prize the same day. He didn’t care and went to collect
the prize the next day. But the prize was now useless for
him, as it was a ticket to a circus show for the previous
day. That day Sameer learnt an important lesson — the
importance of doing things on time.

Time management is the ability to

plan and control how you spend
the hours of your day well and do
all that you want to do. An example
of good time management skills
would be when you decide to finish
your homework immediately after
school so you have time to watch
TV later in the evening.

Example and Non-example of Time

Management

Sameera is always punctual Nisha usually arrives late to work.

at school. She has a regular She does not submit her assignments
schedule that she follows on time. She sometimes gets carried
everyday. She plans for study away in certain activities and forgets
and play time in advance. the main tasks in hand.

Time management is the thinking skill that helps

you to
• complete tasks on time.
• make a daily timetable.
• make a good guess at how long it will take you to
do something.
• submit homework and assignments on time.
• not waste time during the day.
Self-management Skills 59

Unit 2.indd 59 31-Jan-20 9:57:25 AM

 Four Steps for Effective Time Management
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

Organise Pritortise Control Track

• We plan our day- • We make a to-do • We have a • We identify
to-day activities. list that has all our control over our and note where
• We make a activities and we activities and we have spent
timetable that we rank them in the time. our time. This
follow. order of importance. • We avoid time will help us
• We keep our For example, you wasters like analyse if we
surroundings and may rank doing chatting on have used our
study table clean homework as the the phone, time effectively
and mess free. most important task. surfing gossip or not. It
• We put things back It helps us to get sites, etc., and also helps
where they belong. the most important focus on more us to identify
• It helps us save task done first and important time-wasting
time! also to track what is things. activities
pending.

Tips for Practicing the Four Steps for

Effective Time Management
• Avoid delay or postponing any planned activity
• Organise your room and school desk
• Develop a ‘NO DISTURBANCE ZONE’, where you
can sit and complete important tasks
• Use waiting time productively
• Prepare a ‘To-do’ list
• Prioritise
• Replace useless activities with productive activities

Practical Exercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the
e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities given below.
After watching the video ‘ Time Management’ in the e-learning
lesson, discuss — What you have learnt from the video? Which
steps of time management were followed in the video?

60 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 2.indd 60 11-Feb-20 9:44:03 AM

 Activity 1
Notes
Pair Work : Making a List of Activities
Material required
Pen, notepad or sheets of paper
Procedure
• Form groups of two. Complete the below table with a list
of activities that you do on a daily basis. Remember to
include in the list, every small activity that you do.
• The next step would be to group them into three types
‘Must Do’, ‘Should Do’ and ‘Nice to Do’.
• Use a tick mark to indicate the group. An example is
given below.
• Once completed share with your partner and discuss each
other’s table.
List of Must Do Should Do Nice to Do (Not
Activities (Urgent and (Important Urgent and Not
Important Tasks) Important)
tasks)
Complete

Homework
Chat with

friends
Book movie 
tickets for
tomorrow

Activity 2
Managing your time to reach school on time
Material required
Pen
Procedure
• List out the to-do plan with timing to make sure you reach
school on time.

To-do List
1.
2.
3.
4.

Check Your Progress

A. Subjective questions
1. What is time management and how can you manage
your time?
2. How can tracking your time help you?

Self-management Skills 61

Unit 2.indd 61 31-Jan-20 9:57:30 AM

 Notes What Have You Learnt?
After completing this session, you will be able to
• define time management.
• list the steps for managing time effectively.
• create a to-do list of various activities that you need to do
in a day (in order of priority).

62 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 2.indd 62 31-Jan-20 9:57:30 AM

 Unit 3 Information and
Communication
Technology Skills

Session 1: Basic Computer Operations

ICT stands for Information and Communication
Technology. ICT refers to all the methods, tools,
concepts related to storing, recording and sending
digital information.
Information can be recorded or stored in many
ways, handwritten on paper, written using a typewriter
and so on. When information is stored and recorded
on electronic devices, it takes on a ‘digital’ form. ICT
devices are tablets, smartphones and laptops as shown
in Figure 3.1.
ICT skills help us to communicate, run our
business and stay connected with our family and
friends. Hence, every person needs to acquire
ICT skills and build them to stay updated with
the latest software and applications (apps).

Computer Hardware and Software

A computer system consists of two main parts—
the hardware and the software. The physical
parts that we can see and touch are called
Figure 3.1: ICT Devices

Unit 3.indd 63 31-Jan-20 10:04:56 AM

 hardware. It is the machinery of a computer.
These are the keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.
There is another important part i.e., the
software. Though we cannot see it, it makes the
hardware work the way we want.
The monitor is a physical device or the
hardware. When we start a program, for
example, a game, it is displayed on the monitor.
Software This is done by the software which displays text,
Hardware images and videos on the monitor as shown

Figure 3.2: Hardware and Software

in Figure 3.2. Hardware would not be able to
function without software.
Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets
are also computer systems with hardware and software.
They are simply smaller in size and can be easily
carried around.
The most important software in any computer is the
Operating System (OS). This is the software that starts
working as soon as we switch on a computer. It displays
the desktop on the monitor. Some of the most commonly
used operating systems for laptops and desktop are
Ubuntu, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS.
Mobile devices also have an operating system that
helps them perform their functions. Some of the mobile
operating systems are Apple iOS and Google Android
(as shown in Figure 3.3).
All the computer applications, such as browsers,
games, Office tools, etc., are also software programs
Figure 3.3: Mobile Android OS that perform particular functions.

Starting a Computer
What is the first thing you do after you wake up in
the morning? What if your father tells you to do your
homework immediately? Can you do it? Normally you
would do some daily activities and get ready before you
start working? Similarly, when a computer is switched
on, it performs some basic processes/functions before
it is ready to take instructions from the user.
To start a computer, press the Power button on the
CPU. This will start the operating system and display
the Ubuntu desktop as shown in Figure 3.4 or the main
Figure 3.4: Power Button screen on the monitor.

64 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 3.indd 64 31-Jan-20 10:05:01 AM

 Basic Functions performed when a computer
starts
Just as we go about our morning routine without
anyone telling us what to do, a computer automatically
runs a basic program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output
System) as soon as it is switched on or the power button
is pushed on.
The BIOS first does a self-test. If the self-test
shows that the system is fine, the BIOS will load the
Operating System. This means that the computer’s
operating system, for example, Ubuntu, is now ready to
take user inputs.

Login and Logout

Just like we keep our cupboards locked at home we need
to keep our computer locked when we are not working
on it. This will ensure that no unauthorised person
can see or make changes to our information without
taking our permission. To make sure your computer is
locked, you have login-IDs and passwords. A login and
password is like a key to the lock which allows you to
use the computer.
When you login to the computer with your login-ID
and password (as shown in Figure 3.5), the computer
knows that you are an authorised person and allows
you to work on the applications in the computer. Once
you finish working, you must log out or sign out so that
no one else can see your work.

Figure 3.5: Login Screen Figure 3.6: Log Out

Information and Communication Technology Skills 65

Unit 3.indd 65 31-Jan-20 10:05:01 AM

 Notes Shutting Down a Computer
You can shut down the computer in Ubuntu by clicking
Systems button at the top right and then click Shut
Down as shown in Figure 3.6. When you click Shut down,
the Operating System will close all the applications and
turn off the computer.

Using the Keyboard

A keyboard is an input device used to type text, numbers
and commands into the computer. It is shown in
Figure 3.7.

Figure 3.7: Parts of a Keyboard

Function Keys
Keys labeled from F1 to F12 are function keys. You
use them to perform specific functions. Their functions
differ from program to program. The function of the F1
key in most programs is to get help on that program.
Some keyboards may have fewer function keys.
(a) Control keys: Keys, such as Control (CTRL),
SHIFT, SPACEBAR, ALT, CAPS LOCK and TAB,
are special control keys that perform special
functions depending on when and where they
are used.
(b) Enter key: The label on this key can be either
ENTER or RETURN, depending on the brand of
computer that you are using. You use the ENTER
or the RETURN key to move the cursor to the
beginning of a new line. In some programs, it is
used to send commands and to confirm a task on
a computer.

66 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 3.indd 66 31-Jan-20 10:05:01 AM

 (c) Punctuation keys: Punctuation keys include
keys for punctuation marks, such as colon (:),
semicolon (;), question mark (?), single quotation
marks (‘ ’), and double quotation marks (“ ”).
(d) Navigation keys: Keys, such as the arrow keys,
HOME, END, PAGE UP, and PAGE DOWN are
navigation keys. These are used to move up and
down, right and left in a document. The HOME
and END keys move the cursor to the left/right
end of a line of text, respectively. The PAGE UP
and PAGE DOWN keys are used to move one page
up and one page down, respectively.
(e) Command keys: Keys, such as INSERT (INS),
DELETE (DEL), and BACKSPACE are command
keys. When the INSERT key is turned ON, it
helps you overwrite characters to the right of the
cursor. The DELETE key and the BACKSPACE
key are used to remove typed text, characters
and other objects on the right and left side of the
cursor, respectively.
(f) Windows key: Pressing this key opens the
Start menu

Using a Mouse Left-click

A mouse as shown in Figure 3.8 is a small device that
you can use to move, select and open items on your
computer screen. Let us see some of the functions that Scroll
can be performed using a mouse. Different application
will behave differently to the mouse actions. Here we use Right-click
the File Explorer to see the effect of the mouse action. Figure 3.8: Mouse

Roll Over or Hover

Some actions can be done by simply rolling over
or hovering over an item. When you bring the
mouse over a file in File Explorer, it will show
the details of that file as shown in Figure 3.9.

Point and Click

As you move the mouse on your desk, a pointer
Figure 3.9 Roll Over
moves correspondingly on your screen. The
mouse allows you to select an item on the

Information and Communication Technology Skills 67

Unit 3.indd 67 31-Jan-20 10:05:02 AM

 screen. When you click a particular file, it
gets selected as shown in Figure 3.10.

Drag and Drop

To move an item, you need to click it, and
then holding the mouse button down, move
the item to a new location. After you move
Figure 3.10 Point and Click the item to the new location, you release the
mouse button. This is called drag and drop.
When you drag a file in File Explorer, you
can pick it up from the present location and
drop it in a new location where you release
the mouse as shown in Figure 3.11.

Double-click
Double-clicking means to quickly click the
left mouse button twice. When we double-
Figure 3.11 Drag and Drop click on a file, it will open the file.

Practical Exercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the
e-Learning lesson athttp://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
html ->Using a Computer. This will include videos and e-content
for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for some
activities below.
Initial Thinking Activity
After watching the initial video write what do you think happens
when you start a computer and enter data using a keyboard
and mouse?

Activity 1
Group Demo on Use of Computer
Material required
Pen, notebook, computer
Procedure
• Form groups depending on the number of computers
available. One student starts the computer and logs in.
• Another student identifies the keys on the keyboard.
A third student then performs all the functions of the
mouse such as hover, click, double-click, etc.
• Discuss and note differences between hardware and
software and also how they work together to perform a
task on the computer.

68 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 3.indd 68 31-Jan-20 10:05:02 AM

 • After you have performed all the activities, another Notes
student shuts down the computer.
• Other students watch and give feedback on what was
done right and which tasks can be improved.

Activity 2
Group Practice: Using the Keyboard
Material required
Computer
Procedure
• Form groups depending on
the number of computers
available.
• Open a text editor in
Ubuntu by typing ‘editor’ Figure 3.12 Typing
in the search bar and then
selecting the Text Editor. You can also open Notepad in
Windows by typing Notepad on the Windows Search bar
and then selecting Notepad from the search result.
• One student positions his or her hands on the keyboard as
shown in Figure 3.12 and types the following paragraph
in the text editor.
“People use computers at work, at school and at home every day.
In factories computers are used to control the manufacturing
process and in offices to make documents, such as reports. We
also use computers for sending e-mails and playing games.”
Now, another student in the group will check the paragraph
and correct the grammar and spelling mistakes.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b),
(c) or (d) that best answers the question.

1. Which of the following functions is not performed using

a mouse?
(a) Turn on
(b) Hover
(c) Right click
(d) Drag and Drop
2. What is the term used when you press and hold the left
mouse key and move the mouse around?
(a) Highlighting
(b) Dragging
(c) Selecting
(d) Moving

Information and Communication Technology Skills 69

Unit 3.indd 69 31-Jan-20 10:05:03 AM

 3. Here are the steps that take place when starting a
computer. Rearrange the steps in the correct order.
(a) Desktop appears after login
(b) Login screen appears
(c) Power on Self-Test (POST) starts
(d) Operating system starts
(e) Welcome screen appears

B. Subjective questions
1. What is the function of the ENTER key?
2. How will you prevent others from using your computer?

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• demonstrate the process of starting a computer.
• identify the various keys on a keyboard and their
associated functions.
• perform various mouse functions.

Session 2: Performing Basic File Operations

Basic File Operations
In any school (or office), each teacher has a separate
cabinet as shown in Figure 3.13 where they keep the
files of different students or classes on separate shelves.
Similarly, information on a computer is stored in
electronic files, which can be put into separate folders.
It is easier to manage the electronic files as they can be
simply copied, moved, renamed or even deleted.
Figure 3.13 File Cabinet
Files and Folders
All information stored in a computer is kept in
files. Different types of files store different types of
information. Each file is given a file name and has a
file name extension that identifies the file type. The file
name and file name extension are separated by a period
or a ‘dot’. For example, a document (e.g., Neha) created
using Notepad (a type of computer application to create
simple text files) will have the extension .txt. There are
other types like .doc, .xls, etc. An image file usually has
an extension .jpg while a sound file usually has .mp3.
A folder is a location where a group of files can
be stored.
70 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 3.indd 70 31-Jan-20 10:05:03 AM

 Creating a File (Using a Text Editor in Ubuntu)
When a student, Neha, joins a class, the teacher creates
a file on the computer to store Neha’s information, such
as name, address, phone number, etc. Let us create a
new file using a text editor in Ubuntu.
• To open a text editor, type ‘editor’ in the search
dialog box. Then double-click the text editor
option as shown in Figures 3.14 and 3.15. This
will open a blank document. In Windows, you can
open Notepad and type in the text.
• Here you can add text, such as ‘Neha Tiwari
Shakti Nagar, New Delhi, 7856453451’
• To save the file click Save. In the Save As dialog
box, browse to the Desktop folder, type the name
as ‘Neha’ and click Save as shown in Figure 3.16.

Figure 3.14 Opening Text Editor

Figure 3.15 Text Editor Figure 3.16 Saving a File

Information and Communication Technology Skills 71

Unit 3.indd 71 31-Jan-20 10:05:03 AM

 Creating a Folder (in Ubuntu)
Folder is a location where a group of files can be stored.
For example, we can create a folder where all the files
for all the students can be stored.
Let us create a new folder in Ubuntu.
• To open file explorer in Ubuntu, click Files
option on the left as shown in Figure 3.7.
• File explorer opens up as shown in Figure 3.18.
• To create a folder:
(a) Choose a location where the folder has to be
created for example ‘Desktop’.
(b) Right-click and then choose the ‘New Folder’.
(c) Type the name of the folder as ‘Demo’.

Figure 3.17: Choose the File Option Figure 3.18: File Explorer

Figure 3.19: Right-click on Desktop and Figure 3.20: Type Demo as the name of
click New Folder the new folder

72 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 3.indd 72 31-Jan-20 10:05:04 AM

 Notes
Practical Exercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities – by showing you the
e-Learning lesson athttp://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
html ->Performing Basic File Operations. This will include videos
and e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions
for some activities below.
Initial Thinking Activity
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for this
topic why do you think it is important to know how files are
stored in a computer?

Activity 1
Creating a folder
Material required
Pen, notebook, computer
Procedure
• Form groups depending on the number of computers
available. Each member of the group creates a new folder.
Others can watch and give feedback on what was done
correctly and what can be improved.
• Open a text editor in Ubuntu or Notepad in Windows
• Create a 2 folders Demo1 and Test1
• Now delete the folder Test1
Each group can study the following shortcut commands together.
CTRL+z — undo CTRL+c — copy
CTRL+y — redo CTRL+v — paste
CTRL+a — select all CTRL+p — print
CTRL+x — cut CTRL+s — save

• The first group asks the other groups a question (e.g.

what does CRTL+z do? (Answer is Undo) or what is the
shortcut for Copy (CTRL+c). Whichever group answers
correctly gets one point otherwise the next group answers
and so on. Whichever group gets most points, wins.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b),
(c) or (d) that best answers the question.

1. Which one of the following shortcut keys is used to paste

a file?
(a) Ctrl + c
(b) Ctrl + p
(c) Ctrl + v
(d) Ctrl + x

Information and Communication Technology Skills 73

Unit 3.indd 73 31-Jan-20 10:05:04 AM

 Notes 2. Which of the following is a valid file extension for Notepad
file?
(a) .jpg
(b) .doc
(c) .text
(d) .txt
3. What keys do you use to copy something?
(a) Ctrl+x
(b) Ctrl+c
(c) Ctrl+z
(d) Ctrl+y

B. Subjective questions
1. How is a computer file system similar to our physical file
system in a school?
2. What are the steps you will perform to save a text file in
Ubuntu?

What have you learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• describe what computer files and folders are.
• open a new file in a text editor, type in your details and
save the file.

Session 3: Computer Care and Maintenance

Importance of Care and Maintenance
of Computers
Taking care of our things whether it’s our books,
clothes, furniture or gadgets is important. Taking
care of electronic devices, such as computer and
mobiles helps them to work properly. Just as we take
care of our body by taking bath, brushing our teeth
and eating food every day we need to take care of our
machines. A computer is a delicate machine with a lot
of moving electronic parts. We need to protect it from
dust and damage. If we are careless, it will not work
efficiently.
Computers and mobiles are very expensive. When
we take good care of them on a regular basis, we
can use them for a longer time. This will help us
save money as we do not need to buy new devices
too often.

74 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 3.indd 74 31-Jan-20 10:05:04 AM

 Basic Tips for Taking Care of Devices
Here are some simple ways that you can follow to take
care of your computer.

Keeping a Device Clean

Cleaning a device, such as a computer or mobile means
to keep the screen, keyboard and mouse clean. Figure 3.21: Cleaning keyboard
with soft brush
(i) Keyboard: First we should not eat anything over
a keyboard. Crumbs can damage the internal
parts of a keyboard. You can clean a keyboard
with a soft brush as shown in Figure 3.21 to
remove crumbs and dust particles.
(ii) Screen: You can wipe the screen with a soft cloth
to remove any finger marks.
(iii) Be careful with food and drinks: Avoid eating Figure 3.22: Avoid keeping food
and keeping glasses of water or cups of coffee near a computer
near a computer as shown in Figure 3.22. Any
liquid spilt over an electronic device can spoil it
beyond repair.
(iv) Handle devices carefully: Handle and move your
laptop carefully and avoid dropping or banging
it against a hard surface. Even a short fall can
damage the screen or the hard disk and make the
Figure 3.23: Avoid dropping
device useless. Using a cover for your mobile and bag containing laptop
a padded case for moving your laptop as shown
in Figure 3.23 protects the device from damage.
(v) Keep the computer cool: If a computer, laptop
or mobile device gets overheated, the internal
parts can be damaged. The CPU has an internal
fan to keep it cool. We should make sure the fan
is functioning. You can also use an external fan
as shown in Figure 3.24. Avoid leaving a device in Figure 3.24: Keep device cool
the sun or in a closed car. We should be careful
when using a laptop while sitting in bed and
make sure that the fan in not covered.
(vi) Do not overcharge your battery: Sometimes
we keep a device plugged in for charging even
after it is fully charged. If we leave the device
plugged in for a long time as shown in Figure
Figure 3.25: Do not over
3.25, it can overheat the battery. This reduces charge your battery

Information and Communication Technology Skills 75

Unit 3.indd 75 31-Jan-20 10:05:06 AM

 the battery life. Always unplug the device once it
is charged 100%.
(vii) Always plug in devices carefully: Any device
being connected to a laptop or computer such
as a USB drive or headphones, should be done
gently. It should not be forced into the port. If
you find it difficult to plug in a device, change the
direction and try instead of trying to force it in.
Figure 3.26: Too many (viii) Do not run too many programs at a time: When
programs running at a time too many programs are running at the same
time as shown in Figure 3.26, the computer can
become slow and even crash. If a program/app is
not being used, it should be closed so that other
programs can work smoothly.

Prepare a Maintenance Schedule

We need to prepare a plan or a schedule for maintenance
to keep the computer running in perfect condition for a
long time. This can include:
(a) Daily Maintenance
i. Clean up your e-mail inbox
ii. Download e-mail attachments and save in
proper folders
(b) Weekly Maintenance
i. Clean your keyboard
ii. Clean your monitor
iii. Dust CPU and printer
iv. Backup your data to an external drive
(c) Monthly Maintenance
i. Transfer photographs to computer and delete
from drive
ii. Organise photos into folders or albums
iii. Clean up ‘Download’ folder
iv. Uninstall unused programs and apps
v. Run disk-cleaner software
vi. Run full system virus scan
(d) Yearly/Annual Maintenance
(a) Clean up contacts list on social media
accounts

76 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 3.indd 76 31-Jan-20 10:05:06 AM

 (b) Clean up e-mail contact list
(c) Update your operating system
(d) Check for expiry of anti-virus software
and renew

Backup Your Data

Backing up data means to save the information present
Figure 3.27: Backup Data
on your computer on another device, such as CD/DVD on CD/DVD
drives as shown in Figure 3.28 or hard disk. Data can
recovered from here in case the computer stops working
completely. Computers can crash, humans can make
mistakes and natural disasters, such as floods can
happen. So, it is important for companies, hospitals,
banks, etc., to keep their information safe — so that
their business can continue to function smoothly and
their customers do not face problems.

Scanning and Cleaning Viruses

Sometimes computer viruses can enter a computer
from such attacks we can install anti-virus software.
This will prevent any viruses from entering and will also
clean any viruses that may enter our system before they
affect the data.

Increasing Computer Performance

If we have been using a computer for a long time we
have a lot of unnecessary files and data, such as
temporary files and images. When they use too much
hard-disk space, the performance of the computer goes
down. It is important that we keep cleaning
by removing any extra files. We can use some
disk cleaner software, which help us clean up
the unnecessary files.

Removing SPAM from your Computer

Sometimes we get mails from companies
who are advertising a product or trying to
attract you to their website. Such mails are
called SPAM.
We should never respond to SPAM and
delete it on a regular basis. Figure 3.28: SPAM folder

Information and Communication Technology Skills 77

Unit 3.indd 77 31-Jan-20 10:05:06 AM

 Notes It is possible to set filters in the settings to prevent
SPAM from entering our mail box. Most e-mail software
have a SPAM folder as shown in Figure 3.28 and
automatically put all such emails into this folder.

Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Making a Chart
Material required
Pen, notebook, chart paper, pictures.
Procedure
• Form groups and make a chart to list down all the
ways in which a device can be damaged and how it can
be prevented.
• Make sure all students in the group get a chance
to participate.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b),
(c) or (d) that best answers the question.

1. What happens if you leave a device plugged in even after

it is charged 100%?
(a) It can break.
(b) It can stop functioning.
(c) It can over-heat.
(d) Data can get corrupt.
2. How can an anti-virus protect your device?
(a) It can protect it from over-heating.
(b) It can increase its performance.
(c) It can prevent data from getting corrupt.
(d) It can backup data.
3. Which option is not required to keep a device cool?
(a) Keep the device unplugged when in use.
(b) Do not cover a laptop with a blanket.
(c) Make sure computer’s CPU fan is working.
(d) Avoid leaving the device in the sun.
4. Which of the following is essential for maintaining
keyboard?
(a) Turn the keyboard upside down and shake it to
remove foreign material.

78 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 3.indd 78 31-Jan-20 10:05:06 AM

 (b) Blow dust and other particles with help of a blower.
(c) Use a very dilute combination of soap and water
applied with a non-abrasive cloth to remove stains
from the keycaps.
(d) All of the above.

B. Subjective questions

1. Explain how to clean a computer on a daily basis.

2. How can you increase the performance of a computer?

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• identify the importance of taking care of computers.
• list the various ways in which computers can be
damaged.
• demonstrate how to prevent damage and take care
of computers.

Session 4: Computer Security and Privacy

We store a lot of information on our computers and
electronic devices. For example, we keep our photos
on our mobiles, school computers store personal
information regarding every student and their parents,
computers used in banks store the financial information
of their clients and computers in hospital have important
information about patients. If any of this information
gets lost or leaked and falls into the wrong hands, it can
cause a lot of harm to the people. Figure 3.29: Computer Security

For example, if information stored in a bank’s

computer gets leaked it can cause many people to lose
a lot of money. Hence, it is essential to keep computers
secure and our data safe.

Computer Security Deals with Protecting

Computers
Computer security and privacy deals with the measures
used to prevent loss of data.

Reasons for Security Break

Security break is leakage of information stored in
a computer.

