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 College Algebra 7th Edition Blitzer
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Chapter 2
Functions and Graphs
Section 2.1
4. a. f (−5) = (−5)2 − 2(−5) + 7
Check Point Exercises
= 25 − (−10) + 7
1. The domain is the set of all first components: {0, 10, = 42
20, 30, 42}. The range is the set of all second
components: {9.1, 6.7, 10.7, 13.2, 21.7}. b. f (x + 4) = (x + 4) 2 − 2(x + 4) + 7

2. a. The relation is not a function since the two = x 2 + 8x +16 − 2x − 8 + 7

2

ordered pairs (5, 6) and (5, 8) have the same = x + 6x +15

first component but different second
components. c. f (−x) = (−x) 2 − 2(−x) + 7
= x 2 − (−2x) + 7
b. The relation is a function since no two ordered
pairs have the same first component and = x 2 + 2x + 7
different second components.
5. x f ( x ) = 2x ( x, y )
3. a. 2x + y = 6
-2 –4 ( −2, −4 )
y = 6 − 2x
For each value of x, there is one and only one -1 –2 ( −1, −2 )
value for y, so the equation defines y as a 0 0 ( 0, 0 )
function of x.
1 2 (1, 2 )
2 4 ( 2, 4 )
b. x2 + y 2 = 1
y 2 = 1 − x2
y = ± 1 − x2
Since there are values of x (all values between –
x g ( x ) = 2x − 3 ( x, y )
1 and 1 exclusive) that give more than one -2 g ( −2 ) = 2(−2) − 3 = −7 ( −2, −7 )
value for y (for example, if x = 0, then
-1 g ( −1) = 2(−1) − 3 = −5 ( −1, −5)
y = ± 1 − 02 = ±1 ), the equation does not
0 g ( 0 ) = 2(0) − 3 = −3 ( 0, −3)
define y as a function of x.
1 g (1) = 2(1) − 3 = −1 (1, −1)
2 g ( 2 ) = 2(2) − 3 = 1 ( 2,1)

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 The graph of g is the graph of f shifted down 3
units.

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

6. The graph (a) passes the vertical line test and is Exercise Set 2.1
therefore is a function.
The graph (b) fails the vertical line test and is 1. The relation is a function since no two ordered pairs
therefore not a function. have the same first component and different second
The graph (c) passes the vertical line test and is components. The domain is {1, 3, 5} and the range is
therefore is a function. {2, 4, 5}.
The graph (d) fails the vertical line test and is
therefore not a function. 2. The relation is a function because no two ordered
pairs have the same first component and different
7. a. f (5) = 400 second components The domain is {4, 6, 8} and the
range is {5, 7, 8}.
b. x = 9 , f (9) = 100
3. The relation is not a function since the two ordered
pairs (3, 4) and (3, 5) have the same first component
c. The minimum T cell count in the asymptomatic but different second components (the same could be
stage is approximately 425. said for the ordered pairs (4, 4) and (4, 5)). The
domain is {3, 4} and the range is {4, 5}.
8. a. domain: { x −2 ≤ x ≤ 1} or [ −2,1] .

range: { y 0 ≤ y ≤ 3} or [ 0, 3] .
4. The relation is not a function since the two ordered
pairs (5, 6) and (5, 7) have the same first component
but different second components (the same could be
b. domain: { x −2 < x ≤ 1} or ( −2,1] . said for the ordered pairs (6, 6) and (6, 7)). The
range: { y −1 ≤ y < 2} or [ −1, 2 ) . domain is {5, 6} and the range is {6, 7}.

5. The relation is a function because no two ordered

c. domain: { x −3 ≤ x < 0} or [ −3, 0 ) . pairs have the same first component and different

range: { y y = −3, −2, −1} .

second components The domain is
{3, 4, 5, 7} and the range is {–2, 1, 9}.

6. The relation is a function because no two ordered

pairs have the same first component and different
Concept and Vocabulary Check 2.1 second components The domain is
1. relation; domain; range {–2, –1, 5, 10} and the range is {1, 4, 6}.

2. function 7. The relation is a function since there are no same first

components with different second components. The
3. f; x domain is {–3, –2, –1, 0} and the range is {–3, –2, –
1, 0}.
4. true
8. The relation is a function since there are no ordered
5. false pairs that have the same first component but different
second components. The domain is {–7, –5, –3, 0}
6. x; x + 6 and the range is {–7, –5, –3, 0}.

7. ordered pairs
12. false
8. more than once; function

9. [0,3) ; domain

10. [1,∞) ; range

11. 0; 0; zeros

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 Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

9. The relation is not a

function since there are
ordered pairs with the
same first component and
different second
components. The domain
is {1} and the range is
{4, 5, 6}.

10. The relation is a function

since there are no two
ordered pairs that have
the same first
component and different
second components. The
domain is
{4, 5, 6} and the range is
{1}.

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

11. x + y = 16 19. y = x+4

y = 16 − x Since only one value of y can be obtained for each

Since only one value of y can be obtained for each value of x, y is a function of x.
value of x, y is a function of x.