Information and Communication Technology Skills 79

Unit 3.indd 79 31-Jan-20 10:05:07 AM

 Personal information can be lost or leaked in
two ways:
1. We are not careful in giving out personal
information over the Internet. For
example, we share our account details
and password on unsecure sites.
2. A person gets unauthorised access to
our computer. This can happen in the
office if we leave are computer without
logging out.
Figure 3.30: Security Breach Computer security and privacy is about
measures we can take to restrict access to
personal data stored in a computer.

Threats to Computer
Threats are the ways in which personal
information can be leaked from a computer
without our knowing.
(a) Theft: Theft means stealing of
information or hardware. These maybe
of three types:
Figure 3.31: Physical stealing
• Physical: Where a person may
steal your desktop computer or
laptop.
• Identity: Where a hacker steals
your personal information and
assumes your identity. Using this
false identity, the hacker can gain
access to your account information
or perform illegal activity.
• Software Piracy: This is stealing
of software and includes using
Figure 3.32: Online stealing
or distributing unlicensed and
unauthorised copies of a computer
program or software.
(b) Virus: Viruses are computer programs that can
damage the data and software programs or steal
the information stored on a computer. Major
types of viruses are Worms and Trojan Horse.
• Worms: These are viruses that replicate
Figure 3.33: Worm virus themselves and spread to all files once they
80 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 3.indd 80 31-Jan-20 10:05:13 AM

 attack a computer. This makes it very difficult
to remove them.
• Trojan Horse: A Trojan Horse disguises itself
i.e., it appears to be a useful software program
but once it reaches a computer it starts
behaving like a virus and destroying data.
• Online Predator: Online predators are people
who trap you into inappropriate relationships.
They may be older people posing to be your
age, bullying you into doing illegal activities
online and sometimes face to face.
• Internet Scams: Sometimes you may receive
very attractive offers saying you have won
a huge money in a lottery and that you can
claim the prize by depositing a certain amount
of money. When you deposit the money
using credit card or online banking, you not
only lose the deposit money but your card /
account information may be misused later.

Protecting your Data

To protect our data from theft and viruses we
can take the following measures:
(a) Use passwords to login to your
computer: Use passwords that are
difficult to guess. Passwords are difficult
to hack if they are a mix of small (For
example ‘a b c d’) and capital letters
(For example, ‘H J E R’), numbers (For
example ‘8 7 6 5’) and special characters
(For example, ’% ^ # $’). This would Figure 3.34: Antivirus
prevent unauthorised people from
using your computer.
(b) Install Anti-virus and Firewall: Anti-viruses
and Firewall monitor the data coming in and
out of a computer and prevent and viruses from
entering. Anti-viruses can also detect and clean
viruses that may have entered a computer.
(c) Encrypt Data: This is usually done by banks
and companies in which important customer
information is stored. They can encrypt their
entire hard disk using encrypting feature in Figure 3.35: Data encryption

Information and Communication Technology Skills 81

Unit 3.indd 81 31-Jan-20 10:05:16 AM

 Notes Windows (Bitlocker). This would force users to use
a decryption password (or key) before starting the
computer thus preventing unauthorised usage.
(d) Secure sites: Give details of your credit card or
bank account only on secure sites. See in the
address bar of the browser. If the site address
starts with https://and a lock symbol, then it is
safe to give your credit card and bank details.

Practical Exercise
The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the
e-learning lesson athttp://www.psscive.ac.in/stud_text_book.
html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics
as well as detailed instructions for some activities below.
Initial Thinking Activity
After watching the initial video write down the type of risk present
to the data available in different places, for example in a school,
hospital, bank, etc.

Activity 1
Group Chart Making
Material required
Pen, notebook, computer, Chart paper, colours
Procedure
• Form groups depending on the number of students
available. Make a chart to show all the different threats
faced by a computer and how you can protect a computer
from such treats.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b),
(c) or (d) that best answers the question

1. What should you do to ensure secure online transactions?

(a) Lock your computer
(b) Give credit card or bank details only on safe websites
(c) Use anti-virus
(d) Do not use pirated software
2. Which of the following trap small children into
inappropriate relations?
(a) Online predators
(b) Worms
(c) Trojan Horse
(d) Anti-Virus

82 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 3.indd 82 11-Feb-20 9:48:12 AM

 3. What should a strong password consist of?
Notes
(a) Only letters
(b) Numbers and special characters
(c) Name of a person
(d) Letters, numbers and special characters

B. Subjective questions

1. Explain how Trojan Horse virus works.

2. List the various ways you can use to protect your data.

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• identify the importance of securing our computers
and data.
• list the various threats to a computer and its data.
• list the various ways to protect data.

Information and Communication Technology Skills 83

Unit 3.indd 83 31-Jan-20 10:05:16 AM

 Unit
4
Entrepreneurial
Skills

Introduction
Entrepreneurship is being talked about a lot in the
world today, and especially in India. Entrepreneurship
is the type of self-employment where one is running a
business to satisfy the needs of people and looking for
ways to make the business better to make profits. This
unit focusses on encouraging students to learn about
entrepreneurship and its functions from the world
around them.
Entrepreneurs are all around us. We would have
spoken to a lot of them through the course of this
module. We also learnt that successful entrepreneurs
have the following qualities.
• They are confident. They believe in themselves
and their abilities.
• They keep trying new ideas in their business.
• They are patient.
• They are creative and think differently about
business ideas.
• They take responsibility for their actions.
• They take decisions after thinking about them.
• They work hard.
• They do not give up when they face a difficulty.

Unit 4.indd 84 31-Jan-20 10:08:55 AM

 Session 1: Entrepreneurship and Society Notes
We learnt last year that the two ways in which one
can earn a living are through wage employment and
self-employment. Wage employed people are people
who work for a person or an organization and get paid
for that work. Self-employed people are those who
start businesses to satisfy the needs of people. A self-
employed person who is always trying to make his/her
business better by taking risks and trying new ideas is
an entrepreneur.
Example: Ramya and Ramu both own plant shops.
Ramu sits at his shop every day. When customers
come, he sells to them. Ramya walks around and gets
customers to her shop. She also sells seeds and flowers
with her plants.
Ramya is working to do more and grow her business.
She has also added a different idea to her business. So,
Ramya is an entrepreneur and Ramu is a businessman.

Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Entrepreneurs I know: Individual Practice
Procedure
• In this activity, we will think of the entrepreneurs we know.
Instructions
1. Think of 4 entrepreneurs whom you know or have seen.
2. Draw circles and in each circle write the name of that
entrepreneur, what business they run, and one thing
that you really like about their business.
3. After writing, share the details of the entrepreneurs with
your class.

You have identified entrepreneurs around you.

Where do these entrepreneurs do their business?
Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market.
The market has people who buy products and services
and people who sell them also. When people are buying
and selling from each other, it is helpful for everyone
because everyone involved makes money. This is how
entrepreneurs help in growing the area and society they
live in.
Entrepreneurial Skills 85

Unit 4.indd 85 31-Jan-20 10:08:55 AM

 Aditi has a store where she sells different types
of shampoos. She has many customers. She buys
the shampoos in large quantities from a woman.
There are two men who work in the store to help
her sell.
Aditi is helping people in her area to make
money. She is also increasing jobs in her area.
Aditi is helping the people in the society around
her to live better.
So, what do entrepreneurs do when they run
Figure 4.1: Customer needs, wants
and demands their business?

Fulfil Customer Needs

Demand means a product or service that people want.
Entrepreneurs find out what people want. Then, they
use their creativity to come up with a business idea that
will meet that demand.

Use Local Materials

Entrepreneurs use the material and people available
around them, to make products at low cost.

Help Society
Entrepreneurs have a positive relationship with society.
They make profits through activities that benefit
society. Some entrepreneurs work towards saving the
environment, some give money to build schools and
hospitals. This way, the people and area around them
becomes better.
These are the roles that entrepreneurs do in a society.
How do you think entrepreneurs affect the society they
live in? Let’s read.

Create Jobs
With the growth of a business, entrepreneurs look for
more people to help them. They buy more material, and
from more people. The also hire more people to work for
them. In this way, more people have jobs.

Sharing of Wealth
Wealth means having enough money to live a comfortable
life. As entrepreneurs grow their business, the people
86 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 4.indd 86 31-Jan-20 10:08:56 AM

 working for them and in related businesses also grow.
Hey have more money to live a better quality life.

Lower Price of Products

As more entrepreneurs sell the same product, the price
of the product goes down. For example, when more
mobile phones were getting sold in India, the cost of the
phone became lesser.
Let’s learn about the role of entrepreneurs in society
by reading Bharti’s story.

Bharti, the Jewellery Queen

Bharti is a young woman from Bihar. Many girls in her
area like to wear earrings. She buys jute from a farmer
and makes earrings from that. Her business is called
Manavi Natural Handicrafts. She sees that most women
in her village do not work. So, she hires two women to
help her. As her orders increase, she buys more jute.
She hires three more women to work for her. The farmer,
and the women working for her now earn more money.
They are able to save money for their future.
Do you think Bharti is an entrepreneur? Read her
story and tick the correct answer for each question in
Table 4.1
Table 4.1
Questions about Bharti’s business Answers
What demand did Bharti identify in Options
her village? (a) People in her village wanted Jute
(b) Girls in her area liked to wear earrings
(c) The villagers wanted more water
What is the local resource that Bharti Options
used? (a) Jute
(b) Water
(c) Sand
How is Bharti helping her village grow? Options
(a) By buying jute from the local farmer who
can now earn more money
(b) By providing jobs to local women
(c) Both (a) and (b)
How was she creating more jobs? Options
(a) By selling earrings to women without a job
(b) By buying jute from the local farmer
(c) By providing jobs to local women

Entrepreneurial Skills 87

Unit 4.indd 87 31-Jan-20 10:08:56 AM

 Notes We’ve read how entrepreneurs help in the growth of
the society around them. Let’s try it out ourselves now!

Practical Exercise
Activity 2
Field Work : Let’s be an Entrepreneur
Procedure
• In this activity, students will find problems on their school
campus that can be turned into business opportunities.
Instructions
1. Form groups of 3 each.
2. Take 30 minutes to go around your school.
3. Note down 2–3 problems you see on your school campus.
4. Write down some business ideas to solve these problems
in the table given below.
5. Also think about how your business ideas will help the
school. One example has been written for you.
Problem Business ideas How will this help the
school?
For example, 1. Make plant 1. The school will look
plastic cola pots out of green and beautiful.
bottles bottles and sell The air will be fresh.
from the to students and
canteen are parents. 2. The canteen owner
harming the will spend less money
environment 2. Sell cola in on buying glass
glass bottles. bottles because they
can be used again.

Check Your Progress

A. State whether the following statements are True or False

1. Entrepreneurs can create jobs in the market.

2. When many entrepreneurs sell mobile phones in a
market, the prices of phones increase.
3. Entrepreneurs identify a need in the market and build a
product or service for it.

88 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 4.indd 88 31-Jan-20 10:08:56 AM

 B. Subjective question

1. List the ways in which an entrepreneur affects a society.

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• identify the role of entrepreneurs and how they help in
the growth of society.

Session 2: Qualities and Functions of an

Entrepreneur
In the previous section, we read how entrepreneurs help
in the growth of the world around them. To help society,
how do they think and behave?

Qualities of an Entrepreneur
Quality is a way in which a person acts or behaves.
Some examples of qualities in people are hardworking,
nice, rude, etc. Read the comic strips in Figures 4.2 and
4.3 and learn about the qualities of an entrepreneur.

Qualities of an Entrepreneur
You must believe in yourself. t
did no
! T h a t idea
You should be CONFIDENT Oh okay. I
r k . B u t, it is
and take business wo NEW
RYING
decision Keep T .
IDEAS

is
y business I had a CREATIVE and different
Running m T IE NT
A
ut, I am P solution to the problem — that is
difficult. B es s
know succ why I am successful!
because I
soon.
will come

Figure 4.2

Entrepreneurial Skills 89

Unit 4.indd 89 31-Jan-20 10:09:01 AM

 The Story of Zafar
Oops! I made a mistake. But, I take DECISIONS AFTER
it was my decision. so, I Take THINKING about whether
RESPONSIBILITY for it. I will they are good or bad for
work to make my business.
it better

y hours, Sometimes, I have so many problems.

ng so man
I am worki WORK
so. But, I But, I DO NOT GIVE UP. I stay
Sundays al od
use it is go positive because everything will be fine.
HARD beca y.
m p an
for the co

Figure 4.3

We’ve read about the qualities of successful

entrepreneurs. Let us find what the entrepreneurial
qualities that we have!

Practical Exercise
Activity 1
My Entrepreneurial Qualities: Self-assessment
Procedure
• In this activity, the students will rate themselves on the
entrepreneurial qualities mentioned below.

Y N Y N
I believe in myself and what I can I keep trying new ideas.
do. I am confident.
I think of different ways to
Problems take time to get solved. solve a problem. I am creative.
I am patient about solving them.
I think before I make a decision.
I take responsibility for my
I do not give up when I face a
actions and mistakes.
problem.
I work hard on every task.

Figure A

90 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 4.indd 90 31-Jan-20 10:09:10 AM

 Instructions
Notes
1. Listed in Figure A are all the qualities of successful
entrepreneurs.
2. Think about yourself. Mark yes or no against
each quality.
3. Give yourself a point for every ‘yes’ answer.
Debrief questions
1. Look at how many ‘yes’ you have. You are good at these
things. Can you be better at these? How?
2. Look at the ‘no’ statements. What can you do to learn
these qualities?

Activity 2
Let us Solve a Problem!
Procedure
• In this activity, students will try and solve a problem in
their vicinity.
Instructions
1. Similar to Activity 1.2, select a problem in the area
near your home. This could be a problem that really
bothers you.
2. Make a 5-step plan for how you will solve the problem.
3. Implement step 1 of your solution!
4. After that, try implementing all the steps. Try your
solution for a week.
5. At the end of the week, rate yourself again on the
entrepreneurial qualities you rated yourselves on in
Activity 2.2.
Questions for Discussion
Are your ratings on your entrepreneurial qualities before doing
the activity and after doing the activity different?
What qualities did you see yourself apply in the activity? You
would have applied some or all of these entrepreneurial qualities
while implementing your solution. You did not implement a
business solution, but you exercised these qualities anyway.
These are ideal qualities than an entrepreneur has.
However, any individual who is trying to solve a problem can
be entrepreneurial. If employees of a factory or company work
hard to try new ideas to make their company’s products better
or find creative ways to get work done, they are also showing the
qualities of an entrepreneur. They are also being entrepreneurial.
If your mother or father work in a company, ask them if they
show these qualities.
Functions of an Entrepreneur
If you were to become an entrepreneur, you now know how you
would think and act. But, what would you actually be doing in
your business? What work will you do every day? Let’s find out.

Entrepreneurial Skills 91

Unit 4.indd 91 31-Jan-20 10:09:10 AM

 Notes Activity 3
Interview an entrepreneur
Procedure
• In this activity, students will observe entrepreneurs
at work, and speak to them and their employees about
their work.
Instructions
1. Identify an entrepreneur in your area that you like
or know.
2. On a weekend, spend some time in their shop and note
everything that they do.
3. After that, speak to the entrepreneur and ask them in
detail what activities they do in a day.
4. Also speak to somebody who works for them. Ask them
what activities they see the entrepreneur do in a day.
Write all your notes in Figure a.
5. After you are back in class, make a list of all the
actions you listed with your teacher. Compare your list
with the list of your friends. Notice how many actions
get repeated.

Figure a

Everyone in class would have spoken to different kinds of

entrepreneurs. But, when you compare the responses you got to
the responses your friends got, you will see that all entrepreneurs
do some common activities. These activities are called functions.
Function means working in a way. Functions of an entrepreneur

92 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 4.indd 92 31-Jan-20 10:09:14 AM

 would be the work that an entrepreneur does. In Figure 4.8, you
Notes
will read the common functions that all entrepreneurs do.

MAKING MANAGING CREATE

DIVIDE TAKING
DECISIONS THE A NEW
INCOME RISK
BUSINESS METHOD,
An An Risk is the IDEA OR
The PRODUCT
entrepreneur entrepreneur entrepreneur chance of
makes plans the divides the something An
decisions future of business going entrepreneur
everyday. his or her money wrong. is always
business. to many An trying new
This includes things.
what to He/she groups. entrepreneur
produce or arranges for takes risks He/she
raw material, He/she against fires,
sell, how spends does this to
much and hires people lost items increase their
for work money to and theft.
where to sell. buy material, importance
and tells and income.
everyone pays rent of
what to do. the building
They also and salaries
check if the to people.
plan is being
followed.

Figure b

Check Your Progress

A. Here are some stories of some entrepreneurs. Tick the
option for the quality they are showing.
1. Ravi’s customer comes to his store and starts shouting
at him. He does not get angry. He listens to what his
customer is saying. He is ____________.
(a) hardworking
(b) confident
(c) patient
(d) prying new ideas
2. Susheela decides to sell her company tyres in Sri Lanka.
It does not sell and she has a loss. She apologises to the
people who work for her. She says she will plan better
next time. She _______________________.
(a) takes responsibility for your mistakes
(b) thinks before making a decision
(c) does not give up
(d) is creative

Entrepreneurial Skills 93

Unit 4.indd 93 31-Jan-20 10:09:19 AM

 Notes B. Tick the correct option for the function that the
entrepreneur is doing.
1. Ali has a diamond factory. He pays his employees on the
1st of every month.
(a) Creates a new product
(b) Manages the business
(c) Takes risk
2. Mary buys bulbs for her business from Noida. She learns
that bulbs are cheaper in Faridabad. So, she decides to
start buying bulbs from there.
(a) Makes decisions
(b) Divides income
(c) Takes risk
3. Rehnuma has two people who work for her. Every day,
she spends one hour with them to learn about what
they’ve done that day.
(a) Creates a new product
(b) Divides income
(c) Manages the business

C. Subjective question

1. What do you think is the most important function of

an entrepreneur? Write your answer giving suitable
examples.

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• identify the qualities of successful entrepreneurs.
• list the functions of entrepreneurs.

Session 3: Myths about Entrepreneurship

We know that entrepreneurs are all around us. But
even now, how many of us want to be entrepreneurs
ourselves? We connect entrepreneurship with some
thoughts and opinions. Some people think being an
entrepreneur is easy, and some people think it is
difficult. Some people may even think they are not
meant to be entrepreneurs.
A myth, or a misconception, is a false belief or opinion
about something. For example, if we think tall people
run faster than short people, we have a misconception.
It is not true. The truth is that short people can also
run fast.

94 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 4.indd 94 31-Jan-20 10:09:19 AM

 In the same way, here are some misconceptions we Notes
might have about entrepreneurship. We will also read
about the actual truth.

Misconception 1

The misconception is that every business

idea needs to be unique or special.
The businesses mentioned in the activity above are
common businesses that we see every day. But, each
entrepreneur saw customer demand and brought a
new idea into their business. A person can take an idea
that is already there in the market and do something
different with it.
Ganesh is an entrepreneur who started a car rental
business. He wanted to be different from other car rental
businesses. So, he thought of a new idea of adding
luxury cars like Mercedes and BMW to his business.
After 10 years of being in the business, he now has 200
cars, of which 75 are luxury cars.

Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Identifying Everyday Heroes
Procedure
• In this activity, the teacher will make chits about different
professions and the students will act them out. There will
be a discussion after that. The professions are
1. a vegetable seller not using plastic bags
2. a businesswoman running a delivery system
3. a chai wala selling fruit flavoured tea
4. a gold seller selling gold teeth
Instructions
1. There will be professions of different people written on
each chit of paper. The student reads the profession and
acts it out for the class.
2. Identify what each person is doing differently in
their business.
Questions for Discussion
1. Are all these people entrepreneurs? Why or why not?
2. Being a vegetable seller, selling chai or selling gold —
How many of these are new business ideas? How many
of these are common business ideas?

Entrepreneurial Skills 95

Unit 4.indd 95 31-Jan-20 10:09:19 AM

 Notes Misconception 2

The misconception we have is that a person

needs a lot of money to start a business.
The money used to start a business is called capital.
Capital is important for starting. However, every
business does not need a lot of capital to start. In the
activity, you would have seen that every entrepreneur
started with a different amount. Some had a lot of
money, and some did not. But, they are successful
today.
Depending on how much money you have or can
borrow, you can start a business with that much
money. Once you make more money, you can put that
into your business to make it bigger.

Practical Exercise
Activity 2
Talking to Entrepreneurs: Interview
Procedure
• In this activity, students speak to entrepreneurs and learn
about the money needed to start a business and how
to raise money needed for the business. Students should
find out how the entrepreneur raised the money for
their business.
Instructions
1. Identify three different types of successful entrepreneurs
in your area.
2. Ask them how much money they started their
businesses with.
3. What are the sources?
4. How did they raise the money?
5. Caution — not everyone likes talking about money.
Please ask your questions with respect. If someone does
not want to answer, let it be!
6. Fill ‘ Table a’ after the conversation.
Table a
Entrepreneur E.g. Kashish
Name
Type of business Lightbulb shop
Capital ` 50,000 –
` 1,00,000

96 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 4.indd 96 31-Jan-20 10:09:19 AM

 Year of starting 2001
Notes
How does one Borrow money
raise money from your family,
for business? use your own
What are the money, etc.
sources?
How did you do I borrowed money
it? from my family.

Question for discussion

1. Compare the amounts across the businesses. What do
you see?

Misconception 3

A misconception we have is that only a person

having a big business is an entrepreneur.
Sheila is 35 years old. She loved to drive. She worked
hard for five years and bought a taxi for herself. She
wanted to be different from other taxi drivers in the
city. She said ‘hello’ to her customers. She would put
that day’s newspaper in her car, for her customers
to read. She had a small TV where customers could
watch different channels. She also had a board with the
numbers of the nearby hospitals and hotels. Because of
this, customers would stand in line to take a ride in her
amazing taxi!
After reading Sheila’s story, fill up Table 4.2.
Table 4.2
What was Sheila doing?
Why was she doing it?

Many of us may not call Sheila an entrepreneur

because she had a taxi business. However, she was
working for herself, was thinking about what her
customers would want and was adding good things to
her taxi. As per our definition, she is an entrepreneur.
No business is big or small. If a person is running
a business to fulfill a customer need, they are an
entrepreneur. Most businesses start small. It becomes
big with hard work and creativity.

Entrepreneurial Skills 97

Unit 4.indd 97 31-Jan-20 10:09:20 AM

 Notes Misconception 4

A misconception we have is that entrepreneurs

are born, not made.
Before we read on, ask yourself this question — Do
you think you can be an entrepreneur? Answer as yes
or no.

Practical Exercise
Activity 3
Make and sell
Procedure
• In this activity, students make an item in class and step
out to sell it to someone.
Instructions
1. Form groups of 5 people each. The group should have a
mix of boys and girls.
2. Look into your bags and desks and find any three items.
Put them on your desk.
3. With the materials you’ve collected, make an object.
Take 15 minutes to do this.
4. Now, take 30 minutes to sell it for money, to someone
in school.
Questions for discussion
Were you able to do it? What do you now think — can you be
an entrepreneur?

Sometimes, we think that only some people have the

talent for doing business. An entrepreneur is a person
who does whatever it takes to make the business
successful. In the above activity, you did everything
you could do to sell your product. So, you are already
an entrepreneur!
Being an entrepreneur starts with a way of thinking.
You must believe that anything is possible and it shall
be achieved. It starts with thinking of an idea that you
want to work on, making it different.
There are four misconceptions we broke
about entrepreneurship.

98 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 4.indd 98 31-Jan-20 10:09:20 AM

 Notes
Check Your Progress
A. Subjective questions

1. What is the difference between a misconception and

reality? Give an example.

B. Match each story below with the misconception about

entrepreneurship.

Story Misconception
Ramu owns a large clothes (a) Every business idea needs
shop. Shamu has a small to be unique or special.
store selling handmade
sarees. Shamu does not call
himself an entrepreneur.
Anna has a great idea for a (b) Entrepreneurs are born,
website. She has ` 5,000. She not made.
is waiting for ` 20,000 more,
so that she can start it.

In a city of thousands of (c) A person needs to have a

tailoring shops, Gauri is big business to be called an
a tailor who stitches good entrepreneur.
quality clothes and has a
very successful business.

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to

• list the misconceptions around entrepreneurship and
the truth behind them.

Session 4: Entrepreneurship as a
Career Option
So far, we have discussed the effect of entrepreneurship
on society the qualities and functions of an
entrepreneur and misconceptions we might have about
entrepreneurship.
In this section, we shall think about entrepreneurship
as a life choice.

Entrepreneurial Skills 99

Unit 4.indd 99 31-Jan-20 10:09:20 AM

 A career is a line of work that a person takes for
life. There are two ways a person can earn a living.
They are
1. self-employment
2. wage employment
For example, a doctor who works for a hospital is a
wage employed person. If the same doctor has their own
clinic, he or she is a self-employed person.
A self-employed person running a business to satisfy
a need by trying new ideas is an entrepreneur.
A person who becomes an entrepreneur goes through
a career process. This process is as follows:
ENTER SURVIVE GROW

When an entrepreneur is There are many entrepreneurs Once the business is

starting, they are just entering in the market. The entrepreneur stable, an entrepreneur
the market to do business. has to remain in a competitive thinks about expanding
market. his or her business.
For example, Sanjana is For example, there are many For example, after five
starting a small grocery store other grocery stores in the area. years, Sanjana has
in a locality. Yet, Sanjana’s store survives opened a chain of four
the competition and does well. more grocery stores in
She also expands the store to the same city. In the next
two more floors. two years, she plans to
expand to tow other cities.

Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Talking about entrepreneurship as a life option
Procedure
• In this activity, you will compare entrepreneurship and
wage employment.
Instructions
1. Get into pairs.
2. Imagine five years in the future — one person in the
pair is wage employed and the other person is an
entrepreneur. Discuss how your lives are similar and
different from each other.
3. Have a debate with your class and your teacher.

100 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 4.indd 100 31-Jan-20 10:09:24 AM

 Questions for Group Discussion
Notes
1. What differences did you find between entrepreneurship
and wage employment as a life choice? What did you
find more interesting?

Activity 1
Presenting about the Power of Entrepreneurship
Procedure
• In this activity, students shall prepare and present why
they think entrepreneurship is a good life option for a
person and for the society
Instructions
1. Get into groups of 5 each.
2. Imagine you believe that people should become
entrepreneurs. You are speaking at your school
assembly. You have to talk to the audience about the
power of entrepreneurship. Prepare a presentation for
the same.
3. You can use any way to present - talk, draw, act, sing,
or dance.
4. You have 15 minutes to prepare. You will have 5 minutes
to present.

Things to remember
1. An entrepreneur does a lot of work in his or her
business. One has to learn and practice these actions
before they try it out in their business. This can be
done by either learning them in school and college
or practicing them while working for someone.
2. If you believe in your idea, start your business.
3. Being an entrepreneur can be risky. But if you do
not try, you will not know!

You have read a lot about entrepreneurship. Do you

want to be an entrepreneur? Write your thoughts in the
table below.

Please add your thoughts about entrepreneurship

—————————————————————————————
—————————————————————————————

Go back to the exercise you went through in Session 1.

You thought of some business ideas to solve problems
in your school. Take up the same problem, or identify
Entrepreneurial Skills 101

Unit 4.indd 101 31-Jan-20 10:09:24 AM

 Notes a new one. Write down business ideas for the problem
and select one business idea that you want to try out.
Do whatever it takes to run your business. Use the
qualities you identified within yourself in Session 2.
Remember — if you do not try, you will not know if you
want to be an entrepreneur!

Check Your Progress

A. Write against the option, if the business idea is of
self-employment or wage employment.
(a) Cooking in a restaurant
(b) Owning a clothing business
(c) Having a dosa selling stall

B. Match the columns

1. Surabhi opens 5 painting stores a. Enter

across India.
2. There are many coaching classes in b. Survive
Mumbai. Jacob owns one of them.
He is starting morning batches to
attract more students to his classes.
3. Salma has started her clothing line c. Grow
on the Internet.

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• define the meaning of a career.
• present your opinion about entrepreneurship as a
life option.

102 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 4.indd 102 31-Jan-20 10:09:24 AM

 Unit 5
Green Skills

Introduction
The environment around us affects all aspects of our
life; and all our day-to-day activities also affect the
environment. Those who live in cities get their food
supply from surrounding villages and in turn, are
dependent on forests, grasslands, rivers, seashores, for
resources, such as water, fuel wood, fodder, etc. We use
natural resources for food. Everything around us forms
our environment and our lives depend on the natural
world around us.
Over the years, with economic development, there
has been an increase in environmental pollution.
For example, with the introduction of high input
agriculture, we can grow more food by using fertilisers,
pesticides and hybrid crops. But it has led to soil and
environmental degradation. We need to plan the use of
resources in a sustainable manner so that we and our
future generations can enjoy the good environment

Session 1: Sustainable Development

Are we planting more trees or are we only destroying
them for our use? Are we saving the water resources

Unit 5.indd 103 31-Jan-20 10:10:29 AM

 Notes or just polluting them with garbage? Are we using
clean energy or are we burning wood and petrol and
adding to pollution? Are we giving back to nature
so that our future generations may thrive or are we
simply using the air, water and soil available without
leaving anything for the future generations to come? If
the answer to all these questions is yes, then we are
only thinking about our immediate development and
not the long-term development.
What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable development is the development that
satisfies the needs of the present without compromising
the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing
the balance between economic growth, care for the
environment and social well-being.
Importance of Sustainable Development
Economic development is using up resources of the
world so quickly that our future generations, the young
people of the world, would have serious environmental
problems, much worse than those that we are facing at
present. With increasing population and income, the
consumption of goods is increasing day by day. This has
led to increase in production and utilisation of natural
resources, which are required for producing goods.
Society must thus change its development strategy
to a new form where development will not destroy the
environment. This form of sustainable development
can only be brought about if each individual practices
a sustainable lifestyle. Since most of the natural
resources are scarce, therefore, careful utilisation of
resource is necessary.
Sustainable development is defined as ‘development
that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs’ (World Commission on Environment
and Development, 1987). For example, sustainable
agriculture consists of environment friendly methods
of farming that allow the production of agricultural
crops or livestock without damage to human or
natural systems. It also involves preventing the use of

104 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 5.indd 104 31-Jan-20 10:10:29 AM

 chemicals so as to avoid adverse effects to soil, water Notes
and biodiversity.

Problems Related to Sustainable Development

Three major problems related to sustainable
development are:
(a) Food: The amount of rich, fertile land needed to
grow crops, such as wheat, rice, etc., is becoming
less as we are using up more and more land for
other purposes. Soil nutrients are also getting
depleted and lots of chemicals are spoiling the
soil due to use of chemical fertilisers.
(b) Water: We use fresh water from rivers and ponds
for drinking and cleaning but dump garbage into
them. The rivers and ponds are getting polluted.
This way after several years, we will have no clean
water for our use.
(c) Fuel: We are using a lot of wood from trees as
fuels and for construction of homes and furniture.
As more and more trees are being cut, it is
affecting the climate of the place. Extreme weather
conditions, such as floods, extreme cold or heat,
are seen in many places, which affect the people
living there.
An environment friendly way for production of power
is using solar energy or energy from the sun which is
unlimited. One major example of large scale production
of solar power is seen in Charanka — Gujarat Solar
Park. This barren land with wild vegetation has a mega
solar power plant of 600 MW. This has reduced the
dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels in Gujarat.
The people of Charanka have benefited as they have
a good source of income and this will also help future
generations in the next 40–50 years to come
Sustainable development includes
• reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing
resource conservation;
• recycling and reuse of waste materials;
• scientific management of renewable resources,
especially bio-resources;
• planting more trees;

Green Skills 105

Unit 5.indd 105 31-Jan-20 10:10:29 AM

 • green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed
between concrete buildings;
• using more environment friendly material or
biodegradable material and
• use of technologies, which are environmental
friendly and based on efficient use of resources.

Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a
universal call of action to end poverty, protect the
planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and
prosperity. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
were launched at the United Nations Sustainable
Development Summit in New York in September 2015,
forming the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
It has set targets that the countries have to should work
towards and achieve by 2030.
The 17 SDGs have been made with the aim to take
care of important issues facing businesses, governments
and society. Some of these issues are poverty, gender
equality, water use, energy, climate change and
biodiversity. Countries are now making policies and
regulations that will promote sustainable systems
needed in all economic sectors to provide a secure,
affordable and sustainable economy.

Fig. 5.1 Sustainable Development Goals

106 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 5.indd 106 31-Jan-20 10:10:31 AM

 The core skills required by a person who wants to Notes
contribute towards environment include environmental
awareness and willingness to learn about sustainable
development. If we are responsible about our life, then we
will do our best at home, in school and at our workplace
to help the environment and the people around us.

Sustainable Development Initiatives

When plastics were banned by the municipal corporation
of Mangalore, an innovator and entrepreneur Mr Avasth
Hedge found an eco-friendly alternative. He made a
100 per cent bio-degradable bag which can dissolve in
hot water and decompose in natural environment. This
is now being used in many countries and is going to
help the environment.
Another innovative idea was to stop the use of
plastics spoons, forks, etc. Narayana Peesapaty made
edible cutlery made out of a grain — these spoons can
be eaten and even if they are not eaten they will easily
decompose in the soil enriching it. <https://www.ibef.
org/Innovations-from-India.aspx>

Sustainable Processes
Some practices, such as organic farming, vermi-composting
and rainwater harvesting are being used to help preserve
the environment.
Organic farming is where farmers do not use chemical
pesticides and fertilisers to increase their production.
They use organic and natural fertilisers, such as cow
dung to help in growing crops. This helps in better
quality chemical free crops while at the same time
maintaining the soil quality for future use. This is a true
example of sustainable developmen where we are not
only using the earth resources but are also preserving
it for our future generations.

Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Create a Garden in School or Plant Trees
Material required
Seeds, garden waste, sprinkler, gardening tools

Green Skills 107

Unit 5.indd 107 31-Jan-20 10:10:31 AM

 Notes Procedure
• Form groups depending on the number of students
available. Ask teacher to allot a piece of land in the
school premises.
• Assign different tasks to different groups of students.
• The tasks can be ploughing, sowing seeds, making manure
using vermicomposting and setting up a sprinkler system
to water the plants.

Activity 2
Discussion on How to Prevent Wastage.
Procedure
• Form groups depending on the number of students
available.
• Every student in the group will name way in which wasting
of water and food can be stopped or prevented.
• Make a list and share it with the rest of the class.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b),
(c) or (d) that best answers the question.

1. How many sustainable development goals are given by

the United Nations?
(a) 18
(b) 17
(c) 15
(d) 20
2. Choose the option which defines sustainable
development.
(a) Taking care of future generations
(b) Taking care of only ourselves
(c) Taking care of ourselves and the future generations
(d) Well-being of all
3. Which organisation has made the Sustainable
Development Goals.
(a) United Nations
(b) League of Nations
(c) UNICEF
(d) World Health Organisation

B. Subjective questions

1. What is the meaning of sustainable development?

2. Why do you think the United Nations has made the 17
Sustainable Development Goals?

108 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 5.indd 108 31-Jan-20 10:10:32 AM

 What Have You Learnt? Notes
After completing this session, you will be able to
• define sustainable development.
• identify the goals of sustainable development.

Session 2: Our Role in Sustainable

Development
Increasing population and development has led to the
increase in consumption of the natural resources. The
more the population, the more food, energy and water
we need. When we grow more crops, the soil’s nutrients
are consumed and slowly the soil becomes unusable.
Similarly, is we continue to use fossil fuels, such as
coal, oil and natural gas, very soon we will run out of
these natural resources.
We use so many resources from nature but what
do we give back to nature? Factories give out smoke
that pollutes the air. Garbage collected from homes
is dumped into landfills. Untreated garbage can lead
to disease and unhealthy environment. Sewage from
the cities is dumped into the seas and lakes making
it unsafe for marine life. This shows that though we
are using the natural resources, we are doing nothing
to return or give back to nature. Natural resources are
limited and with time they will get over and if we do not
do anything about it, our future generations will not be
able to survive.
One initiative was taken by Ministry of Railways in
Varanasi and Raibareilly where they introduced clay
pots ‘Kulhads’ to replace plastic and paper cups and to
bring back taste of tradition. Three major advantages
gained by using ‘Kulhads’ are to
1. reduce cutting of tree for making paper cups.
2. job creation for potters, which contributes
to economy.
3. reduce plastic waste.
Our Role towards Sustainable Development
United Nations has formed 17 Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) so that countries and nations can work
Green Skills 109

Unit 5.indd 109 31-Jan-20 10:10:32 AM

 towards finding a solution to the growing problems in
the world. Countries should form rules and guidelines
to remove poverty and hunger and provide good health
and quality education. These goals have been made so
that all the nations take action to protect our air, water
and land from pollution and provide clean water, air
and energy to all people.
Sustainable development can actually happen
only when each one of us works towards it. We have
to become responsible environment citizens who can
protect the environment through our own efforts.
Here are some basic ways in which people can help
towards Sustainable Development Goals.

Quality Education
Education is the most important factors for sustainable
development. Children who have gone to school will be
able to do jobs so that they can take care of themselves
and their families. Education helps us become aware of
our role as a responsible citizen. We should
1. use the facilities present in our areas.
2. take our friends to school.
3. help friends study.
4. stop friends from dropping out of school.

Clean Water and Sanitation

We must make efforts to make India free of open
defecation by building toilets and creating awareness
towards sanitation.
Industrial pollution
is polluting our
water resources,
which in near future
will cause scarcity of
clean drinking and
usable water. We
must take measurable
steps by promoting
awareness to keep
water sources clean.

110 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 5.indd 110 31-Jan-20 10:10:39 AM

 Affordable and Clean Energy
Using solar power i.e., power generated
using the sun does not cause pollution
as it does not require burning of
non-renewable fuels, such as coal. We
are making efforts to increase the solar
power generation so that our electricity
needs are met and at the same time we
do not pollute the environment or use
up natural resources. Use of biogas is
also an eco-friendly alternative to
natural gas.

Decent Work and Economic Growth

We can
(a) study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves
and our families.
(b) work hard and contribute to society.
(c) learn and develop skills so that we get add value
in our community.

Reduced Inequalities
To reduce inequalities we can
1. be helpful to one another.
2. be friendly with everyone.
3. include everyone while working or playing.
4. help others by including everyone whether they
are small or big, girl or boy, belong to any class
or caste.

Sustainable Cities and Communities

Creating Sustainable Cities

1. Save energy by switching off lights and fans when
not in use.
2. Use natural light as much as possible.
3. Use energy efficient lights (LED bulbs)
and appliances.

Green Skills 111

Unit 5.indd 111 31-Jan-20 10:10:40 AM

 Responsible Consumers and Producers
We can become responsible about our own
environment by
1. reusing paper, glass, plastic, water, etc.
2. taking cloth bags to market carrying fruits and
vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes,
books, furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from
local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid
wasting water.
6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing.

Protect Life Below Water

Tons of plastic is found in the seas, which is killing
marine life. Protecting marine life, saving our oceans
from pollution is necessary to preserve the marine life.

Protect Life on Land

Cutting of trees is leading to soil erosion and making
land dry and unusable for cultivation. Planting more
tree to replace the ones that we have cut is an important
step towards sustainable development.

Practical Exercise
Activity 1
Group Discussion
Procedure
• Form groups depending on the number of students
available.
• Every student will describe one way in which they can
work to conserve and protect the environment.
• Make a list and share it with the rest of the class.

Activity 2
Make art project using waste
Material required
Plastic bags, used bottles, papers cups, paper, wire, etc.

112 Employability Skills – Class X

Unit 5.indd 112 31-Jan-20 10:10:41 AM

 Procedure
Notes
• Form groups depending on the number of children
available. Make a list of waste material that is thrown
away. Now think of creative ideas in which you can use
the waste material to make something useful.
If time permits, every student can get some waste material from
home, such as old newspapers, plastic bottles, old cloth, etc.,
and make the best out of waste (a painting, wall decoration or a
bag). Have an exhibition at the front gate of your school.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions
Read the questions carefully and circle the letter (a), (b),
(c) or (d) that best answers the question

1. Which of the following sources of energy is from a

renewable source?
(a) Solar energy
(b) Wood
(c) Coals
(d) Petrol
2. Choose the option which is not a sustainable
development goal according to United Nations.
(a) Clean Water and Sanitation
(b) Gender Equality
(c) Population
(d) Reduced Inequalities

B. Subjective questions

1. List some ways in which we can use resources sensibly.

2. Explain the importance of education towards sustainable
development.

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• explain the importance of our role in sustainable
development.
• identify how we can contribute towards sustainable
development.

Green Skills 113

Unit 5.indd 113 31-Jan-20 10:10:41 AM

Introduction to AI: Foundational Concepts
What is Intelligence?
Humans have been developing machines which can make their lives easier. Machines are made with
an intent of accomplishing tasks which are either too tedious for humans or are time consuming.
Hence, machines help us by working for us, thereby sharing our load and making it easier for us to
fulfil such goals.

Life without machines today is unimaginable, and because of this, humans have been putting efforts
into making them even more sophisticated and smart. As a result, we are surrounded by smart devices
and gadgets like smartphones, smartwatches, smart TV, etc. But what makes them smart?

For example, how is a smartphone today different from the telephones we had in the last century?

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
 Today’s phones can do much more than just call-up
people. They can help us in navigating, recommend
which songs we should listen to or which movies we
should watch according to our own likes and
dislikes. Our phones can help us connect with like-
minded people, make our selfies fun with face
filters, help us maintain a record of our health and
fitness and a lot more. These drastic technological
advancements lead us to recognize one key
concept: the concept of Artificial Intelligence.

What is Artificial Intelligence anyway? Well, the answer lies in the term itself. If we break up this term
up, we get the words “Artificial” and “Intelligence”. Artificial is something which is man-made, which
does not occur naturally. But what about Intelligence, how do we define that?

Humans are said to be an intelligent species, so what is it that makes us intelligent?

According to researchers, intelligence is the ‘ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as
knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviours within an environment or context.’

If we try to define intelligence with the help of its traits, these are the abilities that are involved in
intelligence:

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Let us define each term mentioned above to get a proper understanding:

Mathematical •A person's ability to regulate, measure, and understand numerical

Logical Reasoning symbols, abstraction and logic.

Linguistic •Language processing skills both in terms of understanding or

Intelligence implementation in writing or verbally.

Spatial Visual •It is defined as the ability to perceive the visual world and the
Intelligence relationship of one object to another.

Kineasthetic •Ability that is related to how a person uses his limbs in a skilled
Intelligence manilr.

Musical •As the name suggests, this intelligence is about a person's ability to
Intelligence recognize and create sounds, rhythms, and sound patterns.

Intrapersonal •Describes how high the level of self-awareness someone has is.
Intelligence Starting from realizing weakness, strength, to his own feelings.

Existential •An additional category of intelligence relating to religious and

Intelligence spiritual awareness.

Naturalist •An additional category of intelligence relating to the

Intelligence ability to process information on the environment around us.

Interpersonal •Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to communicate with others

intelligence by understanding other people's feelings & influence of the person.

But even though one is more skilled in intelligence than the other, it should be noted that in fact all humans have all 9 of
these intelligences only at different levels. One might be an expert at painting, while the other might be an expert in
mathematical calculations. One is a musician, the other is an expert dancer.
In other words, we may define intelligence as:

• Ability to interact with the real world

o To perceive, understand and act
▪ Example: Speech Recognition – Understanding and synthesis
▪ Example: Image Recognition
▪ Example: Ability to take action: to have an effect
• Reasoning and planning
o Modelling the external world, given input
▪ Solving new problems, planning and making decisions
▪ Ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
• Learning and adaptation
o Continuous learning and adapting graph
▪ Our internal models are always being updated
▪ Example: Baby learning to categorize and recognise animals

For example, if someone starts talking to us, we know how to keep the conversation going. We can
understand what people mean and can reply in the same way. When we are hungry, we can come up
with various options on what to eat depending upon the food we have at our homes. When we read
something, we are able to understand its meaning and answer anything regarding it.

While understanding the term intelligence, it must be noticed that decision making comprises of a
crucial part of intelligence. Let us delve deeper into it.

Decision Making

You’re trapped. All the doors seem to have started shrinking and only one of them leads you out.
Which door would you pick?

How do you make decisions?

The basis of decision making depends upon the availability of information and how we experience and
understand it. For the purposes of this article, ‘information’ includes our past experience, intuition,
knowledge, and self-awareness.

We can’t make “good” decisions without information because then we have to deal with unknown
factors and face uncertainty, which leads us to make wild guesses, flipping coins, or rolling a dice.
Having knowledge, experience, or insights given a certain situation, helps us visualize what the
outcomes could be. and how we can achieve/avoid those outcomes.

Make Your Choices!

Scenario 1
You are locked inside a room with 3 doors to move out of the locked room and you need to find a safe
door to get your way out. Behind the 1st door is a lake with a deadly shark. The 2nd door has a mad
psychopath ready to kill with a weapon and the third one has a lion that has not eaten since the last 2
months.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Which door would you choose? and Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

The answer is gate number 3. The reason being that since the lion has not eaten for 2 months, he
wouldn't have survived till now and would already be dead . This makes going out from gate 3 the
correct option.

Scenario 2
Aarti invited four of her friends to her House.. They hadn't seen each other in a long time, so they
chatted all night long and had a good time. In the morning, two of the friends Aarti had invited, died.
The police arrived at the house and found that both the friends were poisoned and that the poison
was in the strawberry pie. The three surviving friends told the police that they hadn't eaten the pie.
The police asked," Why didn’t you eat the pie ?". Shiv said, " I am allergic to strawberries.". Seema
said, " I am on a diet." And Aarti said, "I ate too many strawberries while cooking the pie, I just didn't
want anymore."

The policemen looked at the pictures of the party and immediately identified the murderer.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Look at the picture and identify who is the murderer? Also state why do you think this is the murderer?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

The answer is Seema, can you guess how the police could tell? It’s because she said she is on a diet
and in the picture, she is eating a burger and fries which means she lied.

The above scenarios show that it’s the information which helps humans take good decisions.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human
traits, i.e., make decisions, predict the future, learn and
improve on its own, it is said to have artificial
intelligence.
In other words, you can say that a machine is artificially
intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself -
collect data, understand it, analyse it, learn from it, and
improve it. You will get to know more about it in the
next unit.
But, what makes a machine intelligent?

How do machines become Artificially Intelligent?

Humans become more and more intelligent with time as they gain experiences during their lives.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
For example, in elementary school, we learn about alphabets and eventually we move ahead to
making words with them. As we grow, we become more and more fluent in the language as we keep
learning new words and use them in our conversations.

Another example is how we learn walking.

Initially a baby struggles to walk. He takes
help from others while learning how to
walk and once he knows it, he keeps on
upgrading it by learning how to run, jump,
etc.

Similarly, machines also become

intelligent once they are trained with
some information which helps them
achieve their tasks. AI machines also keep
updating their knowledge to optimise
their output.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence around us

Whether we notice it or not, we are surrounded by machines that work on AI. They are becoming a
crucial part of our everyday life and provide us with an ease of having even some of the most
complicated and time-consuming tasks being done at the touch of a button or by the simple use of a
sensor.

Every now and then, we surf the internet for things on Google
without realizing how efficiently Google always responds to us
with accurate answers. Not only does it come up with results
to our search in a matter of seconds, it also suggests and auto-
corrects our typed sentences.

We nowadays have pocket assistants that can

do a lot of tasks at just one command. Alexa,
Google Assistant, Cortana, Siri are some very
common examples of the voice assistants which
are a major part of our digital devices.

To help us navigate to places, apps like UBER and Google Maps come in haman.
Thus, one no longer needs to stop repeatedly to ask for directions.

AI has completely enhanced the gaming experience for its users.

A lot of games nowadays are backed up with AI which helps in
enhancing the graphics, come up with new difficulty levels,
encourage gamers, etc.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
 AI has not only made our lives easier but has also been
taking care of our habits, likes, and dislikes. This is why
platforms like Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, YouTube etc.
show us recommendations on the basis of what we
like.

Well, the recommendations are not just limited to

our preferences, they even cater to our needs of
connecting with friends on social media platforms
with apps like Facebook and Instagram. They also
send us customized notifications about our online
shopping details, auto-create playlists according
to our requests and so on. Taking selfies was never
this fun as Snapchat filters make them look so
cool.

This isn’t all. AI is also being used to monitor

our health. A lot of chatbots and other health
apps are available, which continuously
monitor the physical and mental health of its
users.

These applications are not limited to smart devices but

also vary to humanoids like Sophia, the very first
humanoid robot sophisticated enough to get
citizenship, biometric security systems like the face
locks we have in our phones, real-time language
translators, weather forecasts, and whatnot! This list is
huge, and this module will go on forever if we keep
tabulating them. So, take some time, discuss with a
friend and identify more and more AI applications
around you!

What is not AI?

Since we have a lot of different technologies which exist around us in today’s time, it is very
common for us to misunderstand any other technology as AI. That is why, we need to have a
clear distinction between what is AI and what is not.
As we discussed earlier, any machine that has been trained with data and can make
decisions/predictions on its own can be termed as AI. Here, the term ‘training’ is important.

A fully automatic washing machine can work on its own, but it requires human
intervention to select the parameters of washing and to do the necessary preparation for
it to function correctly before each wash, which makes it an example of automation, not
AI.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
 An air conditioner can be turned on and off remotely with the help of internet but still
needs a human touch. This is an example of Internet of Things (IoT). Also, every now and
then we get to know about robots which might follow a path or maybe can avoid
obstacles but need to be primed accordingly each time.

We also get to see a lot of projects which can automate our surroundings with the
help of sensors. Here too, since the bot or the automation machine is not trained with
any data, it does not count as AI.