20. y = − x+4

12. x + y = 25 Since only one value of y can be obtained for each

y = 25 − x value of x, y is a function of x.
Since only one value of y can be obtained for each
value of x, y is a function of x. 21. x + y3 = 8
y3 = 8 − x
13. x 2 + y = 16
y = 3 8− x
y = 16 − x 2
Since only one value of y can be obtained for each
Since only one value of y can be obtained for each value of x, y is a function of x.
value of x, y is a function of x.
22. x + y 3 = 27
14. x 2 + y = 25
y 3 = 27 − x
y = 25 − x 2
3

Since only one value of y can be obtained for each y = 27 − x

value of x, y is a function of x. Since only one value of y can be obtained for each
value of x, y is a function of x.
15. x 2 + y 2 = 16
23. xy + 2 y = 1
y 2 = 16 − x 2
y ( x + 2) = 1
y = ± 16 − x 2 1
If x = 0, y = ±4. y=
x+2
Since two values, y = 4 and y = – 4, can be obtained Since only one value of y can be obtained for each
for one value of x, y is not a function of x. value of x, y is a function of x.
16. x 2 + y 2 = 25 24. xy − 5 y = 1
y = 25 − x y ( x − 5) = 1
2 2

y = ± 25 − x 2
1
y=
If x = 0, y = ±5. x −5
Since two values, y = 5 and y = –5, can be obtained Since only one value of y can be obtained for each
for one value of x, y is not a function of x. value of x, y is a function of x.

17. x = y2 25. x −y=2

y=± x −y = − x + 2

If x = 1, y = ±1. y = x −2

Since two values, y = 1 and y = –1, can be obtained 1 4x = y2

for x = 1, y is not a function of x. 8
.

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

S ction of x.
i
n x −y=5
26. c
e
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
y
c
a
n
b
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
x
,
y
i
s
a
f
u
n

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

y = ± 4x = ±2 x −y = − x + 5
If x = 1, then y = ±2.
y = x −5
Since two values, y = 2 and y = –2, can be obtained
for x = 1, y is not a function of x. Since only one value of y can be obtained for each
value of x, y is a function of x.

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

27. a. f(6) = 4(6) + 5 = 29 32. a. h(3) = 33 − 3 +1 = 25

b. f(x + 1) = 4(x + 1) + 5 = 4x + 9
b. h(−2) = (−2)3 − (−2) +1
c. f(–x) = 4(–x) + 5 = – 4x + 5 = −8 + 2 +1
28. a. f(4) = 3(4) + 7 = 19 = −5
b. f(x + 1) = 3(x + 1) + 7 = 3x + 10 c. h(−x) = (−x)3 − (−x) +1 = −x 3 + x +1
c. f(–x) = 3(–x) + 7 = –3x + 7
d. h(3a) = (3a)3 − (3a) +1

29. a. g(−1) = (−1)2 + 2(−1) + 3 = 27a 3 − 3a +1

= 1− 2 + 3
=2 33. a. f (−6) = −6 + 6 + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3

b. g(x + 5) = (x + 5) 2 + 2(x + 5) + 3 b. f (10) = 10 + 6 + 3

= x +10x + 25 + 2x +10 + 3
2
= 16 + 3

= x 2 +12x + 38 = 4+3
=7
c. g(−x) = (−x) 2 + 2(−x) + 3

= x 2 − 2x + 3 c. f (x − 6) = x − 6 + 6 + 3 = x + 3
30. a. g(−1) = (−1) 2 −10(−1) − 3
34. a. f (16) = 25 −16 − 6 = 9 − 6 = 3 − 6 = −3
= 1+10 − 3

=8 b. f (−24) = 25 − (−24) − 6
b. g(x + 2) = (x + 2) 2 −10(8 + 2) − 3 = 49 − 6

= x 2 + 4x + 4 −10x − 20 − 3 = 7 −6 =1
= x − 6x −19
2

c. f (25 − 2x) = 25 − (25 − 2x) − 6

c. g (−x) = (−x) −10(− x) − 3
2
= 2x − 6
= x +10x − 3
2

4(2)2 −1 15
35. a. f (2) = =
31. a. h(2) = 2 4 − 2 2 +1 22 4
= 16 − 4 +1
4(−2) 2 −1 15
= 13 b. f (−2) = =
(−2) 2 4
b. h(−1) = (−1)4 − (−1) 2 +1

= 1 −1 +1 4(− x) 2 − 1 4 x2 − 1
c. f (−x) = 2 = 2

=1

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

c. h(−x) = (−x) 4 − (−x)2 +1 = x 4 − x 2 +1 (−x) x

4(2)3 +1 33
36. a. f (2) = =
23 8
d. h(3a) = (3a) 4 − (3a) 2 +1
3

= 81a 4 − 9a 2 +1 4(−2) + 1 −31 31

b. f (−2) = = =

(−2)3 −8 8

4(−x)