Also, it would be valid to say that not all the devices which are termed as "smart" are AI-enabled. For
example, a TV does not become AI-enabled if it is a smart one, it gets the power of AI when it is able
to think and process on its own.

Just as humans learn how to walk and then improve this skill with the help of their experiences, an AI
machine too gets trained first on the training data and then optimises itself according to its own
experiences which makes AI different from any other technological device/machine.

But well, surely these other technologies too can be integrated with AI to provide the users with a
much better and immersive experience!

Robotics and AI can definitely open the doors to humanoids and self-driving cars, AI when merged
with Internet of things can give rise to cloud computing of data and remote access of AI tools,
automation along with AI can help in achieving voice automated homes and so on. Such integrations
can help us get the best of both worlds!

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Introduction to AI: Basics of AI
As discussed in the last chapter, Artificial Intelligence has always been a term which intrigues people
all over the world. Various organisations have coined their own versions of defining Artificial
Intelligence. Some of them are mentioned below:

NITI Aayog: National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence

AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning,
problem solving and decision making. Initially conceived as a technology that could mimic human
intelligence, AI has evolved in ways that far exceed its original conception. With incredible advances
made in data collection, processing and computation power, intelligent systems can now be deployed
to take over a variety of tasks, enable connectivity and enhance productivity.

World Economic Forum

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the software engine that drives the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Its impact
can already be seen in homes, businesses and political processes. In its embodied form of robots, it
will soon be driving cars, stocking warehouses and caring for the young and elderly. It holds the
promise of solving some of the most pressing issues facing society, but also presents challenges such
as inscrutable “black box” algorithms, unethical use of data and potential job displacement. As rapid
advances in machine learning (ML) increase the scope and scale of AI’s deployment across all aspects
of daily life, and as the technology itself can learn and change on its own, multi-stakeholder
collaboration is required to optimize accountability, transparency, privacy and impartiality to create
trust.

European Artificial Intelligence (AI) leadership, the path for an integrated vision
AI is not a well-defined technology and no universally agreed definition exists. It is rather a cover term
for techniques associated with data analysis and pattern recognition. AI is not a new technology,
having existed since the 1950s. While some markets, sectors and individual businesses are more
advanced than others, AI is still at a relatively early stage of development, so that the range of
potential applications, and the quality of most existing applications, have ample margins left for
further development and improvement.

Encyclopaedia Britannica
Artificial intelligence (AI), is the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to
perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to the
project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such
as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience.
As you can see, Artificial Intelligence is a vast domain. Everyone looks at AI in a different way according
to their mindset. Now, according to your knowledge of AI, start filling the KWLH chart:

K • What I Know?

W • What I Want to know?

L • What have I learned?

H • How I learnt this?

What do you know about Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What do you want to know about AI?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What have you learnt about AI?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

How have you learnt this about AI?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
In other words, AI can be defined as:

AI is a form of Intelligence; a type of technology and a field of study.

AI theory and development of computer systems (both machines and software) enables machines to
perform tasks that normally require human intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence covers a broad range of domains and applications and is expected to impact every
field in the future. Overall, its core idea is building machines and algorithms which are capable of
performing computational tasks that would otherwise require human like brain functions.

AI, ML & DL
As you have been progressing towards building AI readiness, you must have come across a very
common dilemma between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML). Many times, these
terms are used interchangeably but are they the same? Is there no difference in Machine Learning
and Artificial Intelligence? Is Deep Learning (DL) Also Artificial Intelligence? What exactly is Deep
Learning? Let us see.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic human intelligence. It gives the ability to
machines to recognize a human’s face; to move and manipulate objects; to understand the voice
commands by humans, and also do other tasks. The AI-enabled machines think algorithmically and
execute what they have been asked for intelligently.

Machine Learning (ML)

It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to improve at tasks with experience
(data). The intention of Machine Learning is to enable machines to learn by themselves using the
provided data and make accurate Predictions/ Decisions.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Deep Learning (DL)
It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data. In Deep Learning, the
machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in training itself around the data. Such
machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for themselves. Deep Learning is the most
advanced form of Artificial Intelligence out of these three. Then comes Machine Learning which is
intermediately intelligent and Artificial Intelligence covers all the concepts and algorithms which, in
some way or the other mimic human intelligence.

There are a lot of applications of AI out of which few are those which come under ML out of which
very few can be labelled as DL. Therefore, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) are part of
Artificial Intelligence (AI), but not everything that is Machine learning will be Deep learning.

Introduction to AI Domains
Artificial Intelligence becomes intelligent according to the training which it gets. For training, the
machine is fed with datasets. According to the applications for which the AI algorithm is being
developed, the data which is fed into it changes. With respect to the type of data fed in the AI
model, AI models can be broadly categorised into three domains:

Data Sciences Computer Vision Natural Language Processing

Data Sciences
Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in which the system collects
numerous data, maintains data sets and derives meaning/sense out of them.

The information extracted through data science can be used to make a decision about it.

Example of Data Science

Price Comparison Websites

These websites are being driven by lots and lots of data. If you have
ever used these websites, you would know, the convenience of
comparing the price of a product from multiple vendors at one
place. PriceGrabber, PriceRunner, Junglee, Shopzilla, DealTime are
some examples of price comparison websites. Now a days, price
comparison website can be found in almost every domain such as
technology, hospitality, automobiles, durables, apparels etc.

Computer Vision
Computer Vision, abbreviated as CV, is a domain of AI that depicts the capability of a machine to get
and analyse visual information and afterwards predict some decisions about it. The entire process
involves image acquiring, screening, analysing, identifying and extracting information. This extensive
processing helps computers to understand any visual content and act on it accordingly. In computer
vision, Input to machines can be photographs, videos and pictures from thermal or infrared sensors,
indicators and different sources.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Computer vision related projects translate digital visual data into descriptions. This data is then turned
into computer-readable language to aid the decision-making process. The main objective of this
domain of AI is to teach machines to collect information from pixels.

Examples of Computer Vision

Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars
CV systems scan live objects and analyse them, based on whether
the car decides to keep running or to stop.

Face Lock in Smartphones

Smartphones nowadays come with the feature of face locks in

which the smartphone’s owner can set up his/her face as an
unlocking mechanism for it. The front camera detects and captures
the face and saves its features during initiation. Next time onwards,
whenever the features match, the phone is unlocked.

Natural Language Processing

Natural Language Processing, abbreviated as NLP, is a branch of artificial intelligence that deals with
the interaction between computers and humans using the natural language. Natural language refers
to language that is spoken and written by people, and natural language processing (NLP) attempts to
extract information from the spoken and written word using algorithms.

The ultimate objective of NLP is to read, decipher, understand, and make sense of the human languages
in a manilr that is valuable.

Examples of Natural Language Processing

Email filters
Email filters are one of the most basic and
initial applications of NLP online. It started
out with spam filters, uncovering certain
words or phrases that signal a spam
message.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
 Smart assistants
Smart assistants like Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa recognize
patterns in speech, then infer meaning and provide a useful
response.

AI Ethics
Nowadays, we are moving from the Information era to Artificial Intelligence era. Now we do not use
data or information, but the intelligence collected from the data to build solutions. These solutions
can even recommend the next TV show or movies you should watch on Netflix.

We can proudly say that India is leading in the AI usage trends, so we need to keep aspects relating to
ethical practices in mind while developing solutions using AI. Let us understand some of the ethical
concerns in detail.

Moral Issues: Self-Driving Cars

Scenario 1:
Let us imagine that we are in year 2030. Self-Driving cars which are just a concept in today’s time are
now on roads. People like us are buying them for ease and are using it for our daily transits. Of-course
because of all the features which this car has, it is expensive. Now, let us assume, one day your father
is going to office in his self-driving car. He is sitting in the back seat as the car is driving itself. Suddenly,
a small boy comes in front of this car. The incident was so sudden that the car is only able to make
either of the two choices:

1. Go straight and hit the boy who has come in front of the car and injure him severely.

2. Take a sharp right turn to save the boy and smash the car into a metal pole thus damaging the car
as well as injuring the person sitting in it.

With the help of this scenario, we need to understand that the developer of the car goes through all
such dilemmas while developing the car’s algorithm. Thus, here the morality of the developer gets
transferred into the machine as what according to him/her is right would have a higher priority and
hence would be the selection made by the machine.

If you were in the place of this developer and if there was no other alternative to the situation, which
one of the two would you prioritise and why?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Scenario 2:
Let us now assume that the car has hit the boy who came in front of it. Considering this as an accident,
who should be held responsible for it? Why?

1. The person who bought this car

2. The Manufacturing Company
3. The developer who developed the car’s algorithm
4. The boy who came in front of the car and got severely injured

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Here, the choices might differ from person to person and one must understand that nobody is wrong
in this case. Every person has a different perspective and hence he/she takes decisions according to
their moralities.

Data Privacy

The world of Artificial Intelligence revolves around Data. Every company whether small or big is mining
data from as many sources as possible. More than 70% of the data collected till now has been collected
in the last 3 years which shows how important data has become in recent times. It is not wrongly said
that Data is the new gold. This makes us think:

Where do we collect data from?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Why do we need to collect data?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
One of the major sources of data for many major companies is the device which all of us have in our
hands all the time: Smartphones. Smartphones have nowadays become an integral part of our lives.
Most of us use smartphones more than we interact with people around us. Smartphones in today’s
era provide us with a lot of facilities and features which have made our lives easier. Feeling hungry?
Order food online. Want to shop but don’t have time to go out? Go shopping online. From booking
tickets to watching our favourite shows, everything is available in this one small box loaded with
technology.

Another feature of smartphones nowadays is that they provide us with customised recommendations
and notifications according to our choices. Let us understand this with the help of some examples:

1. When you are talking to your friend on a mobile network or on an app like WhatsApp. You tell
your friend that you wish to buy new shoes and are looking for suggestions from him/her. You
discuss about shoes and that is it. After some time, the online shopping websites start giving
you notifications to buy shoes! They start recommending some of their products and urge you
to you buy some.
2. If you search on Google for a trip to Kerala or any other destination, just after the search, all
the apps on your phone which support advertisements, will start sending messages about
packages that you can buy for the trip.
3. Even when you are not using your phone and talking to a person face-to-face about a book
you’ve read recently while the phone is kept in a locked mode nearby, the phone will end up
giving notifications about similar books or messages about the same book once you operate
it.

In all such examples, how does the smartphone get to know about the discussions and thoughts that
you have? Remember whenever you download an app and install it, it asks you for several permissions
to access your phone’s data in different ways. If you do not allow the app these permissions, you
normally cannot access it. And to access the app and make use of it, we sometimes don’t even give it
a thought and allow the app to get all the permissions that it wants. Hence every now and then, the
app has the permission to access various sensors which are there in your smartphone and gather data
about you and your surroundings. We forget that the smartphone which we use is a box full of sensors
which are powered all the time while the phone is switched on.

This leads us to a crucial question: Are we okay with sharing our data with the external world?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Why do these apps collect data?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

We need to understand that the data which is collected by various applications is ethical as the
smartphone users agree to it (by clicking on allow when it asks for permission and by agreeing to all
the terms and conditions). But at the same time if one does not want to share his/her data with
anyone, he/she can opt for alternative applications which are of similar usage and keep your data
private. For example, an alternative to WhatsApp is the Telegram app which does not collect any data
from us. But since WhatsApp is more popular and used by the crowd, people go for it without thinking
twice.

AI Bias

Another aspect to AI Ethics is bias. Everyone has a bias of their own no matter how much one tries to
be unbiased, we in some way or the other have our own biases even towards smaller things. Biases
are not negative all the time. Sometimes, it is required to have a bias to control a situation and keep
things working.

When we talk about a machine, we know that it is artificial and cannot think on its own. It can have
intelligence, but we cannot expect a machine to have any biases of its own. Any bias can transfer from
the developer to the machine while the algorithm is being developed. Let us look at some of the
examples:

1. Majorly, all the virtual assistants have a female voice. It is only now that some companies have
understood this bias and have started giving options for male voices but since the virtual assistants
came into practice, female voices are always preferred for them over any other voice. Can you think
of some reasons for this?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. If you search on Google for salons, the first few searches are mostly for female salons. This is based
on the assumption that if a person is searching fora salon, in all probability it would be a female. Do
you think this is a bias? If yes, then is it a Negative bias or Positive one?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Various other biases are also found in various systems which are not thought up by the machine but
have got transferred from the developer intentionally or unintentionally.
AI Access

Since Artificial Intelligence is still a budding technology, not everyone has the opportunity to access it.
The people who can afford AI enabled devices make the most of it while others who cannot are left
behind. Because of this, a gap has emerged between these two classes of people and it gets widened
with the rapid advancement of technology. Let us understand this with the help of some examples:

AI creates unemployment
AI is making people’s lives easier. Most of the things nowadays are done in just a few clicks. In no time
AI will manage to be able to do all the laborious tasks which we humans have been doing since long.
Maybe in the coming years, AI enabled machines will replace all the people who work as labourers.
This may start an era of mass unemployment where people having little or no skills may be left without
jobs and others who keep up with their skills according to what is required, will flourish.

This brings us to a crossroads. On one hand where AI is advancing and improving the lives of people
by working for them and doing some of their tasks, the other hand points towards the lives of people
who are dependent on laborious jobs and are not skilled to do anything else.

Should AI replace laborious jobs? Is there an alternative for major unemployment?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Should AI not replace laborious jobs? Will the lives of people improve if they keep on being unskilled?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Here, we need to understand that to overcome such an issue, one needs to be open to changes. As
technology is advancing with time, humans need to make sure that they are a step ahead and
understand this technology with its pros and cons.

AI for kids
As we all can see, kids nowadays are smart enough to understand technology from a very early age.
As their thinking capabilities increase, they start becoming techno-savvy and eventually they learn
everything more easily than an adult. But should technology be given to children so young?

Consider this: A young boy in class 3 has got some Maths homework to finish. He is sitting at a table
which has the Google chat bot - Alexa on it, and he is struggling with his homework. Soon, he starts
asking Alexa to answer all his questions. Alexa replies with answers and the boy simply writes them
down in his notebook.

While this scenario seems funny, it still has some concerns related to it. On one hand where it is good
that the boy knows how to use technology effectively, on the other hand he uses it to complete his
homework without really learning anything since he is not applying his brain to solve the Math
problems. So, while he is smart, he might not be getting educated properly.

Is it ethical to let the boy use technology to help in this manilr?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion
Despite AI’s promises to bring forth new opportunities, there are certain associated risks that need to
be mitigated appropriately and effectively. To give a better perspective, the ecosystem and the socio-
technical environment in which the AI systems are embedded needs to be more trustworthy.
AI Project Cycle
In this chapter, we will revisit the concept of AI Project Cycle.

Introduction
Let us assume that you have to make a greeting card for your mother as it is her birthday. You are very
excited about it and have thought of many ideas to execute the same. Let us look at some of the steps
which you might take to accomplish this task:

1. Look for some cool greeting card ideas from different sources. You might go online and
checkout some videos or you may ask someone who has knowledge about it.
2. After finalising the design, you would make a list of things that are required to make this card.
3. You will check if you have the material with you or not. If not, you could go and get all the
items required, ready for use.
4. Once you have everything with you, you would start making the card.
5. If you make a mistake in the card somewhere which cannot be rectified, you will discard it and
start remaking it.
6. Once the greeting card is made, you would gift it to your mother.
Are these steps relatable?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Do you think your steps might differ? If so, write them down!

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

These steps show how we plan to execute the tasks around us. Consciously or Subconsciously our
mind makes up plans for every task which we have to accomplish which is why things become clearer
in our mind. Similarly, if we have to develop an AI project, the AI Project Cycle provides us with an
appropriate framework which can lead us towards the goal. The AI Project Cycle mainly has 5 stages:

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Starting with Problem Scoping, you set the goal for your AI project by stating the problem which you
wish to solve with it. Under problem scoping, we look at various parameters which affect the problem
we wish to solve so that the picture becomes clearer.

To proceed,

● You need to acquire data which will become the base of your project as it will help you in
understanding what the parameters that are related to problem scoping are.
● You go for data acquisition by collecting data from various reliable and authentic sources.
Since the data you collect would be in large quantities, you can try to give it a visual image of
different types of representations like graphs, databases, flow charts, maps, etc. This makes
it easier for you to interpret the patterns which your acquired data follows.
● After exploring the patterns, you can decide upon the type of model you would build to
achieve the goal. For this, you can research online and select various models which give a
suitable output.
● You can test the selected models and figure out which is the most efficient one.
● The most efficient model is now the base of your AI project and you can develop your
algorithm around it.
● Once the modelling is complete, you now need to test your model on some newly fetched
data. The results will help you in evaluating your model and improving it.
● Finally, after evaluation, the project cycle is now complete and what you get is your AI project.
Let us understand each stage of the AI Project Cycle in detail.

Problem Scoping
It is a fact that we are surrounded by problems. They could be small or big, sometimes ignored or
sometimes even critical. Many times, we become so used to a problem that it becomes a part of our
life. Identifying such a problem and having a vision to solve it, is what Problem Scoping is about. A lot
of times we are unable to observe any problem in our surroundings. In that case, we can take a look
at the Sustainable Development Goals. 17 goals have been announced by the United nations which
are termed as the Sustainable Development Goals. The aim is to achieve these goals by the end of
2030. A pledge to do so has been taken by all the member nations of the UN.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Here are the 17 SDGs. Let’s take a look:

As you can see, many goals correspond to the problems which we might observe around us too. One
should look for such problems and try to solve them as this would make many lives better and help
our country achieve these goals.

Scoping a problem is not that easy as we need to have a deeper understanding around it so that the
picture becomes clearer while we are working to solve it. Hence, we use the 4Ws Problem Canvas to
help us out.

4Ws Problem Canvas

The 4Ws Problem canvas helps in identifying the key elements related to the problem.

Who? What? Where? Why?

Let us go through each of the blocks one by one.

Who?
The “Who” block helps in analysing the people getting affected directly or indirectly due to it. Under
this, we find out who the ‘Stakeholders’ to this problem are and what we know about them.
Stakeholders are the people who face this problem and would be benefitted with the solution. Here is
the Who Canvas:

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
What?
Under the “What” block, you need to look into what you have on hand. At this stage, you need to
determine the nature of the problem. What is the problem and how do you know that it is a problem?
Under this block, you also gather evidence to prove that the problem you have selected actually exists.
Newspaper articles, Media, announcements, etc are some examples. Here is the What Canvas:

Where?
Now that you know who is associated with the problem and what the problem actually is; you need
to focus on the context/situation/location of the problem. This block will help you look into the
situation in which the problem arises, the context of it, and the locations where it is prominent. Here
is the Where Canvas:
Why?
You have finally listed down all the major elements that affect the problem directly. Now it is
convenient to understand who the people that would be benefitted by the solution are; what is to be
solved; and where will the solution be deployed. These three canvases now become the base of why
you want to solve this problem. Thus, in the “Why” canvas, think about the benefits which the
stakeholders would get from the solution and how it will benefit them as well as the society.

After filling the 4Ws Problem canvas, you now need to summarise all the cards into one template. The
Problem Statement Template helps us to summarise all the key points into one single Template so
that in future, whenever there is need to look back at the basis of the problem, we can take a look at
the Problem Statement Template and understand the key elements of it.
 [stakeholder(s)] Who
Our

has /have a [issue, problem, need] What

problem that

when / while [context, situation] Where

An ideal [benefit of solution for them] Why

solution would

Data Acquisition
As we move ahead in the AI Project Cycle, we come across the second element which is : Data
Acquisition. As the term clearly mentions, this stage is about acquiring data for the project. Let us first
understand what is Data. Data can be a piece of information or facts and statistics collected together
for reference or analysis. Whenever we want an AI project to be able to predict an output, we need
to train it first using data.

For example, If you want to make an Artificially Intelligent system which can predict the salary of any
employee based on his previous salaries, you would feed the data of his previous salaries into the
machine. This is the data with which the machine can be trained. Now, once it is ready, it will predict
his next salary efficiently. The previous salary data here is known as Training Data while the next salary
prediction data set is known as the Testing Data.

For better efficiency of an AI project, the Training data needs to be relevant and authentic. In the
previous example, if the training data was not of the previous salaries but of his expenses, the machine
would not have predicted his next salary correctly since the whole training went wrong. Similarly, if
the previous salary data was not authentic, that is, it was not correct, then too the prediction could
have gone wrong. Hence….

For any AI project to be efficient, the training data should be authentic and relevant to the problem
statement scoped.
Data Features
Look at your problem statement once again and try to find the data features required to address this
issue. Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect. In our previous example, data
features would be salary amount, increment percentage, increment period, bonus, etc.

After mentioning the Data features, you get to know what sort of data is to be collected. Now, the
question arises- From where can we get this data? There can be various ways in which you can collect
data. Some of them are:

Surveys Web Scraping Sensors

API
Cameras Observations (Application Program
Interface)

Sometimes, you use the internet and try to acquire data for your project from some random websites.
Such data might not be authentic as its accuracy cannot be proved. Due to this, it becomes necessary
to find a reliable source of data from where some authentic information can be taken. At the same
time, we should keep in mind that the data which we collect is open-sourced and not someone’s
property. Extracting private data can be an offence. One of the most reliable and authentic sources of
information, are the open-sourced websites hosted by the government. These government portals
have general information collected in suitable format which can be downloaded and used wisely.

Some of the open-sourced Govt. portals are: data.gov.in, india.gov.in

Data Exploration
In the previous modules, you have set the goal of your project and have also found ways to acquire
data. While acquiring data, you must have noticed that the data is a complex entity – it is full of
numbers and if anyone wants to make some sense out of it, they have to work some patterns out of
it. For example, if you go to the library and pick up a random book, you first try to go through its
content quickly by turning pages and by reading the description before borrowing it for yourself,
because it helps you in understanding if the book is appropriate to your needs and interests or not.

Thus, to analyse the data, you need to visualise it in some user-friendly format so that you can:

● Quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships and patterns contained within the data.
● Define strategy for which model to use at a later stage.
● Communicate the same to others effectively. To visualise data, we can use various types of
visual representations.

Are you aware of visual representations of data? Fill them below:

 Bar
Graphs

Visual
Representations

Modelling
In the previous module of Data exploration, we have seen various types of graphical representations
which can be used for representing different parameters of data. The graphical representation makes
the data understandable for humans as we can discover trends and patterns out of it. But when it
comes to machines accessing and analysing data, it needs the data in the most basic form of numbers
(which is binary – 0s and 1s) and when it comes to discovering patterns and trends in data, the machine
goes in for mathematical representations of the same. The ability to mathematically describe the
relationship between parameters is the heart of every AI model. Thus, whenever we talk about
developing AI models, it is the mathematical approach towards analysing data which we refer to.

Generally, AI models can be classified as follows:

Machine
Learning
Learning
Based Deep
AI Models
Learning
Rule Based

Rule Based Approach

Refers to the AI modelling where the rules are defined by the developer. The machine follows the
rules or instructions mentioned by the developer and performs its task accordingly. For example, we
have a dataset which tells us about the conditions on the basis of which we can decide if an elephant
may be spotted or not while on safari. The parameters are: Outlook, Temperature, Humidity and Wind.
Now, let’s take various possibilities of these parameters and see in which case the elephant may be
spotted and in which case it may not. After looking through all the cases, we feed this data in to the
machine along with the rules which tell the machine all the possibilities. The machine trains on this
data and now is ready to be tested. While testing the machine, we tell the machine that Outlook =
Overcast; Temperature = Normal; Humidity = Normal and Wind = Weak. On the basis of this testing
dataset, now the machine will be able to tell if the elephant has been spotted before or not and will
display the prediction to us. This is known as a rule-based approach because we fed the data along
with rules to the machine and the machine after getting trained on them is now able to predict
answers for the same. A drawback/feature for this approach is that the learning is static. The machine
once trained, does not take into consideration any changes made in the original training dataset. That
is, if you try testing the machine on a dataset which is different from the rules and data you fed it at
the training stage, the machine will fail and will not learn from its mistake. Once trained, the model
cannot improvise itself on the basis of feedbacks. Thus, machine learning gets introduced as an
extension to this as in that case, the machine adapts to change in data and rules and follows the
updated path only, while a rule-based model does what it has been taught once.

Learning Based Approach

Refers to the AI modelling where the machine learns by itself. Under the Learning Based approach,
the AI model gets trained on the data fed to it and then is able to design a model which is adaptive to
the change in data. That is, if the model is trained with X type of data and the machine designs the
algorithm around it, the model would modify itself according to the changes which occur in the data
so that all the exceptions are handled in this case. For example, suppose you have a dataset comprising
of 100 images of apples and bananas each. These images depict apples and bananas in various shapes
and sizes. These images are then labelled as either apple or banana so that all apple images are
labelled ‘apple’ and all the banana images have ‘banana’ as their label. Now, the AI model is trained
with this dataset and the model is programmed in such a way that it can distinguish between an apple
image and a banana image according to their features and can predict the label of any image which is
fed to it as an apple or a banana. After training, the machine is now fed with testing data. Now, the
testing data might not have similar images as the ones on which the model has been trained. So, the
model adapts to the features on which it has been trained and accordingly predicts if the image is of
an apple or banana. In this way, the machine learns by itself by adapting to the new data which is
flowing in. This is the machine learning approach which introduces the dynamicity in the model.

The learning-based approach can further be

Learning Based Approach

divided into three parts:

Supervised Learning
Supervised
In a supervised learning model, the dataset
Learning which is fed to the machine is labelled. In
other words, we can say that the dataset is
Unsupervised known to the person who is training the
Learning machine only then he/she is able to label the
data. A label is some information which can
Reinforcement be used as a tag for data. For example,
students get grades according to the marks
Learning they secure in examinations. These grades
are labels which categorise the students
according to their marks.
There are two types of Supervised Learning models:

Classification: Where the data is classified

according to the labels. For example, in the grading
system, students are classified on the basis of the
grades they obtain with respect to their marks in
the examination. This model works on discrete
dataset which means the data need not be
continuous.

Regression: Such models work on continuous data.

For example, if you wish to predict your next salary,
then you would put in the data of your previous
salary, any increments, etc., and would train the
model. Here, the data which has been fed to the
machine is continuous.

Unsupervised Learning
An unsupervised learning model works on unlabelled dataset. This means that the data which is fed
to the machine is random and there is a possibility that the person who is training the model does not
have any information regarding it. The unsupervised learning models are used to identify
relationships, patterns and trends out of the data which is fed into it. It helps the user in understanding
what the data is about and what are the major features identified by the machine in it.

For example, you have a random data of 1000 dog images and you wish to understand some pattern
out of it, you would feed this data into the unsupervised learning model and would train the machine
on it. After training, the machine would come up with patterns which it was able to identify out of it.
The Machine might come up with patterns which are already known to the user like colour or it might
even come up with something very unusual like the size of the dogs.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Unsupervised learning models can be further divided into two categories:

Clustering: Refers to the unsupervised learning

algorithm which can cluster the unknown data
according to the patterns or trends identified out of
it. The patterns observed might be the ones which
are known to the developer or it might even come
up with some unique patterns out of it.

Dimensionality Reduction: We humans are able to visualise upto 3-Dimensions only but according to
a lot of theories and algorithms, there are various entities which exist beyond 3-Dimensions. For
example, in Natural language Processing, the words are considered to be N-Dimensional entities.
Which means that we cannot visualise them as they exist beyond our visualisation ability. Hence, to
make sense out of it, we need to reduce their dimensions. Here, dimensionality reduction algorithm
is used.

As we reduce the dimension of an entity, the information which it contains starts getting distorted.
For example, if we have a ball in our hand, it is 3-Dimensions right now. But if we click its picture, the
data transforms to 2-D as an image is a 2-Dimensional entity. Now, as soon as we reduce one
dimension, at least 50% of the information is lost as now we will not know about the back of the ball.
Whether the ball was of same colour at the back or not? Or was it just a hemisphere? If we reduce the
dimensions further, more and more information will get lost.

Hence, to reduce the dimensions and still be able to make sense out of the data, we use Dimensionality
Reduction.

Evaluation
Once a model has been made and trained, it needs to go through proper testing so that one can
calculate the efficiency and performance of the model. Hence, the model is tested with the help of
Testing Data (which was separated out of the acquired dataset at Data Acquisition stage) and the
efficiency of the model is calculated on the basis of the parameters mentioned below:

Accuracy Precision Recall F1 Score

You will read more about this stage in Chapter 7.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Neural Networks
Neural networks are loosely modelled after how neurons in the human brain behave. The key
advantage of neural networks are that they are able to extract data features automatically without
needing the input of the programmer. A neural network is essentially a system of organizing machine
learning algorithms to perform certain tasks. It is a fast and efficient way to solve problems for which
the dataset is very large, such as in images.

As seen in the figure given, the larger Neural Networks tend to perform better with larger amounts of
data whereas the traditional machine learning algorithms stop improving after a certain saturation
point.

This is a representation of how neural networks work. A Neural Network is divided into multiple layers
and each layer is further divided into several blocks called nodes. Each node has its own task to
accomplish which is then passed to the next layer. The first layer of a Neural Network is known as the
input layer. The job of an input layer is to acquire data and feed it to the Neural Network. No
processing occurs at the input layer. Next to it, are the hidden layers. Hidden layers are the layers in
which the whole processing occurs. Their name essentially means that these layers are hidden and are
not visible to the user.

Each node of these hidden layers has its own machine learning algorithm which it executes on the
data received from the input layer. The processed output is then fed to the subsequent hidden layer

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
of the network. There can be multiple hidden layers in a neural network system and their number
depends upon the complexity of the function for which the network has been configured. Also, the
number of nodes in each layer can vary accordingly. The last hidden layer passes the final processed
data to the output layer which then gives it to the user as the final output. Similar to the input layer,
output layer too does not process the data which it acquires. It is meant for user-interface.

Some of the features of a Neural Network are listed below:

Advance Python
Recap
In this section, we will go through a quick refreshing session around Python concepts and Jupyter
notebook. Along with this we will talk about newer concepts like packages, virtual environments, etc.

Recap 1: Jupyter Notebook

The Jupyter Notebook is an incredibly powerful tool for
interactively developing and presenting AI related projects.
The Jupyter project is the successor to the earlier IPython
What is Jupyter Notebook, which was first published as a prototype in 2010.
Although it is possible to use many different programming
Notebook? languages within Jupyter Notebooks, Python remains the
most commonly used language for it. In other words, we can
say that the Jupyter Notebook is an open source web
application that can be used to create and share documents
that contain live code, equations, visualizations, and text.

The easiest way to install and start using Jupyter

Notebook is through Anaconda. Anaconda is the most
widely used Python distribution for data science and
comes pre-loaded with all the most popular libraries and
How to access
tools. With Anaconda, comes the Anaconda Navigator Jupyter Notebook?
through which we can scroll around all the applications
which come along with it. Jupyter notebook can easily be
accessed using the Anaconda Prompt with the help of a
local host.

To work with Jupyter Notebook, it is necessary to have a

kernel on which it operates. A kernel provides programming
Kernels in language support in Jupyter. IPython is the default kernel for
Jupyter Jupyter Notebook. Therefore, whenever we need to work
Notebook with Jupyter Notebook in a virtual environment, we first
need to install a kernel inside the environment in which the
Jupyter notebook will run.
Introduction to Virtual Environments

A virtual environment is a tool that helps to keep dependencies required by

different projects separated, by creating isolated Python virtual environments
What? for them. This is one of the most important tools that most of the Python
developers use.

Imagine a scenario where we are working on two Python-based projects and

one of them works on Python 2.7 and the other uses Python 3.7. In such
situations virtual environment can be really useful to maintain dependencies of
both the projects as the virtual environments will make sure that these
Why? dependencies are not conflicting with each other and no impact reaches the
base environment at any point in time. Thus, different projects developed in
the system might have another environment to keep their dependencies
isolated from each other.

Creating virtual environments is an easy task with Anaconda distribution. Steps

How? to create one are:

1. Open Anaconda Prompt.

2. As we open the Anaconda prompt, we can see that in the beginning of the prompt message, the
term (base) is written. This is the default environment in which the anaconda works. Now, we can
create our own virtual environment and use it so that the base does not get affected by anything
that is done in the virtual environment.

3. Let us now create a virtual environment named env. To create the environment, write
conda create -n env python=3.7

This code will create an environment named env and will install Python 3.7 and other basic packages
into it.
4. After some processing, the prompt will ask if we wish to proceed with installations or not. Type Y
on it and press Enter. Once we press Enter, the packages will start getting installed in the
environment.

5. Depending upon the internet speed, the downloading of packages might take varied time. The
processing screen will look like this:
6. Once all the packages are downloaded and installed, we will get a message like this:

7. This shows that our environment called env has been successfully created. Once an environment
has been successfully created, we can access it by writing the following:
conda activate env

This would activate the virtual environment and we can see the term written in brackets has changed
form (base) to (env). Now our virtual environment is ready to be used.

But, to open and work with Jupyter Notebooks in this environment, we need to install the packages
which help in working with Jupyter Notebook. These packages get installed by default in the base
environment when Anaconda gets installed.
To install Jupyter Notebook dependencies, we need to activate our virtual environment env and write:
conda install ipykernel nb_conda jupyter

It will again ask if we wish to proceed with the installations, type Y to begin the installations. Once the
installations are complete, we can start working with Jupyter notebooks in this environment.

Recap 2: Introduction to Python

In class 9, we were introduced to Python as the programming language which will be used for working
around AI. Let us recall the basics of Python.

Python is a programming language which was created by Guido Van Rossum in

Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica. The language was publicly released in 1991
and it got its name from a BBC comedy series from 1970s – ‘Monty Python’s Flying
What? Circus’. It can be used to follow both procedural approach and object-oriented
approach of programming. Python has a lot of functionalities which makes it so
popular to use.

Artificial intelligence is the trending technology of the future. We can see so many
applications around us. If we as individuals would also like to develop an AI
application, we will need to know a programming language. There are various
Why? programming languages like Lisp, Prolog, C++, Java and Python, which can be
used for developing applications of AI. Out of these, Python gains a maximum
popularity because of the following reasons:

Easy to learn, read and maintain

Python has few keywords, simple structure and a clearly defined syntax. Python allows anyone to learn
the language quickly. A program written in Python is fairly easy-to-maintain.

A Broad Standard library

Python has a huge bunch of libraries with plenty of built-in functions to solve a variety of problems.

Interactive Mode

Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive testing and debugging of snippets
of code.

Portability and Compatibility

Python can run on a wide variety of operating systems and hardware platforms, and has the same
interface on all platforms.

Extendable

We can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules enable programmers to add
to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
Databases and Scalable

Python provides interfaces to all major open source and commercial databases along with a better
structure and support for much larger programs than shell scripting.

Applications of Python
There exist a wide variety of applications when it comes to Python. Some of the applications are:

Recap 3: Python Basics

In class 9, as Python was introduced, we also discussed about some basic Python syntaxes which can
help us in writing codes in Python language. Let us brush up all the concepts once and see how we can
use them in coding.

1. Printing Statements

We can use Python to display outputs for any code we write. To print any statement, we use print()
function in Python.

2. Python Statements and Comments

Instructions written in the source code to execute are known as statements. These are the lines of
code which we write for the computer to work upon. For example, if we wish to print the addition of
two numbers, say 5 and 10, we would simply write:
print(5+10)

This is a Python statement as the computer would go through it and do the needful (which in this
case would be to calculate 5+10 and print it on the output screen)
On the other hand, there exist some statements which do not get executed by the computer. These
lines of code are skipped by the machine. They are known as comments. Comments are the
statements which are incorporated in the code to give a better understanding of code statements to
the user. To write a comment in Python, one can use # and then write anything after it. For example:
# This is a comment and will not be read by the machine.
print(5+10) # This is a statement and the machine will print the
summation.

Here, we can see that the first line is a comment as it starts with #. In the second line, we have an
executable statement followed by a comment which is written to explain the code. In this way, we can
add comments into our code so that anyone can understand the gist of it.

3. Keywords & Identifiers

In Python, there exist some words which are pre-defined and carry a specific meaning for the machine
by default. These words are known as keywords. Keywords cannot be changed at any point in time
and should not be used any other way except the default one, otherwise they create confusion and
might result in ambiguous outputs. Some of the Keywords are mentioned below:

Note that keywords are case-sensitive.

An identifier is any word which is variable. Identifiers can be declared by the user as per their
convenience of use and can vary according to the way the user wants. These words are not defined
and can be used in any way. Keywords cannot be used as identifiers. Some examples of keywords can
be: count, interest, x, ai_learning, Test, etc. Identifiers are also case-sensitive hence an identifier
named as Test would be different from an identifier named test.

4. Variables & Datatypes

A variable is a named location used to store data in the memory. It is helpful to think of variables as a
container that holds data which can be changed later throughout programming. Just like in
Mathematics, in Python too we can use variables to store values in it. The difference here is, that in
Python, the variables not only store numerical values, but can also contain different types of data.
For example:
X = 10 # X variable contains numerical data
Letters = ‘XYZ’ # Letters variable contains alphabetic data
number = 13.95 # number variable contains a decimal value
word = ‘k’ # word variable contains a character

All of these variables contain different types of data in them. The type of data is defined by the term
datatype in Python. There can be various types of data which are used in Python programming. Hence,
the machine identifies the type of variable according to the value which is stored inside it. Various
datatypes in Python can be:

5. Python inputs

In Python, not only can we display the output to the user, but we can also collect data from the user
and can pass it on to the Python script for further processing. To collect the data from the user at the
time of execution, input() function is used. While using the input function, the datatype of the
expected input is required to be mentioned so that the machine does not interpret the received data
in an incorrect manilr as the data taken as input from the user is considered to be a string (sequence
of characters) by default.

For example:
Str = input(<String>) # Python expects the input to be of string
datatype
Number = int(input(<string>)) # Input string gets converted to an
integer value before assignment
Value = float(input(<String>)) # Input string gets converted to a
decimal value before assignment

6. Python Operators

Operators are special symbols which represent computation. They are applied on operand(s), which
can be values or variables. Same operators can behave differently on different data types. Operators
when applied on operands form an expression. Operators are categorized as Arithmetic, Relational,
Logical and Assignment. Value and variables when used with operators are known as operands.
a. Arithmetic Operators

Operator Meaning Expression Result

+ Addition 10 + 20 30

- Subtraction 30 - 10 20

* Multiplication 30 * 100 300

/ Division 30 / 10 20.0

// Integer Division 25 // 10 2

% Remainder 25 % 10 5

** Raised to power 3 ** 2 9

b. Conditional Operators

Operator Meaning Expression Result

20 > 10 True
> Greater Than
15 > 25 False
20 < 45 True
< Less Than
20 < 10 False
5 == 5 True
== Equal To
5 == 6 False
67 != 45 True
!= Not Equal to
35 != 35 False
45 >= 45 True
>= Greater than or Equal to
23 >= 34 False
13 <= 24 True
<= Less than or equal to
13 <= 12 False

c. Logical Operators

Operator Meaning Expression Result

True and True True
and And operator
True and False False
True or False True
or Or operator
False or False False
not False True
not Not Operator
not True False

d. Assignment Operators

Operator Expression Equivalent to

= X=5 X=5
+= X +=5 X=X+5
-= X -= 5 X=X-5
*= X *= 5 X=X*5
/= X /= 5 X=X/5
 7. Conditional Statements

While coding in Python, a lot of times we need to take decisions. For example, if a person needs to
create a calculator with the help of a Python code, he/she needs to take in 2 numbers from the user
and then ask the user about which function he/she wishes to operate. Now, according to the user’s
choice, the selection of function would change. In this case, we need the machine to understand what
should happen when. This is where conditional statements help. Conditional statements help the
machine in taking a decision according to the condition which gets fulfilled. There exist different types
of conditional statements in Python. Some of them are:

If statement If-else statement If-else ladder

According to the number of conditions and their dependency on each other, the relevant type of
conditional statement is used.

8. Looping

A lot of times, it happens that a task needs to be executed multiple number of times. For example, we
need to print hello 10 times on the output screen. One way of doing this is writing 10 print statements.
But this is time and space consuming. The other way, which is more efficient, is to use loop statements.
The loop statements help in iterating statements or a group of statements as many times as it is asked
for. In this case, we will simply write a loop which would start counting from 1 to 10. At every count,
it will print hello once on the screen and as soon as it reaches 10, the loop will stop executing. All this
can be done by just one loop statement.

Various types of looping mechanisms are available in Python. Some of them are:

While Loop
For Loop Do-While Loop

These were some of the basic concepts for writing a code in Python. We can explore these concepts
further by going through the experiential Jupyter notebook for this chapter. In that notebook, we will
get to explore Python basic concepts and we can also work around them to develop better
understanding around it.

Python Packages
A package is nothing but a space where we can find codes or functions or modules of similar type.
There are various packages readily available to use for free (perks of Python being an open-sourced
language) for various purposes.
To use any package in Python, we need to install it. Installing Python packages is easy. Steps for
package installation are:
 1. Open Anaconda Navigator and activate your working environment.
2. Let us assume we wish to install the numpy package. To install this package, simply write:
conda install numpy

3. It will ask us to type Y if we wish to proceed with the installations. As soon as we type Y, the
installations will start and our package will be installed in our selected environment.
4. We can also install multiple packages all at once by mentioning all of them in one line. For
example, if we wish to install numpy, pandas and matplotlib package in our working
environment. For this, simply write:
conda install numpy pandas matplotlib

This code will install these three packages altogether in our environment.

Now, once the packages are installed, we can start using them by importing them in the file where
they are required. As soon as we open our Jupyter Notebook, include the package in the notebook by
writing the import command. Importing a package can be done in various ways:
import numpy

Meaning: Import numpy in the file to use its functionalities in the file to which it has been imported.

import numpy as np
Meaning: Import numpy and refer to it as np wherever it is used.

from numpy import array

Meaning: import only one functionality (array) from the whole numpy package. While this gives faster
processing, it limits the package’s usability.

from numpy import array as arr

Meaning: Import only one functionality (array) from the whole numpy package and refer to it as arr
wherever it is used. Some of the readily available packages are:

To develop a better understanding around these packages, let us go through the Jupyter Notebook
of package exploration and see how these packages can be used in Python.
Data Sciences
Introduction
As we have discussed earlier in class 9, Artificial Intelligence is a technology which completely depends
on data. It is the data which is fed into the machine which makes it intelligent. And depending upon
the type of data we have; AI can be classified into three broad domains:

• Data Sciences
Data • Working around numeric and alpha-numeric data.

• Computer Vision
CV • Working around image and visual data.

• Natural Language Processing

NLP • Working around textual and speech-based data.

Each domain has its own type of data which gets fed into the machine and hence has its own way of
working around it. Talking about Data Sciences, it is a concept to unify statistics, data analysis, machine
learning and their related methods in order to understand and analyse actual phenomena with data.
It employs techniques and theories drawn from many fields within the context of Mathematics,
Statistics, Computer Science, and Information Science.

Now before we get into the concepts of Data Sciences, let us experience this domain with the help of
the following game:

* Rock, Paper & Scissors: https://www.afiniti.com/corporate/rock-paper-

scissors

Go to this link and try to play the game of Rock, Paper Scissors against an AI model. The challenge here
is to win 20 games against AI before AI wins them against you.

Did you manage to win?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What was the strategy that you applied to win this game against the AI machine?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Was it different playing Rock, Paper & Scissors with an AI machine as compared to a human?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What approach was the machine following while playing against you?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Applications of Data Sciences

Data Science is not a new field. Data Sciences majorly work around analysing the data and when it
comes to AI, the analysis helps in making the machine intelligent enough to perform tasks by itself.
There exist various applications of Data Science in today’s world. Some of them are:

Fraud and Risk Detection*: The earliest applications of data

science were in Finance. Companies were fed up of bad debts and
losses every year. However, they had a lot of data which use to get
collected during the initial paperwork while sanctioning loans. They
decided to bring in data scientists in order to rescue them from
losses.
Over the years, banking companies learned to divide and conquer
data via customer profiling, past expenditures, and other essential
variables to analyse the probabilities of risk and default. Moreover,
it also helped them to push their banking products based on
customer’s purchasing power.

Genetics & Genomics*: Data Science applications also enable

an advanced level of treatment personalization through research
in genetics and genomics. The goal is to understand the impact
of the DNA on our health and find individual biological
connections between genetics, diseases, and drug response.
Data science techniques allow integration of different kinds of
data with genomic data in disease research, which provides a
deeper understanding of genetic issues in reactions to particular
drugs and diseases. As soon as we acquire reliable personal
genome data, we will achieve a deeper understanding of the
human DNA. The advanced genetic risk prediction will be a major step towards more individual care.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
 Internet Search*: When we talk about search engines, we think
‘Google’. Right? But there are many other search engines like
Yahoo, Bing, Ask, AOL, and so on. All these search engines
(including Google) make use of data science algorithms to deliver
the best result for our searched query in the fraction of a second.
Considering the fact that Google processes more than 20 petabytes
of data every day, had there been no data science, Google wouldn’t
have been the ‘Google’ we know today.

Targeted Advertising*: If you thought Search would have been

the biggest of all data science applications, here is a challenger –
the entire digital marketing spectrum. Starting from the display
banilrs on various websites to the digital billboards at the airports
– almost all of them are decided by using data science algorithms.
This is the reason why digital ads have been able to get a much
higher CTR (Call-Through Rate) than traditional advertisements.
They can be targeted based on a user’s past behaviour.

Website Recommendations:* Aren’t we all used to the

suggestions about similar products on Amazon? They not only
help us find relevant products from billions of products
available with them but also add a lot to the user experience.
A lot of companies have fervidly used this engine to promote
their products in accordance with the user’s interest and
relevance of information. Internet giants like Amazon, Twitter,
Google Play, Netflix, LinkedIn, IMDB and many more use this
system to improve the user experience. The recommendations
are made based on previous search results for a user.

Airline Route Planning*: The Airline

Industry across the world is known to
bear heavy losses. Except for a few airline
service providers, companies are
struggling to maintain their occupancy
ratio and operating profits. With high rise
in air-fuel prices and the need to offer
heavy discounts to customers, the
situation has got worse. It wasn’t long
before airline companies started using
Data Science to identify the strategic areas of improvements. Now, while using Data Science, the
airline companies can:

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
 • Predict flight delay
• Decide which class of airplanes to buy
• Whether to directly land at the destination or take a halt in between (For example, A flight
can have a direct route from New Delhi to New York. Alternatively, it can also choose to halt
in any country.)
• Effectively drive customer loyalty programs

Getting Started
Data Sciences is a combination of Python and Mathematical concepts like Statistics, Data Analysis,
probability, etc. Concepts of Data Science can be used in developing applications around AI as it gives
a strong base for data analysis in Python.

Revisiting AI Project Cycle

But, before we get deeper into data analysis, let us recall how Data Sciences can be leveraged to solve
some of the pressing problems around us. For this, let us understand the AI project cycle framework
around Data Sciences with the help of an example.

Do you remember the AI Project Cycle?

Fill in all the stages of the cycle here:

The Scenario*

Humans are social animals. We tend to organise and/or participate in various kinds of social gatherings
all the time. We love eating out with friends and family because of which we can find restaurants
almost everywhere and out of these, many of the restaurants arrange for buffets to offer a variety of
food items to their customers. Be it small shops or big outlets, every restaurant prepares food in bulk
as they expect a good crowd to come and enjoy their food. But in most cases, after the day ends, a lot
of food is left which becomes unusable for the restaurant as they do not wish to serve stale food to
their customers the next day. So, every day, they prepare food in large quantities keeping in mind the
probable number of customers walking into their outlet. But if the expectations are not met, a good
amount of food gets wasted which eventually becomes a loss for the restaurant as they either have
to dump it or give it to hungry people for free. And if this daily loss is taken into account for a year, it
becomes quite a big amount.

Problem Scoping
Now that we have understood the scenario well, let us take a deeper look into the problem to find out
more about various factors around it. Let us fill up the 4Ws problem canvas to find out.

Who Canvas – Who is having the problem?

Who are the o Restaurants offering buffets

stakeholders? o Restaurant Chefs

o Restaurants cook food in bulk every day for their buffets to meet their
What do we
customer needs.
know about
o They estimate the number of customers that would walk into their
them?
restaurant every day.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
What Canvas – What is the nature of their problem?

o Quite a large amount of food is leftover everyday unconsumed at the

What is the
restaurant which is either thrown away or given for free to needy people.
problem?
o Restaurants have to bear everyday losses for the unconsumed food.

How do you know o Restaurant Surveys have shown that restaurants face this problem of
it is a problem? food waste.

Where Canvas – Where does the problem arise?

What is the context/situation o Restaurants which serve buffet food

in which the stakeholders o At the end of the day, when no further food consumption is
experience this problem? possible

Why? – Why do you think it is a problem worth solving?

What would be of key o If the restaurant has a proper estimate of the quantity of food
value to the stakeholders? to be prepared every day, the food waste can be reduced.

How would it improve their o Less or no food would be left unconsumed.

situation? o Losses due to unconsumed food would reduce considerably.

Now that we have noted down all the factors around our problem, let us fill up the problem statement
template.

Our Restaurant Owners Who?

Have a problem of Losses due to food wastage What?
The food is left unconsumed due to improper
While Where?
estimation
Be to be able to predict the amount of food to be
An ideal solution would Why
prepared for every day consumption

The Problem statement template leads us towards the goal of our project which can now be stated
as:

“To be able to predict the quantity of food dishes to be

prepared for everyday consumption in restaurant buffets.”
Data Acquisition
After finalising the goal of our project, let us now move towards looking at various data features which
affect the problem in some way or the other. Since any AI-based project requires data for testing and
training, we need to understand what kind of data is to be collected to work towards the goal. In our
scenario, various factors that would affect the quantity of food to be prepared for the next day
consumption in buffets would be:

Quantity of
Total Number Dish
dish prepared
of Customers consumption
per day

Unconsumed Quantity of
dish quantity Price of dish dish for the
per day next day
Now let us understand how these factors are related to our problem statement. For this, we can use
the System Maps tool to figure out the relationship of elements with the project’s goal. Here is the
System map for our problem statement.
In this system map, you can see how the relationship of each element is defined with the goal of our
project. Recall that the positive arrows determine a direct relationship of elements while the negative
ones show an inverse relationship of elements.

After looking at the factors affecting our problem statement, now it’s time to take a look at the data
which is to be acquired for the goal. For this problem, a dataset covering all the elements mentioned
above is made for each dish prepared by the restaurant over a period of 30 days. This data is collected
offline in the form of a regular survey since this is a personalised dataset created just for one
restaurant’s needs.

Specifically, the data collected comes under the following categories: Name of the dish, Price of the
dish, Quantity of dish produced per day, Quantity of dish left unconsumed per day, Total number of
customers per day, Fixed customers per day, etc.

Data Exploration
After creating the database, we now need to look at the data collected and understand what is
required out of it. In this case, since the goal of our project is to be able to predict the quantity of food
to be prepared for the next day, we need to have the following data:

Quantity of
Quantity of that
unconsumed
Name of dish dish prepared per
portion of the dish
day
per day

Thus, we extract the required information from the curated dataset and clean it up in such a way that
there exist no errors or missing elements in it.

Modelling
Once the dataset is ready, we train our model on it. In this case, a regression model is chosen in which
the dataset is fed as a dataframe and is trained accordingly. Regression is a Supervised Learning model
which takes in continuous values of data over a period of time. Since in our case the data which we
have is a continuous data of 30 days, we can use the regression model so that it predicts the next
values to it in a similar manilr. In this case, the dataset of 30 days is divided in a ratio of 2:1 for training
and testing respectively. In this case, the model is first trained on the 20-day data and then gets
evaluated for the rest of the 10 days.

Evaluation
Once the model has been trained on the training dataset of 20 days, it is now time to see if the model
is working properly or not. Let us see how the model works and how is it tested.

Step 1: The trained model is fed data regards the name of the dish and the quantity produced for the
same.

Step 2: It is then fed data regards the quantity of food left unconsumed for the same dish on previous
occasions.

Step 3: The model then works upon the entries according to the training it got at the modelling stage.
Step 4: The Model predicts the quantity of food to be prepared for the next day.

Step 5: The prediction is compared to the testing dataset value. From the testing dataset, ideally, we
can say that the quantity of food to be produced for next day’s consumption should be the total
quantity minus the unconsumed quantity.

Step 6: The model is tested for 10 testing datasets kept aside while training.

Step 7: Prediction values of testing dataset is compared to the actual values.

Step 8: If the prediction value is same or almost similar to the actual values, the model is said to be
accurate. Otherwise, either the model selection is changed or the model is trained on more data for
better accuracy.

Once the model is able to achieve optimum efficiency, it is ready to be deployed in the restaurant for
real-time usage.

Data Collection
Data collection is nothing new which has come up in our lives. It has been in our society since ages.
Even when people did not have fair knowledge of calculations, records were still maintained in some
way or the other to keep an account of relevant things. Data collection is an exercise which does not
require even a tiny bit of technological knowledge. But when it comes to analysing the data, it
becomes a tedious process for humans as it is all about numbers and alpha-numerical data. That is
where Data Science comes into the picture. It not only gives us a clearer idea around the dataset, but
also adds value to it by providing deeper and clearer analyses around it. And as AI gets incorporated
in the process, predictions and suggestions by the machine become possible on the same.

Now that we have gone through an example of a Data Science based project, we have a bit of clarity
regarding the type of data that can be used to develop a Data Science related project. For the data
domain-based projects, majorly the type of data used is in numerical or alpha-numerical format and
such datasets are curated in the form of tables. Such databases are very commonly found in any
institution for record maintenance and other purposes. Some examples of datasets which you must
already be aware of are:

Banks Databases of loans issued, account holder, locker owners, employee

registrations, bank visitors, etc.

Usage details per day, cash denominations transaction details, visitor

ATM Machines
details, etc.

Movie details, tickets sold offline, tickets sold online, refreshment

Movie Theatres purchases, etc.

Now look around you and find out what are the different types of databases which are maintained in
the places mentioned below. Try surveying people who are responsible for the designated places to
get a better idea.

Your classroom Your school Your city

As you can see, all the type of data which has been mentioned above is in the form of tables. Tables
which contain numeric or alpha-numeric data. But this leads to a very critical dilemma: are these
datasets accessible to all? Should these databases be accessible to all? What are the various sources
of data from which we can gather such databases? Let’s find out!

Sources of Data
There exist various sources of data from where we can collect any type of data required and the data
collection process can be categorised in two ways: Offline and Online.

Offline Data Collection Online Data Collection

Sensors Open-sourced Government Portals
Surveys Reliable Websites (Kaggle)
Interviews World Organisations’ open-sourced statistical
Observations websites

While accessing data from any of the data sources, following points should be kept in mind:

1. Data which is available for public usage only should be taken up.
2. Personal datasets should only be used with the consent of the owner.
3. One should never breach someone’s privacy to collect data.
4. Data should only be taken form reliable sources as the data collected from random sources
can be wrong or unusable.
5. Reliable sources of data ensure the authenticity of data which helps in proper training of the
AI model.

Types of Data
For Data Science, usually the data is collected in the form of tables. These tabular datasets can be
stored in different formats. Some of the commonly used formats are:

1. CSV: CSV stands for comma separated values. It is a simple file format used to store tabular
data. Each line of this file is a data record and reach record consists of one or more fields which
are separated by commas. Since the values of records are separated by a comma, hence they
are known as CSV files.
2. Spreadsheet: A Spreadsheet is a piece of paper or a computer program which is used for
accounting and recording data using rows and columns into which information can be
entered. Microsoft excel is a program which helps in creating spreadsheets.
3. SQL: SQL is a programming language also known as Structured Query Language. It is a domain-
specific language used in programming and is designed for managing data held in different
kinds of DBMS (Database Management System) It is particularly useful in handling structured
data.
A lot of other formats of databases also exist, you can explore them online!

Data Access
After collecting the data, to be able to use it for programming purposes, we should know how to access
the same in a Python code. To make our lives easier, there exist various Python packages which help
us in accessing structured data (in tabular form) inside the code. Let us take a look at some of these
packages:
NumPy
NumPy, which stands for Numerical Python, is the fundamental package for Mathematical and logical
operations on arrays in Python. It is a commonly used package when it comes to working around
numbers. NumPy gives a wide range of arithmetic operations around numbers giving us an easier
approach in working with them. NumPy also works with arrays, which is nothing but a homogenous
collection of Data.

An array is nothing but a set of multiple values which are of same datatype. They can be numbers,
characters, booleans, etc. but only one datatype can be accessed through an array. In NumPy, the
arrays used are known as ND-arrays (N-Dimensional Arrays) as NumPy comes with a feature of
creating n-dimensional arrays in Python.

An array can easily be compared to a list. Let us take a look at how they are different:

NumPy Arrays Lists

1. Homogenous collection of Data. 1. Heterogenous collection of Data.
2. Can contain only one type of data, hence not 2. Can contain multiple types of data,
flexible with datatypes. hence flexible with datatypes.
3. Cannot be directly initialized. Can be operated 3. Can be directly initialized as it is a part
with Numpy package only. of Python syntax.
4. Direct numerical operations can be done. For 4. Direct numerical operations are not
example, dividing the whole array by 3 divides possible. For example, dividing the
every element by 3. whole list by 3 cannot divide every
5. Widely used for arithmetic operations. element by 3.
6. Arrays take less memory space. 5. Widely used for data management.
7. Functions like concatenation, appending, 6. Lists acquire more memory space.
reshaping, etc are not trivially possible with 7. Functions like concatenation,
arrays. appending, reshaping, etc are trivially
8. Example: To create a numpy array ‘A’: possible with lists.
8. Example: To create a list:
import numpy
A=numpy.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]) A = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]

Pandas
Pandas is a software library written for the Python programming language for data manipulation and
analysis. In particular, it offers data structures and operations for manipulating numerical tables and
time series. The name is derived from the term "panel data", an econometrics term for data sets that
include observations over multiple time periods for the same individuals.

Pandas is well suited for many different kinds of data:

• Tabular data with heterogeneously-typed columns, as in an SQL table or Excel spreadsheet

• Ordered and unordered (not necessarily fixed-frequency) time series data.
• Arbitrary matrix data (homogeneously typed or heterogeneous) with row and column labels
• Any other form of observational / statistical data sets. The data actually need not be labelled
at all to be placed into a Pandas data structure
The two primary data structures of Pandas, Series (1-dimensional) and DataFrame (2-dimensional),
handle the vast majority of typical use cases in finance, statistics, social science, and many areas of
engineering. Pandas is built on top of NumPy and is intended to integrate well within a scientific
computing environment with many other 3rd party libraries.

Here are just a few of the things that pandas does well:

• Easy handling of missing data (represented as NaN) in floating point as well as non-floating
point data
• Size mutability: columns can be inserted and deleted from DataFrame and higher dimensional
objects
• Automatic and explicit data alignment: objects can be explicitly aligned to a set of labels, or
the user can simply ignore the labels and let Series, DataFrame, etc. automatically align the
data for you in computations
• Intelligent label-based slicing, fancy indexing, and subsetting of large data sets
• Intuitive merging and joining data sets
• Flexible reshaping and pivoting of data sets

Matplotlib*
Matplotlib is an amazing visualization library in Python for 2D plots of arrays. Matplotlib is a multi-
platform data visualization library built on NumPy arrays. One of the greatest benefits of visualization
is that it allows us visual access to huge amounts of data in easily digestible visuals. Matplotlib comes
with a wide variety of plots. Plots helps to understand trends, patterns, and to make correlations.
They’re typically instruments for reasoning about quantitative information. Some types of graphs that
we can make with this package are listed below:

Not just plotting, but you can also modify your plots the way you wish. You can stylise them and make
them more descriptive and communicable.

These packages help us in accessing the datasets we have and also in exploring them to develop a
better understanding of them.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Basic Statistics with Python
We have already understood that Data Sciences works around analysing data and performing tasks
around it. For analysing the numeric & alpha-numeric data used for this domain, mathematics comes
to our rescue. Basic statistical methods used in mathematics come quite hAmanin Python too for
analysing and working around such datasets. Statistical tools widely used in Python are:

Do you remember using these formulas in your class? Let us recall all of them here:

1. What is Mean? How is it calculated?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is Median? How is it calculated?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is Mode? How is it calculated?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is Standard Deviation? How is it calculated?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is Variance? How is it calculated?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Advantage of using Python packages is that we do not need to make our own formula or equation to
find out the results. There exist a lot of pre-defined functions with packages like NumPy which reduces
this trouble for us. All we need to do is write that function and pass on the data to it. It’s that simple!

Let us take a look at various Python syntaxes that can help us with the statistical work in data analysis.
Head to the Jupyter Notebook of Basic statistics with Python and start exploring! You may find the
Jupyter notebook here: http://bit.ly/data_notebook

Data Visualisation
While collecting data, it is possible that the data might come with some errors. Let us first take a look
at the types of issues we can face with data:

1. Erroneous Data: There are two ways in which the data can be erroneous:

• Incorrect values: The values in the dataset (at random places) are incorrect. For example, in
the column of phone number, there is a decimal value or in the marks column, there is a name
mentioned, etc. These are incorrect values that do not resemble the kind of data expected in
that position.
• Invalid or Null values: At some places, the values get corrupted and hence they become
invalid. Many times you will find NaN values in the dataset. These are null values which do not
hold any meaning and are not processible. That is why, these values (as and when
encountered) are removed from the database.
2. Missing Data: In some datasets, some cells remain empty. The values of these cells are missing and
hence the cells remain empty. Missing data cannot be interpreted as an error as the values here are
not erroneous or might not be missing because of any error.

3. Outliers: Data which does not fall in the range of a certain element are referred to as outliers. To
understand this better, let us take an example of marks of students in a class. Let us assume that a
student was absent for exams and hence has got 0 marks in it. If his marks are taken into account, the
whole class’s average would go down. To prevent this, the average is taken for the range of marks
from highest to lowest keeping this particular result separate. This makes sure that the average marks
of the class are true according to the data.

Analysing the data collected can be difficult as it is all about tables and numbers. While machines work
efficiently on numbers, humans need visual aid to understand and comprehend the information
passed. Hence, data visualisation is used to interpret the data collected and identify patterns and
trends out of it.
In Python, Matplotlib package helps in visualising the data and making some sense out of it. As we
have already discussed before, with the help of this package, we can plot various kinds of graphs. Let
us discuss some of them here:

Scatter plots are used to plot discontinuous data; that is, the data
which does not have any continuity in flow is termed as
Scatter Plot discontinuous. There exist gaps in data which introduce discontinuity.
A 2D scatter plot can display information maximum upto 4
parameters.

In this scatter plot, 2 axes (X and Y) are two different parameters. The colour of circles and the size
both represent 2 different parameters. Thus, just through one coordinate on the graph, one can
visualise 4 different parameters all at once.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
 It is one of the most commonly used graphical methods. From
students to scientists, everyone uses bar charts in some way or the
Bar Chart other. It is a very easy to draw yet informative graphical
representation. Various versions of bar chart exist like single bar
chart, double bar chart, etc.

This is an example of a double bar chart. The 2 axes depict two different parameters while bars of
different colours work with different entities ( in this case it is women and men). Bar chart also works
on discontinuous data and is made at uniform intervals.

Histograms are the accurate representation of a continuous data.

Histogram When it comes to plotting the variation in just one entity of a period
of time, histograms come into the picture. It represents the frequency
of the variable at different points of time with the help of the bins.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
In the given example, the histogram is showing the variation in frequency of the entity plotted with
the help of XY plane. Here, at the left, the frequency of the element has been plotted and it is a
frequency map for the same. The colours show the transition from low to high and vice versa. Whereas
on the right, a continuous dataset has been plotted which might not be talking about the frequency
of occurrence of the element.

When the data is split according to its percentile throughout the

Box Plots range, box plots come in haman. Box plots also known as box and
whiskers plot conveniently display the distribution of data throughout
the range with the help of 4 quartiles.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Here as we can see, the plot contains a box and two lines at its left and right are termed as whiskers.
The plot has 5 different parts to it:

Quartile 1: From 0 percentile to 25th percentile – Here data lying between 0 and 25th percentile is
plotted. Now, if the data is close to each other, lets say 0 to 25th percentile data has been covered in
just 20-30 marks range, then the whisker would be smaller as the range is smaller. But if the range is
large that is 0-30 marks range, then the whisker would also get elongated as the range is longer.

Quartile 2: From 25th Percentile to 50th percentile – 50th percentile is termed as the mean of the whole
distribution and since the data falling in the range of 25th percentile to 75th percentile has minimum
deviation from the mean, it is plotted inside the box.

Quartile 3: From 50th percentile to 75th percentile – This range is again plotted in the box as its
deviation from the mean is less. Quartile 2 & 3 (from 25th percentile to 75th percentile) together
constitute the Inter Quartile Range (IQR). Also, depending upon the range of distribution, just like
whiskers, the length of box also varies if the data is less spread or more.

Quartile 4: From 75th percentile to 100th percentile – It is the whiskers plot for top 25 percentile data.

Outliers: The advantage of box plots is that they clearly show the outliers in a data distribution. Points
which do not lie in the range are plotted outside the graph as dots or circles and are termed as outliers
as they do not belong to the range of data. Since being out of range is not an error, that is why they
are still plotted on the graph for visualisation.

Let us now move ahead and experience data visualisation using Jupyter notebook. Matplotlib library
will help us in plotting all sorts of graphs while Numpy and Pandas will help us in analysing the data.

Data Sciences: Classification Model

In this section, we would be looking at one of the classification models used in Data Sciences. But
before we look into the technicalities of the code, let us play a game.

Personality Prediction
Step 1: Here is a map. Take a good look at it. In this map you can see the arrows determine a quality.
The qualities mentioned are:

1. Positive X-axis – People focussed: You focus more on people and try to deliver the best
experience to them.
2. Negative X-axis – Task focussed: You focus more on the task which is to be accomplished and
try to do your best to achieve that.
3. Positive Y-axis – Passive: You focus more on listening to people and understanding everything
that they say without interruption.
4. Negative Y-axis – Active: You actively participate in the discussions and make sure that you
make your point in-front of the crowd.
Think for a minute and understand which of these qualities you have in you. Now, take a chit and write
your name on it. Place this chit at a point in this map which best describes you. It can be placed
anywhere on the graph. Be honest about yourself and put it on the graph.

Step 2: Now that you have all put up your chits on the graph, it’s time to take a quick quiz. Go to this
link and finish the quiz on it individually: https://tinyurl.com/discanimal

On this link, you will find a personality prediction quiz. Take this quiz individually and try to answer all
the questions honestly. Do not take anyone’s help in it and do not discuss about it with anyone. Once
the quiz is finished, remember the animal which has been predicted for you. Write it somewhere and
do not show it to anyone. Keep it as your little secret.

Once everyone has gone through the quiz, go back to the board remove your chit, and draw the
symbol which corresponds to your animal in place of your chit. Here are the symbols:

Lion Otter Golden Retriever Beaver

 ⚫ ☺ 
Place these symbols at the locations where you had put up your names. Ask 4 students not to do so
and tell them to keep their animals a secret. Let their name chits be on the graph so that we can
predict their animals with the help of this map.

Now, we will try to use the nearest neighbour algorithm here and try to predict what can be the
possible animal(s) for these 4 unknowns. Now look that these 4 chits one by one. Which animal is
occurring the most in their vicinity? Do you think that if the m lion symbol is occurring the most near
their chit, then there is a good probability that their animal would also be a lion? Now let us try to
guess the animal for all 4 of them according to their nearest neighbours respectively. After guessing
the animals, ask these 4 students if the guess is right or not.

K-Nearest Neighbour: Explained

The k-nearest neighbours (KNN) algorithm is a simple, easy-to-implement supervised machine
learning algorithm that can be used to solve both classification and regression problems. The KNN
algorithm assumes that similar things exist in close proximity. In other words, similar things are near
to each other as the saying goes “Birds of a feather flock together”. Some features of KNN are:

• The KNN prediction model relies on the surrounding points or neighbours to determine its
class or group
• Utilises the properties of the majority of the nearest points to decide how to classify unknown
points
• Based on the concept that similar data points should be close to each other
The personality prediction activity was a brief introduction to KNN. As you recall, in that activity, we
tried to predict the animal for 4 students according to the animals which were the nearest to their
points. This is how in a lay-man’s language KNN works. Here, K is a variable which tells us about the
number of neighbours which are taken into account during prediction. It can be any integer value
starting from 1.

Let us look at another example to demystify this algorithm. Let us assume that we need to predict the
sweetness of a fruit according to the data which we have for the same type of fruit. So here we have
three maps to predict the same:
Here, X is the value which is to be predicted. The green dots depict sweet values and the blue ones
denote not sweet.

Let us try it out by ourselves first. Look at the map closely and decide whether X should be sweet or
not sweet?

Now, let us look at each graph one by one:

Here, we can see that K is taken as 1 which means that we are taking only 1 nearest

1 neighbour into consideration. The nearest value to X is a blue one hence 1-nearest
neighbour algorithm predicts that the fruit is not sweet.

In the 2nd graph, the value of K is 2. Taking 2 nearest nodes to X into consideration, we
see that one is sweet while the other one is not sweet. This makes it difficult for the
2 machine to make any predictions based on the nearest neighbour and hence the
machine is not able to give any prediction.

In the 3rd graph, the value of K becomes 3. Here, 3 nearest nodes to X are chosen out
3 of which 2 are green and 1 is blue. On the basis of this, the model is able to predict that
the fruit is sweet.

On the basis of this example, let us understand KNN better:

KNN tries to predict an unknown value on the basis of the known values. The model simply calculates
the distance between all the known points with the unknown point (by distance we mean to say the
different between two values) and takes up K number of points whose distance is minimum. And
according to it, the predictions are made.

Let us understand the significance of the number of neighbours:

1. As we decrease the value of K to 1, our predictions become less stable. Just think for a minute,
imagine K=1 and we have X surrounded by several greens and one blue, but the blue is the
single nearest neighbour. Reasonably, we would think X is most likely green, but because K=1,
KNN incorrectly predicts that it is blue.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
2. Inversely, as we increase the value of K, our predictions become more stable due to majority
voting / averaging, and thus, more likely to make more accurate predictions (up to a certain
point). Eventually, we begin to witness an increasing number of errors. It is at this point we
know we have pushed the value of K too far.
3. In cases where we are taking a majority vote (e.g. picking the mode in a classification problem)
among labels, we usually make K an odd number to have a tiebreaker.
Computer Vision
Introduction
In the previous chapter, you studied the concepts of Artificial Intelligence for Data Sciences. It is a
concept to unify statistics, data analysis, machine learning and their related methods in order to
understand and analyse actual phenomena with data.

As we all know, artificial intelligence is a technique that enables computers to mimic human
intelligence. As humans we can see things, analyse it and then do the required action on the basis of
what we see.

But can machines do the same? Can machines have the eyes that humans have? If you answered Yes,
then you are absolutely right. The Computer Vision domain of Artificial Intelligence, enables machines
to see through images or visual data, process and analyse them on the basis of algorithms and
methods in order to analyse actual phenomena with images.

Now before we get into the concepts of Computer Vision, let us experience this domain with the help
of the following game:

* Emoji Scavenger Hunt :

https://emojiscavengerhunt.withgoogle.com/

Go to the link and try to play the game of Emoji Scavenger Hunt. The challenge here is to find 8 items
within the time limit to pass.

Did you manage to win?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What was the strategy that you applied to win this game?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Was the computer able to identify all the items you brought in front of it?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Did the lighting of the room affect the identifying of items by the machine?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Applications of Computer Vision

The concept of computer vision was first introduced in the 1970s. All these new applications of
computer vision excited everyone. Having said that, the computer vision technology advanced enough
to make these applications available to everyone at ease today. However, in recent years the world
witnessed a significant leap in technology that has put computer vision on the priority list of many
industries. Let us look at some of them:

Facial Recognition*: With the advent of smart cities and smart homes,
Computer Vision plays a vital role in making the home smarter. Security
being the most important application involves use of Computer Vision
for facial recognition. It can be either guest recognition or log
maintenance of the visitors.

It also finds its application in schools for an attendance system based on

facial recognition of students.

Face Filters*: The modern-day apps like Instagram and snapchat have
a lot of features based on the usage of computer vision. The
application of face filters is one among them. Through the camera the
machine or the algorithm is able to identify the facial dynamics of the
person and applies the facial filter selected.

Google’s Search by Image*: The maximum amount

of searching for data on Google’s search engine comes
from textual data, but at the same time it has an
interesting feature of getting search results through an
image. This uses Computer Vision as it compares
different features of the input image to the database
of images and give us the search result while at the
same time analysing various features of the image.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Computer Vision in Retail*: The retail field has been one of the
fastest growing field and at the same time is using Computer
Vision for making the user experience more fruitful. Retailers can
use Computer Vision techniques to track customers’ movements
through stores, analyse navigational routes and detect walking
patterns.
Inventory Management is another such application. Through
security camera image analysis, a Computer Vision algorithm can
generate a very accurate estimate of the items available in the
store. Also, it can analyse the use of shelf space to identify
suboptimal configurations and suggest better item placement.

Self-Driving Cars: Computer Vision is the fundamental

technology behind developing autonomous vehicles.
Most leading car manufacturers in the world are
reaping the benefits of investing in artificial intelligence
for developing on-road versions of hands-free
technology.

This involves the process of identifying the objects,

getting navigational routes and also at the same time
environment monitoring.

Medical Imaging*: For the last decades, computer-

supported medical imaging application has been a
trustworthy help for physicians. It doesn’t only
create and analyse images, but also becomes an
assistant and helps doctors with their interpretation.
The application is used to read and convert 2D scan
images into interactive 3D models that enable
medical professionals to gain a detailed
understanding of a patient’s health condition.

Google Translate App*: All you need to do to read signs in a

foreign language is to point your phone’s camera at the words and
let the Google Translate app tell you what it means in your preferred
language almost instantly. By using optical character recognition to
see the image and augmented reality to overlay an accurate
translation, this is a convenient tool that uses Computer Vision.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Computer Vision: Getting Started
Computer Vision is a domain of Artificial Intelligence, that deals with the images. It involves the
concepts of image processing and machine learning models to build a Computer Vision based
application.

Computer Vision Tasks

The various applications of Computer Vision are based on a certain number of tasks which are
performed to get certain information from the input image which can be directly used for prediction
or forms the base for further analysis. The tasks used in a computer vision application are :

For Single For Multiple

Objects Objects

Object
Classification
Detection

Classification + Instance
Localisation Segementation

Classification
Image Classification problem is the task of assigning an input image one label from a fixed set of
categories. This is one of the core problems in CV that, despite its simplicity, has a large variety of
practical applications.

Classification + Localisation
This is the task which involves both processes of identifying what object is present in the image and
at the same time identifying at what location that object is present in that image. It is used only for
single objects.

Object Detection
Object detection is the process of finding instances of real-world objects such as faces, bicycles, and
buildings in images or videos. Object detection algorithms typically use extracted features and
learning algorithms to recognize instances of an object category. It is commonly used in applications
such as image retrieval and automated vehicle parking systems.

Instance Segmentation
Instance Segmentation is the process of detecting instances of the objects, giving them a category and
then giving each pixel a label on the basis of that. A segmentation algorithm takes an image as input
and outputs a collection of regions (or segments).
Basics of Images
We all see a lot of images around us and use them daily either through our mobile phones or computer
system. But do we ask some basic questions to ourselves while we use them on such a regular basis.

Don’t know the answer yet? Don’t worry, in this section we will study about the basics of an image:

Basics of Pixels
The word “pixel” means a picture element. Every photograph, in digital form, is made up of pixels.
They are the smallest unit of information that make up a picture. Usually round or square, they are
typically arranged in a 2-dimensional grid.

In the image below, one portion has been magnified many times over so that you can see its individual
composition in pixels. As you can see, the pixels approximate the actual image. The more pixels you
have, the more closely the image resembles the original.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Resolution
The number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution. When the term is used to describe
pixel count, one convention is to express resolution as the width by the height, for example a monitor
resolution of 1280×1024. This means there are 1280 pixels from one side to the other, and 1024 from
top to bottom.

Another convention is to express the number of pixels as a single number, like a 5 mega pixel camera
(a megapixel is a million pixels). This means the pixels along the width multiplied by the pixels along
the height of the image taken by the camera equals 5 million pixels. In the case of our 1280×1024
monitors, it could also be expressed as 1280 x 1024 = 1,310,720, or 1.31 megapixels.

Pixel value
Each of the pixels that represents an image stored inside a computer has a pixel value which describes
how bright that pixel is, and/or what colour it should be. The most common pixel format is the byte
image, where this number is stored as an 8-bit integer giving a range of possible values from 0 to 255.
Typically, zero is to be taken as no colour or black and 255 is taken to be full colour or white.

Why do we have a value of 255 ? In the computer systems, computer data is in the form of ones and
zeros, which we call the binary system. Each bit in a computer system can have either a zero or a one.

Since each pixel uses 1 byte of an image, which is equivalent to 8 bits of data. Since each bit can have
two possible values which tells us that the 8 bit can have 255 possibilities of values which starts from
0 and ends at 255.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Grayscale Images
Grayscale images are images which have a range of shades of gray without apparent colour. The
darkest possible shade is black, which is the total absence of colour or zero value of pixel. The lightest
possible shade is white, which is the total presence of colour or 255 value of a pixel . Intermediate
shades of gray are represented by equal brightness levels of the three primary colours.

A grayscale has each pixel of size 1 byte having a single plane of 2d array of pixels. The size of a
grayscale image is defined as the Height x Width of that image.

Let us look at an image to understand about grayscale images.

Here is an example of a grayscale image. as you check, the value of pixels are within the range of 0-
255.The computers store the images we see in the form of these numbers.

RGB Images
All the images that we see around are coloured images. These images are made up of three primary
colours Red, Green and Blue. All the colours that are present can be made by combining different
intensities of red, green and blue.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Let us experience!

Go to this online link https://www.w3schools.com/colors/colors_rgb.asp. On the basis of this online

tool, try and answer all the below mentioned questions.

1) What is the output colour when you put R=G=B=255 ?

___________________________________________________________________________

2) What is the output colour when you put R=G=B=0 ?

___________________________________________________________________________

3) How does the colour vary when you put either of the three as 0 and then keep on varying
the other two?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4) How does the output colour change when all the three colours are varied in same
proportion ?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5) What is the RGB value of your favourite colour from the colour palette?

___________________________________________________________________________

Were you able to answer all the questions? If yes, then you would have understood how every colour
we see around is made.

Now the question arises, how do computers store RGB images? Every RGB image is stored in the form
of three different channels called the R channel, G channel and the B channel.

Each plane separately has a number of pixels with each pixel value varying from 0 to 255. All the three
planes when combined together form a colour image. This means that in a RGB image, each pixel has
a set of three different values which together give colour to that particular pixel.
For Example,

As you can see, each colour image is stored in the form of three different channels, each having
different intensity. All three channels combine together to form a colour we see.

In the above given image, if we split the image into three different channels, namely Red (R), Green
(G) and Blue (B), the individual layers will have the following intensity of colours of the individual
pixels. These individual layers when stored in the memory looks like the image on the extreme right.
The images look in the grayscale image because each pixel has a value intensity of 0 to 255 and as
studied earlier, 0 is considered as black or no presence of colour and 255 means white or full presence
of colour. These three individual RGB values when combined together form the colour of each pixel.

Therefore, each pixel in the RGB image has three values to form the complete colour.

Task :
Go to the following link www.piskelapp.com and create your own pixel art. Try and make a GIF using
the online app for your own pixel art.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Image Features
In computer vision and image processing, a feature is a piece of information which is relevant for
solving the computational task related to a certain application. Features may be specific structures in
the image such as points, edges or objects.
For example:
Imagine that your security camera is capturing an image. At the top of the image we are given six small
patches of images. Our task is to find the exact location of those image patches in the image.
Take a pencil and mark the exact location of those patches in the image.

Were you able to find the exact location of all the patches?
__________________________________________________________________________________

Which one was the most difficult to find?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Which one was the easiest to find?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Reflect:
Let us take individual patches into account at once and then check the exact location of those patches.
For Patch A and B: The patch A and B are flat surfaces in the image and are spread over a lot of area.
They can be present at any location in a given area in the image.
For Patch C and D: The patches C and D are simpler as compared to A and B. They are edges of a
building and we can find an approximate location of these patches but finding the exact location is
still difficult. This is because the pattern is the same everywhere along the edge.
For Patch E and F: The patches E and F are the easiest to find in the image. The reason being that E
and F are some corners of the building. This is because at the corners, wherever we move this patch
it will look different.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Conclusion
In image processing, we can get a lot of features from the image. It can be either a blob, an edge or a
corner. These features help us to perform various tasks and then get the analysis done on the basis of
the application. Now the question that arises is which of the following are good features to be used?
As you saw in the previous activity, the features having the corners are easy to find as they can be
found only at a particular location in the image, whereas the edges which are spread over a line or an
edge look the same all along. This tells us that the corners are always good features to extract from
an image followed by the edges.
Let’s look at another example to understand this. Consider the images given below and apply the
concept of good features for the following.

In the above image how would we determine the exact location of each patch?
The blue patch is a flat area and difficult to find and track. Wherever you move the blue patch it looks
the same. The black patch has an edge. Moved along the edge (parallel to edge), it looks the same.
The red patch is a corner. Wherever you move the patch, it looks different, therefore it is unique.
Hence, corners are considered to be good features in an image.

Introduction to OpenCV
Now that we have learnt about image features and its importance in image processing, we will learn
about a tool we can use to extract these features from our image for further processing.
OpenCV or Open Source Computer Vision Library is that tool which helps a computer extract these
features from the images. It is used for all kinds of images and video processing and analysis. It is
capable of processing images and videos to identify objects, faces, or even handwriting.

In this chapter we will use OpenCV for basic image processing operations on
images such as resizing, cropping and many more.
To install OpenCV library, open anaconda prompt and then write the following
command:

pip install opencv-python

Now let us take a deep dive on the various functions of OpenCV to understand the various image
processing techniques. Head to Jupyter Notebook for introduction to OpenCV given on this link:
http://bit.ly/cv_notebook

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Convolution
We have learnt that computers store images in numbers, and that pixels are arranged in a particular
manner to create the picture we can recognize. These pixels have value varying from 0 to 255 and the
value of the pixel determines the color of that pixel.

But what if we edit these numbers, will it bring a change to the image? The answer is yes. As we change
the values of these pixels, the image changes. This process of changing pixel values is the base of image
editing.

We all use a lot of image editing software like photoshop and at the same time use apps like Instagram
and snapchat, which apply filters to the image to enhance the quality of that image.

As you can see, different filters applied to an image change the pixel values evenly throughout the
image. How does this happen? This is done with the help of the process of convolution and the
convolution operator which is commonly used to create these effects.

Before we understand how the convolution operation works, let us try and create a theory for the
convolution operator by experiencing it using an online application.

Task
Go to the link http://matlabtricks.com/post-5/3x3-convolution-kernels-with-online-demo and at the
bottom of the page click on load “Click to Load Application”

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Once the application is loaded try different filters and apply it on the image. Observe how the value
of the kernel is changing for different filters. Try these steps

1) Change all to positive values

2) Change all to negative values
3) Have a mixture of negative and positive values

Let us follow the following steps to understand how a convolution operator works. The steps to be
followed are:

Try experimenting with the following values to come up with a theory:

1) Make 4 numbers negative. Keep the rest as 0.

2) Now make one of them as positive.
3) Observe what happens.
4) Now make the second positive.

What theory do you propose for convolution on the basis of the observation?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

It is time to test the theory. Change the location of the four numbers and follow the above mentioned
steps. Does your theory hold true?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
If yes, change the picture and try whether the theory holds true or not. If it does not hold true, modify
your theory and keep trying until it satisfies all the conditions.

Let’s Discuss
What effect did you apply?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

How did different kernels affect the image?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Why do you think we apply these effects?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

How do you think the convolution operator works?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Convolution : Explained
Convolution is a simple Mathematical operation which is fundamental to many
common image processing operators. Convolution provides a way of `multiplying together' two arrays
of numbers, generally of different sizes, but of the same dimensionality, to produce a third array of
numbers of the same dimensionality.

An (image) convolution is simply an element-wise multiplication of image arrays and another array
called the kernel followed by sum.
As you can see here,

I = Image Array

K = Kernel Array

I * K = Resulting array after performing the convolution operator

Note: The Kernel is passed over the whole image to get the resulting array after convolution.

What is a Kernel?
A Kernel is a matrix, which is slid across the image and multiplied with the input such that the output
is enhanced in a certain desirable manner. Each kernel has a different value for different kind of effects
that we want to apply to an image.

In Image processing, we use the convolution operation to extract the features from the images which
can le later used for further processing especially in Convolution Neural Network (CNN), about which
we will study later in the chapter.

In this process, we overlap the centre of the image with the centre of the kernel to obtain the
convolution output. In the process of doing it, the output image becomes smaller as the overlapping
is done at the edge row and column of the image. What if we want the output image to be of exact
size of the input image, how can we achieve this?

To achieve this, we need to extend the edge values out by one in the original image while overlapping
the centres and performing the convolution. This will help us keep the input and output image of the
same size. While extending the edges, the pixel values are considered as zero.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Let’s try
In this section we will try performing the convolution operator on paper to understand how it works.
Fill the blank places of the output images by performing the convolution operation.

150 0 255 240 190 25 89 255

100 179 25 0 200 255 67 100

155 146 13 20 0 12 45 0

100 175 0 25 25 15 0 0
-1 0 -1
120 156 255 0 78 56 23 0 0 -1 0
-1 0 -1
115 113 25 90 0 80 56 155

135 190 115 116 178 0 145 165

123 255 255 0 255 255 255 0

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Write Your Output Here :

Summary
1. Convolution is a common tool used for image editing.
2. It is an element wise multiplication of an image and a kernel to get the desired output.
3. In computer vision application, it is used in Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract
image features.

Convolution Neural Networks (CNN)

Introduction
In class 9, you studied about the concepts of Neural Network. You played a neural network game to
understand how a neural network works.

Let’s recall

What is a Neural Network?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Fill in the names of different layers of Neural Network.

Did you get the answers right? In this section, we are going to study about one such neural network
which is Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Many of the current computer vision applications use
a powerful neural network called the convolutional neural network.

What is a Convolutional Neural Network?

A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a Deep Learning algorithm which can take in an input image,
assign importance (learnable weights and biases) to various aspects/objects in the image and be able
to differentiate one from the other.

The process of deploying a CNN is as follows:

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
In the above diagram, we give an input image, which is then processed through a CNN and then gives
prediction on the basis of the label given in the particular dataset.

The different layers of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is as follows:

A convolutional neural network consists of the following layers:

1) Convolution Layer
2) Rectified linear Unit (ReLU)
3) Pooling Layer
4) Fully Connected Layer

Convolution Layer

It is the first layer of a CNN. The objective of the Convolution Operation is to extract the high-level
features such as edges, from the input image. CNN need not be limited to only one Convolutional
Layer. Conventionally, the first Convolution Layer is responsible for capturing the Low-Level features
such as edges, colour, gradient orientation, etc. With added layers, the architecture adapts to the
High-Level features as well, giving us a network which has the wholesome understanding of images in
the dataset.

It uses convolution operation on the images. In the convolution layer, there are several kernels that
are used to produce several features. The output of this layer is called the feature map. A feature map
is also called the activation map. We can use these terms interchangeably.
There’s several uses we derive from the feature map:
• We reduce the image size so that it can be processed more efficiently.
• We only focus on the features of the image that can help us in processing the image further.
For example, you might only need to recognize someone’s eyes, nose and mouth to recognize the
person. You might not need to see the whole face.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Rectified Linear Unit Function

The next layer in the Convolution Neural Network is the Rectified Linear Unit function or the ReLU
layer. After we get the feature map, it is then passed onto the ReLU layer. This layer simply gets rid of
all the negative numbers in the feature map and lets the positive number stay as it is.

The process of passing it to the ReLU layer introduces non – linearity in the feature map. Let us see it
through a graph.

If we see the two graphs side by side, the one on the left is a linear graph. This graph when passed
through the ReLU layer, gives the one on the right. The ReLU graph starts with a horizontal straight
line and then increases linearly as it reaches a positive number.

Now the question arises, why do we pass the feature map to the ReLU layer? it is to make the colour
change more obvious and more abrupt?

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
As shown in the above convolved image, there is a smooth grey gradient change from black to white.
After applying the ReLu function, we can see a more abrupt change in color which makes the edges
more obvious which acts as a better feature for the further layers in a CNN as it enhances the
activation layer.

Pooling Layer

Similar to the Convolutional Layer, the Pooling layer is responsible for reducing the spatial size of the
Convolved Feature while still retaining the important features.

There are two types of pooling which can be performed on an image.

1) Max Pooling : Max Pooling returns the maximum value from the portion of the image covered
by the Kernel.
2) Average Pooling: Max Pooling returns the maximum value from the portion of the image
covered by the Kernel.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
The pooling layer is an important layer in the CNN as it performs a series of tasks which are as
follows :

1) Makes the image smaller and more manageable

2) Makes the image more resistant to small transformations, distortions and translations in the
input image.

A small difference in input image will create very similar pooled image.

Fully Connected Layer

The final layer in the CNN is the Fully Connected Layer (FCP). The objective of a fully connected layer
is to take the results of the convolution/pooling process and use them to classify the image into a label
(in a simple classification example).

The output of convolution/pooling is flattened into a single vector of values, each representing a
probability that a certain feature belongs to a label. For example, if the image is of a cat, features
representing things like whiskers or fur should have high probabilities for the label “cat”.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Let’s Summarize:

Write the whole process of how a CNN works on the basis of the above diagram.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Let’s Experience
Now let us see how this comes into practice. To see that, go to the link
http://scs.ryerson.ca/~aharley/vis/conv/flat.html

This is an online application of classifying different numbers. We need to analyse the different layers
in the application on the basis of the CNN that we have studied in the previous section.
Natural Language Processing
Introduction
Till now, we have explored two domains of AI: Data Science and Computer Vision. Both these domains
differ from each other in terms of the data on which they work. Data Science works around numbers
and tabular data while Computer Vision is all about visual data like images and videos. The third
domain, Natural Language Processing (commonly called NLP) takes in the data of Natural Languages
which humans use in their daily lives and operates on this.

Natural Language Processing, or NLP, is the sub-field of AI that is focused on enabling computers to
understand and process human languages. AI is a subfield of Linguistics, Computer Science,
Information Engineering, and Artificial Intelligence concerned with the interactions between
computers and human (natural) languages, in particular how to program computers to process and
analyse large amounts of natural language data.

But how do computers do that? How do they understand what we say in our language? This chapter
is all about demystifying the Natural Language Processing domain and understanding how it works.

Before we get deeper into NLP, let us experience it with the help of this AI Game:

Identify the mystery animal: http://bit.ly/iai4yma

Go to this link on Google Chrome, launch the experiment and try to identify the Mystery Animal by
asking the machine 20 Yes or No questions.

Were you able to guess the animal?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

If yes, in how many questions were you able to guess it?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

If no, how many times did you try playing this game?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What according to you was the task of the machine?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Were there any challenges that you faced while playing this game? If yes, list them down.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What approach must one follow to win this game?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Applications of Natural Language Processing

Since Artificial Intelligence nowadays is becoming an integral part of our lives, its applications are very
commonly used by the majority of people in their daily lives. Here are some of the applications of
Natural Language Processing which are used in the real-life scenario:

Automatic Summarization: Information overload is a real

problem when we need to access a specific, important piece
of information from a huge knowledge base. Automatic
summarization is relevant not only for summarizing the
meaning of documents and information, but also to
understand the emotional meanings within the information,
such as in collecting data from social media. Automatic
summarization is especially relevant when used to provide an
overview of a news item or blog post, while avoiding
redundancy from multiple sources and maximizing the
diversity of content obtained.

Sentiment Analysis: The goal of sentiment

analysis is to identify sentiment among several
posts or even in the same post where emotion is
not always explicitly expressed. Companies use
Natural Language Processing applications, such as
sentiment analysis, to identify opinions and
sentiment online to help them understand what
customers think about their products and services
(i.e., “I love the new iPhone” and, a few lines later
“But sometimes it doesn’t work well” where the
person is still talking about the iPhone) and overall

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
indicators of their reputation. Beyond determining simple polarity, sentiment analysis understands
sentiment in context to help better understand what’s behind an expressed opinion, which can be
extremely relevant in understanding and driving purchasing decisions.

Text classification: Text classification makes it possible to assign

predefined categories to a document and organize it to help you
find the information you need or simplify some activities. For
example, an application of text categorization is spam filtering in
email.

Virtual Assistants: Nowadays Google Assistant, Cortana,

Siri, Alexa, etc have become an integral part of our lives. Not
only can we talk to them but they also have the abilities to
make our lives easier. By accessing our data, they can help
us in keeping notes of our tasks, make calls for us, send
messages and a lot more. With the help of speech
recognition, these assistants can not only detect our speech
but can also make sense out of it. According to recent
researches, a lot more advancements are expected in this
field in the near future.

Natural Language Processing: Getting Started

Natural Language Processing is all about how machines try to understand and interpret human
language and operate accordingly. But how can Natural Language Processing be used to solve the
problems around us? Let us take a look.

Revisiting the AI Project Cycle

Let us try to understand how we can develop a project in Natural Language processing with the help
of an example.

The Scenario
The world is competitive nowadays. People face
competition in even the tiniest tasks and are expected to
give their best at every point in time. When people are
unable to meet these expectations, they get stressed and
could even go into depression. We get to hear a lot of cases
where people are depressed due to reasons like peer
pressure, studies, family issues, relationships, etc. and they
eventually get into something that is bad for them as well
as for others. So, to overcome this, cognitive behavioural
therapy (CBT) is considered to be one of the best methods
to address stress as it is easy to implement on people and
also gives good results. This therapy includes

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
understanding the behaviour and mindset of a person in their normal life. With the help of CBT,
therapists help people overcome their stress and live a happy life.
To understand more about the concept of this therapy, visit this link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy

Problem Scoping
CBT is a technique used by most therapists to cure patients out of stress and depression. But it has
been observed that people do not wish to seek the help of a psychiatrist willingly. They try to avoid
such interactions as much as possible. Thus, there is a need to bridge the gap between a person who
needs help and the psychiatrist. Let us look at various factors around this problem through the 4Ws
problem canvas.

Who Canvas – Who has the problem?

Who are the

o People who suffer from stress and are at the onset of depression.
stakeholders?

What do we know
o People who are going through stress are reluctant to consult a psychiatrist.
about them?

What Canvas – What is the nature of the problem?

What is the o People who need help are reluctant to consult a psychiatrist and hence live
problem? miserably.

How do you know o Studies around mental stress and depression available on various authentic
it is a problem? sources.

Where Canvas – Where does the problem arise?

What is the context/situation

o When they are going through a stressful period of time
in which the stakeholders
o Due to some unpleasant experiences
experience this problem?

Why Canvas – Why do you think it is a problem worth solving?

o People get a platform where they can talk and vent out their
What would be of key feelings anonymously
value to the stakeholders? o People get a medium that can interact with them and applies
primitive CBT on them and can suggest help whenever needed

How would it improve their o People would be able to vent out their stress
situation? o They would consider going to a psychiatrist whenever required
Now that we have gone through all the factors around the problem, the problem statement templates
go as follows:

Our People undergoing stress Who?

Have a problem of Not being able to share their feelings What?
While They need help in venting out their emotions Where?
Provide them a platform to share their thoughts
An ideal solution would Why
anonymously and suggest help whenever required

This leads us to the goal of our project which is:

“To create a chatbot which can interact with people, help them
to vent out their feelings and take them through primitive CBT.”

Data Acquisition
To understand the sentiments of people, we need to collect their conversational data so the machine
can interpret the words that they use and understand their meaning. Such data can be collected from
various means:

1. Surveys 2. Observing the therapist’s sessions

3. Databases available on the internet 4. Interviews, etc.
Data Exploration
Once the textual data has been collected, it needs to be processed and cleaned so that an easier
version can be sent to the machine. Thus, the text is normalised through various steps and is lowered
to minimum vocabulary since the machine does not require grammatically correct statements but the
essence of it.

Modelling
Once the text has been normalised, it is then fed to an NLP based AI model. Note that in NLP, modelling
requires data pre-processing only after which the data is fed to the machine. Depending upon the type
of chatbot we try to make, there are a lot of AI models available which help us build the foundation of
our project.

Evaluation
The model trained is then evaluated and the accuracy for the same is generated on the basis of the
relevance of the answers which the machine gives to the user’s responses. To understand the
efficiency of the model, the suggested answers by the chatbot are compared to the actual answers.
As you can see in the above diagram, the blue line talks about the model’s output while the green one
is the actual output along with the data samples.

The model’s output does not match the true function at all. Hence the model is said
Figure 1 to be underfitting and its accuracy is lower.

In the second one, the model’s performance matches well with the true function
Figure 2 which states that the model has optimum accuracy and the model is called a
perfect fit.

In the third case, model performance is trying to cover all the data samples even if
Figure 3 they are out of alignment to the true function. This model is said to be overfitting
and this too has a lower accuracy.

Once the model is evaluated thoroughly, it is then deployed in the form of an app which people can
use easily.

Chatbots
As we have seen earlier, one of the most common applications of Natural Language Processing is a
chatbot. There are a lot of chatbots available and many of them use the same approach as we used in
the scenario above.. Let us try some of the chatbots and see how they work.

• Mitsuku Bot*
https://www.pandorabots.com/mitsuku/

• CleverBot*
https://www.cleverbot.com/

• Jabberwacky*
http://www.jabberwacky.com/

• Haptik*
https://haptik.ai/contact-us

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
 • Rose*
http://ec2-54-215-197-164.us-west-1.compute.amazonaws.com/speech.php

• Ochatbot*
https://www.ometrics.com/blog/list-of-fun-chatbots/

Let us discuss!
• Which chatbot did you try? Name any one.
• What is the purpose of this chatbot?
• How was the interaction with the chatbot?
• Did the chat feel like talking to a human or a robot? Why do you think so?
• Do you feel that the chatbot has a certain personality?
As you interact with more and more chatbots, you would realise that some of them are scripted or in
other words are traditional chatbots while others were AI-powered and had more knowledge. With
the help of this experience, we can understand that there are 2 types of chatbots around us: Script-
bot and Smart-bot. Let us understand what each of them mean in detail:

Script-bot Smart-bot
Script bots are easy to make Smart-bots are flexible and powerful
Script bots work around a script which is Smart bots work on bigger databases and other
programmed in them resources directly
Mostly they are free and are easy to integrate Smart bots learn with more data
to a messaging platform
No or little language processing skills Coding is required to take this up on board
Limited functionality Wide functionality

The story speaker activity which was done in class 9 can be considered as a script-bot as in that activity
we used to create a script around which the interactive story revolved. As soon as the machine got
triggered by the person, it used to follow the script and answer accordingly. Other examples of script
bot may include the bots which are deployed in the customer care section of various companies. Their
job is to answer some basic queries that they are coded for and connect them to human executives
once they are unable to handle the conversation.

On the other hand, all the assistants like Google Assistant, Alexa, Cortana, Siri, etc. can be taken as
smart bots as not only can they handle the conversations but can also manage to do other tasks which
makes them smarter.

Human Language VS Computer Language

Humans communicate through language which we process all the time. Our brain keeps on processing
the sounds that it hears around itself and tries to make sense out of them all the time. Even in the
classroom, as the teacher delivers the session, our brain is continuously processing everything and
storing it in some place. Also, while this is happening, when your friend whispers something, the focus
of your brain automatically shifts from the teacher’s speech to your friend’s conversation. So now, the
brain is processing both the sounds but is prioritising the one on which our interest lies.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
The sound reaches the brain through a long channel. As a person speaks, the sound travels from his
mouth and goes to the listener’s eardrum. The sound striking the eardrum is converted into neuron
impulse, gets transported to the brain and then gets processed. After processing the signal, the brain
gains understanding around the meaning of it. If it is clear, the signal gets stored. Otherwise, the
listener asks for clarity to the speaker. This is how human languages are processed by humans.

On the other hand, the computer understands the language of numbers. Everything that is sent to the
machine has to be converted to numbers. And while typing, if a single mistake is made, the computer
throws an error and does not process that part. The communications made by the machines are very
basic and simple.

Now, if we want the machine to understand our language, how should this happen? What are the
possible difficulties a machine would face in processing natural language? Let us take a look at some
of them here:

Arrangement of the words and meaning

There are rules in human language. There are nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives. A word can be a noun
at one time and an adjective some other time. There are rules to provide structure to a language.

This is the issue related to the syntax of the language. Syntax refers to the grammatical structure of a
sentence. When the structure is present, we can start interpreting the message. Now we also want to
have the computer do this. One way to do this is to use the part-of-speech tagging. This allows the
computer to identify the different parts of a speech.

Besides the matter of arrangement, there’s also meaning behind the language we use. Human
communication is complex. There are multiple characteristics of the human language that might be
easy for a human to understand but extremely difficult for a computer to understand.

Analogy with programming language:

Different syntax, same semantics: 2+3 = 3+2

Here the way these statements are written is different, but their meanings are the same that is 5.

Different semantics, same syntax: 2/3 (Python 2.7) ≠ 2/3 (Python 3)

Here the statements written have the same syntax but their meanings are different. In Python 2.7,
this statement would result in 1 while in Python 3, it would give an output of 1.5.

Think of some other examples of different syntax and same semantics and vice-versa.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Multiple Meanings of a word
Let’s consider these three sentences:

His face turned red after he found out that he took the wrong bag
What does this mean? Is he feeling ashamed because he took another person’s bag instead of his? Is
he feeling angry because he did not manage to steal the bag that he has been targeting?

The red car zoomed past his nose

Probably talking about the color of the car

His face turns red after consuming the medicine

Is he having an allergic reaction? Or is he not able to bear the taste of that medicine?

Here we can see that context is important. We understand a sentence almost intuitively, depending
on our history of using the language, and the memories that have been built within. In all three
sentences, the word red has been used in three different ways which according to the context of the
statement changes its meaning completely. Thus, in natural language, it is important to understand
that a word can have multiple meanings and the meanings fit into the statement according to the
context of it.

Think of some other words which can have multiple meanings and use them in sentences.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Perfect Syntax, no Meaning

Sometimes, a statement can have a perfectly correct syntax but it does not mean anything. For
example, take a look at this statement:

Chickens feed extravagantly while the moon drinks tea.

This statement is correct grammatically but does this make any sense? In Human language, a perfect
balance of syntax and semantics is important for better understanding.
Think of some other sentences having correct syntax and incorrect semantics.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

These are some of the challenges we might have to face if we try to teach computers how to
understand and interact in human language. So how does Natural Language Processing do this magic?

Data Processing
Humans interact with each other very easily. For us, the natural languages that we use are so
convenient that we speak them easily and understand them well too. But for computers, our
languages are very complex. As you have already gone through some of the complications in human
languages above, now it is time to see how Natural Language Processing makes it possible for the
machines to understand and speak in the Natural Languages just like humans.

Since we all know that the language of computers is Numerical, the very first step that comes to our
mind is to convert our language to numbers. This conversion takes a few steps to happen. The first
step to it is Text Normalisation. Since human languages are complex, we need to first of all simplify
them in order to make sure that the understanding becomes possible. Text Normalisation helps in
cleaning up the textual data in such a way that it comes down to a level where its complexity is lower
than the actual data. Let us go through Text Normalisation in detail.

Text Normalisation
In Text Normalisation, we undergo several steps to normalise the text to a lower level. Before we
begin, we need to understand that in this section, we will be working on a collection of written text.
That is, we will be working on text from multiple documents and the term used for the whole textual
data from all the documents altogether is known as corpus. Not only would we go through all the
steps of Text Normalisation, we would also work them out on a corpus. Let us take a look at the steps:

Sentence Segmentation
Under sentence segmentation, the whole corpus is divided into sentences. Each sentence is taken as
a different data so now the whole corpus gets reduced to sentences.
Tokenisation
After segmenting the sentences, each sentence is then further divided into tokens. Tokens is a term
used for any word or number or special character occurring in a sentence. Under tokenisation, every
word, number and special character is considered separately and each of them is now a separate
token.

Removing Stopwords, Special Characters and Numbers

In this step, the tokens which are not necessary are removed from the token list. What can be the
possible words which we might not require?

Stopwords are the words which occur very frequently in the corpus but do not add any value to it.
Humans use grammar to make their sentences meaningful for the other person to understand. But
grammatical words do not add any essence to the information which is to be transmitted through the
statement hence they come under stopwords. Some examples of stopwords are:

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
These words occur the most in any given corpus but talk very little or nothing about the context or the
meaning of it. Hence, to make it easier for the computer to focus on meaningful terms, these words
are removed.

Along with these words, a lot of times our corpus might have special characters and/or numbers. Now
it depends on the type of corpus that we are working on whether we should keep them in it or not.
For example, if you are working on a document containing email IDs, then you might not want to
remove the special characters and numbers whereas in some other textual data if these characters do
not make sense, then you can remove them along with the stopwords.

Converting text to a common case

After the stopwords removal, we convert the whole text into a similar case, preferably lower case.
This ensures that the case-sensitivity of the machine does not consider same words as different just
because of different cases.

Here in this example, the all the 6 forms of hello would be converted to lower case and hence would
be treated as the same word by the machine.

Stemming
In this step, the remaining words are reduced to their root words. In other words, stemming is the
process in which the affixes of words are removed and the words are converted to their base form.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Note that in stemming, the stemmed words (words which are we get after removing the affixes) might
not be meaningful. Here in this example as you can see: healed, healing and healer all were reduced
to heal but studies was reduced to studi after the affix removal which is not a meaningful word.
Stemming does not take into account if the stemmed word is meaningful or not. It just removes the
affixes hence it is faster.

Lemmatization
Stemming and lemmatization both are alternative processes to each other as the role of both the
processes is same – removal of affixes. But the difference between both of them is that in
lemmatization, the word we get after affix removal (also known as lemma) is a meaningful one.
Lemmatization makes sure that lemma is a word with meaning and hence it takes a longer time to
execute than stemming.

As you can see in the same example, the output for studies after affix removal has become study
instead of studi.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Difference between stemming and lemmatization can be summarized by this example:

With this we have normalised our text to tokens which are the simplest form of words present in the
corpus. Now it is time to convert the tokens into numbers. For this, we would use the Bag of Words
algorithm

Bag of Words
Bag of Words is a Natural Language Processing model which helps in extracting features out of the
text which can be helpful in machine learning algorithms. In bag of words, we get the occurrences of
each word and construct the vocabulary for the corpus.

This image gives us a brief overview about how bag of words works. Let us assume that the text on
the left in this image is the normalised corpus which we have got after going through all the steps of
text processing. Now, as we put this text into the bag of words algorithm, the algorithm returns to us
the unique words out of the corpus and their occurrences in it. As you can see at the right, it shows us
a list of words appearing in the corpus and the numbers corresponding to it shows how many times
the word has occurred in the text body. Thus, we can say that the bag of words gives us two things:

1. A vocabulary of words for the corpus

2. The frequency of these words (number of times it has occurred in the whole corpus).

Here calling this algorithm “bag” of words symbolises that the sequence of sentences or tokens does
not matter in this case as all we need are the unique words and their frequency in it.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Here is the step-by-step approach to implement bag of words algorithm:

1. Text Normalisation: Collect data and pre-process it

2. Create Dictionary: Make a list of all the unique words occurring in the corpus. (Vocabulary)
3. Create document vectors: For each document in the corpus, find out how many times the
word from the unique list of words has occurred.
4. Create document vectors for all the documents.
Let us go through all the steps with an example:

Step 1: Collecting data and pre-processing it.

Document 1: Aman and Anil are stressed

Document 2: Aman went to a therapist

Document 3: Anil went to download a health chatbot

Here are three documents having one sentence each. After text normalisation, the text becomes:

Document 1: [aman, and, anil, are, stressed]

Document 2: [aman, went, to, a, therapist]

Document 3: [anil, went, to, download, a, health, chatbot]

Note that no tokens have been removed in the stopwords removal step. It is because we have very
little data and since the frequency of all the words is almost the same, no word can be said to have
lesser value than the other.

Step 2: Create Dictionary

Go through all the steps and create a dictionary i.e., list down all the words which occur in all three
documents:

Dictionary:

aman and anil are stressed went

download health chatbot therapist a to

Note that even though some words are repeated in different documents, they are all written just once
as while creating the dictionary, we create the list of unique words.

Step 3: Create document vector

In this step, the vocabulary is written in the top row. Now, for each word in the document, if it matches
with the vocabulary, put a 1 under it. If the same word appears again, increment the previous value
by 1. And if the word does not occur in that document, put a 0 under it.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Since in the first document, we have words: aman, and, anil, are, stressed. So, all these words get a
value of 1 and rest of the words get a 0 value.

Step 4: Repeat for all documents

Same exercise has to be done for all the documents. Hence, the table becomes:

In this table, the header row contains the vocabulary of the corpus and three rows correspond to three
different documents. Take a look at this table and analyse the positioning of 0s and 1s in it.

Finally, this gives us the document vector table for our corpus. But the tokens have still not converted
to numbers. This leads us to the final steps of our algorithm: TFIDF.

TFIDF: Term Frequency & Inverse Document Frequency

Suppose you have a book. Which characters or words do you think would occur the most in it?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Bag of words algorithm gives us the frequency of words in each document we have in our corpus. It
gives us an idea that if the word is occurring more in a document, its value is more for that document.
For example, if I have a document on air pollution, air and pollution would be the words which occur
many times in it. And these words are valuable too as they give us some context around the document.
But let us suppose we have 10 documents and all of them talk about different issues. One is on women
empowerment, the other is on unemployment and so on. Do you think air and pollution would still be
one of the most occurring words in the whole corpus? If not, then which words do you think would
have the highest frequency in all of them?

And, this, is, the, etc. are the words which occur the most in almost all the documents. But these words
do not talk about the corpus at all. Though they are important for humans as they make the
statements understandable to us, for the machine they are a complete waste as they do not provide
us with any information regarding the corpus. Hence, these are termed as stopwords and are mostly
removed at the pre-processing stage only.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Take a look at this graph. It is a plot of occurrence of words versus their value. As you can see, if the
words have highest occurrence in all the documents of the corpus, they are said to have negligible
value hence they are termed as stop words. These words are mostly removed at the pre-processing
stage only. Now as we move ahead from the stopwords, the occurrence level drops drastically and the
words which have adequate occurrence in the corpus are said to have some amount of value and are
termed as frequent words. These words mostly talk about the document’s subject and their
occurrence is adequate in the corpus. Then as the occurrence of words drops further, the value of
such words rises. These words are termed as rare or valuable words. These words occur the least but
add the most value to the corpus. Hence, when we look at the text, we take frequent and rare words
into consideration.

Let us now demystify TFIDF. TFIDF stands for Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency. TFIDF
helps un in identifying the value for each word. Let us understand each term one by one.

Term Frequency
Term frequency is the frequency of a word in one document. Term frequency can easily be found from
the document vector table as in that table we mention the frequency of each word of the vocabulary
in each document.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Here, you can see that the frequency of each word for each document has been recorded in the table.
These numbers are nothing but the Term Frequencies!

Inverse Document Frequency

Now, let us look at the other half of TFIDF which is Inverse Document Frequency. For this, let us first
understand what does document frequency mean. Document Frequency is the number of documents
in which the word occurs irrespective of how many times it has occurred in those documents. The
document frequency for the exemplar vocabulary would be:

Here, you can see that the document frequency of ‘aman’, ‘anil’, ‘went’, ‘to’ and ‘a’ is 2 as they have
occurred in two documents. Rest of them occurred in just one document hence the document
frequency for them is one.

Talking about inverse document frequency, we need to put the document frequency in the
denominator while the total number of documents is the numerator. Here, the total number of
documents are 3, hence inverse document frequency becomes:

Finally, the formula of TFIDF for any word W becomes:

TFIDF(W) = TF(W) * log( IDF(W) )

Here, log is to the base of 10. Don’t worry! You don’t need to calculate the log values by yourself.
Simply use the log function in the calculator and find out!

Now, let’s multiply the IDF values to the TF values. Note that the TF values are for each document
while the IDF values are for the whole corpus. Hence, we need to multiply the IDF values to each row
of the document vector table.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Here, you can see that the IDF values for Aman in each row is the same and similar pattern is followed
for all the words of the vocabulary. After calculating all the values, we get:

Finally, the words have been converted to numbers. These numbers are the values of each for each
document. Here, you can see that since we have less amount of data, words like ‘are’ and ‘and’ also
have a high value. But as the IDF value increases, the value of that word decreases. That is, for
example:

Total Number of documents: 10

Number of documents in which ‘and’ occurs: 10

Therefore, IDF(and) = 10/10 = 1

Which means: log(1) = 0. Hence, the value of ‘and’ becomes 0.

On the other hand, number of documents in which ‘pollution’ occurs: 3

IDF(pollution) = 10/3 = 3.3333…

Which means: log(3.3333) = 0.522; which shows that the word ‘pollution’ has considerable value in
the corpus.

Summarising the concept, we can say that:

1. Words that occur in all the documents with high term frequencies have the least values and
are considered to be the stopwords.
2. For a word to have high TFIDF value, the word needs to have a high term frequency but less
document frequency which shows that the word is important for one document but is not a
common word for all documents.
3. These values help the computer understand which words are to be considered while
processing the natural language. The higher the value, the more important the word is for a
given corpus.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Applications of TFIDF
TFIDF is commonly used in the Natural Language Processing domain. Some of its applications are:

Document Information
Topic Modelling Stop word filtering
Classification Retrieval System

Helps in classifying the To extract the Helps in removing the

It helps in predicting
type and genre of a important information unnecessary words
the topic for a corpus.
document. out of a corpus. out of a text body.

DIY – Do It Yourself!
Here is a corpus for you to challenge yourself with the given tasks. Use the knowledge you have
gained in the above sections and try completing the whole exercise by yourself.

The Corpus
Document 1: We can use health chatbots for treating stress.

Document 2: We can use NLP to create chatbots and we will be making health chatbots now!

Document 3: Health Chatbots cannot replace human counsellors now. Yay >< !! @1nteLA!4Y

Accomplish the following challenges on the basis of the corpus given above. You can use the tools
available online for these challenges. Link for each tool is given below:

1. Sentence Segmentation: https://tinyurl.com/y36hd92n

2. Tokenisation: https://text-processing.com/demo/tokenize/

3. Stopwords removal: https://demos.datasciencedojo.com/demo/stopwords/

4. Lowercase conversion: https://caseconverter.com/

5. Stemming: http://textanalysisonline.com/nltk-porter-stemmer

6. Lemmatisation: http://textanalysisonline.com/spacy-word-lemmatize

7. Bag of Words: Create a document vector table for all documents.

8. Generate TFIDF values for all the words.

9. Find the words having highest value.

10. Find the words having the least value.

Evaluation
Introduction
Till now we have learnt about the 4 stages of AI project cycle, viz. Problem scoping, Data acquisition,
Data exploration and modelling. While in modelling we can make different types of models, how do
we check if one’s better than the other? That’s where Evaluation comes into play. In the Evaluation
stage, we will explore different methods of evaluating an AI model. Model Evaluation is an integral
part of the model development process. It helps to find the best model that represents our data and
how well the chosen model will work in the future

What is evaluation?
Evaluation is the process of understanding the reliability of any AI model, based on outputs by feeding
test dataset into the model and comparing with actual answers. There can be different Evaluation
techniques, depending of the type and purpose of the model. Remember that It’s not recommended
to use the data we used to build the model to evaluate it. This is because our model will simply
remember the whole training set, and will therefore always predict the correct label for any point in
the training set. This is known as overfitting.

Firstly, let us go through various terms which are very important to the evaluation process.

Model Evaluation Terminologies

There are various new terminologies which come into the picture when we work on evaluating our
model. Let’s explore them with an example of the Forest fire scenario.

The Scenario
Imagine that you have come up with an AI based prediction model which has been deployed in a forest
which is prone to forest fires. Now, the objective of the model is to predict whether a forest fire has
broken out in the forest or not. Now, to understand the efficiency of this model, we need to check if
the predictions which it makes are correct or not. Thus, there exist two conditions which we need to
ponder upon: Prediction and Reality. The prediction is the output which is given by the machine and
the reality is the real scenario in the forest when the prediction has been made. Now let us look at
various combinations that we can have with these two conditions.
 Case 1: Is there a forest fire?

Here, we can see in the picture that a forest fire has broken out in the forest. The model predicts a Yes
which means there is a forest fire. The Prediction matches with the Reality. Hence, this condition is
termed as True Positive.

Case 2: Is there a forest fire?

Here there is no fire in the forest hence the reality is No. In this case, the machine too has predicted
it correctly as a No. Therefore, this condition is termed as True Negative.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
 Case 3: Is there a forest fire?

Here the reality is that there is no forest fire. But the machine has incorrectly predicted that there is
a forest fire. This case is termed as False Positive.

Case 4: Is there a forest fire?

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Here, a forest fire has broken out in the forest because of which the Reality is Yes but the machine has
incorrectly predicted it as a No which means the machine predicts that there is no Forest Fire.
Therefore, this case becomes False Negative.

Confusion matrix
The result of comparison between the prediction and reality can be recorded in what we call the
confusion matrix. The confusion matrix allows us to understand the prediction results. Note that it is
not an evaluation metric but a record which can help in evaluation. Let us once again take a look at
the four conditions that we went through in the Forest Fire example:

Let us now take a look at the confusion matrix:

Prediction and Reality can be easily mapped together with the help of this confusion matrix.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Evaluation Methods
Now as we have gone through all the possible combinations of Prediction and Reality, let us see how
we can use these conditions to evaluate the model.

Accuracy
Accuracy is defined as the percentage of correct predictions out of all the observations. A prediction
can be said to be correct if it matches the reality. Here, we have two conditions in which the Prediction
matches with the Reality: True Positive and True Negative. Hence, the formula for Accuracy becomes:

Here, total observations cover all the possible cases of prediction that can be True Positive (TP), True
Negative (TN), False Positive (FP) and False Negative (FN).

As we can see, Accuracy talks about how true the predictions are by any model. Let us ponder:

Is high accuracy equivalent to good performance?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

How much percentage of accuracy is reasonable to show good performance?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Let us go back to the Forest Fire example. Assume that the model always predicts that there is no fire.
But in reality, there is a 2% chance of forest fire breaking out. In this case, for 98 cases, the model will
be right but for those 2 cases in which there was a forest fire, then too the model predicted no fire.

Here,

True Positives = 0

True Negatives = 98

Total cases = 100

Therefore, accuracy becomes: (98 + 0) / 100 = 98%

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
This is a fairly high accuracy for an AI model. But this parameter is useless for us as the actual cases
where the fire broke out are not taken into account. Hence, there is a need to look at another
parameter which takes account of such cases as well.

Precision
Precision is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all the cases where the prediction
is true. That is, it takes into account the True Positives and False Positives.

Going back to the Forest Fire example, in this case, assume that the model always predicts that there
is a forest fire irrespective of the reality. In this case, all the Positive conditions would be taken into
account that is, True Positive (Prediction = Yes and Reality = Yes) and False Positive (Prediction = Yes
and Reality = No). In this case, the firefighters will check for the fire all the time to see if the alarm was
True or False.

You might recall the story of the boy who falsely cries out that there are wolves every time and so
when they actually arrive, no one comes to his rescue. Similarly, here if the Precision is low (which
means there are more False alarms than the actual ones) then the firefighters would get complacent
and might not go and check every time considering it could be a false alarm.

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
This makes Precision an important evaluation criteria. If Precision is high, this means the True Positive
cases are more, giving lesser False alarms.

But again, is good Precision equivalent to a good model performance? Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Let us consider that a model has 100% precision. Which means that whenever the machine says
there’s a fire, there is actually a fire (True Positive). In the same model, there can be a rare exceptional
case where there was actual fire but the system could not detect it. This is the case of a False Negative
condition. But the precision value would not be affected by it because it does not take FN into account.
Is precision then a good parameter for model performance?

Recall
Another parameter for evaluating the model’s performance is Recall. It can be defined as the fraction
of positive cases that are correctly identified. It majorly takes into account the true reality cases where
in Reality there was a fire but the machine either detected it correctly or it didn’t. That is, it considers
True Positives (There was a forest fire in reality and the model predicted a forest fire) and False
Negatives (There was a forest fire and the model didn’t predict it).

* Images shown here are the property of individual organisations and are used here for reference purpose only.
Now as we notice, we can see that the Numerator in both Precision and Recall is the same: True
Positives. But in the denominator, Precision counts the False Positives while Recall takes False
Negatives into consideration.

Let us ponder… Which one do you think is better? Precision or Recall? Why?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Which Metric is Important?

Choosing between Precision and Recall depends on the condition in which the model has been
deployed. In a case like Forest Fire, a False Negative can cost us a lot and is risky too. Imagine no alert
being given even when there is a Forest Fire. The whole forest might burn down.

Another case where a False Negative can be dangerous is Viral Outbreak. Imagine a deadly virus has
started spreading and the model which is supposed to predict a viral outbreak does not detect it. The
virus might spread widely and infect a lot of people.

On the other hand, there can be cases in which the False Positive condition costs us more than False
Negatives. One such case is Mining. Imagine a model telling you that there exists treasure at a point
and you keep on digging there but it turns out that it is a false alarm. Here, False Positive case
(predicting there is treasure but there is no treasure) can be very costly.

Similarly, let’s consider a model that predicts that a mail is spam or not. If the model always predicts
that the mail is spam, people would not look at it and eventually might lose important information.
Here also False Positive condition (Predicting the mail as spam while the mail is not spam) would have
a high cost.
Think of some more examples having:

• High False Negative cost

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

• High False Positive cost

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

To conclude the argument, we must say that if we want to know if our model’s performance is good,
we need these two measures: Recall and Precision. For some cases, you might have a High Precision
but Low Recall or Low Precision but High Recall. But since both the measures are important, there is
a need of a parameter which takes both Precision and Recall into account.

F1 Score
F1 score can be defined as the measure of balance between precision and recall.

Take a look at the formula and think of when can we get a perfect F1 score?

An ideal situation would be when we have a value of 1 (that is 100%) for both Precision and Recall. In
that case, the F1 score would also be an ideal 1 (100%). It is known as the perfect value for F1 Score.
As the values of both Precision and Recall ranges from 0 to 1, the F1 score also ranges from 0 to 1.
Let us explore the variations we can have in the F1 Score:

Precision Recall F1 Score

Low Low Low

Low High Low

High Low Low

High High High

In conclusion, we can say that a model has good performance if the F1 Score for that model is high.

Let’s practice!
Let us understand the evaluation parameters with the help of examples.

Challenge
Find out Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F1 Score for the given problems.

Scenario 1:
In schools, a lot of times it happens that there is no water to drink. At a few places, cases of water
shortage in schools are very common and prominent. Hence, an AI model is designed to predict if
there is going to be a water shortage in the school in the near future or not. The confusion matrix for
the same is:
Scenario 2:
Nowadays, the problem of floods has worsened in some parts of the country. Not only does it damage
the whole place but it also forces people to move out of their homes and relocate. To address this
issue, an AI model has been created which can predict if there is a chance of floods or not. The
confusion matrix for the same is:

Scenario 3:
A lot of times people face the problem of sudden downpour. People wash clothes and put them out
to dry but due to unexpected rain, their work gets wasted. Thus, an AI model has been created which
predicts if there will be rain or not. The confusion matrix for the same is:
Scenario 4:
Traffic Jams have become a common part of our lives nowadays. Living in an urban area means you
have to face traffic each and every time you get out on the road. Mostly, school students opt for buses
to go to school. Many times the bus gets late due to such jams and students are not able to reach their
school on time. Thus, an AI model is created to predict explicitly if there would be a traffic jam on their
way to school or not. The confusion matrix for the same is: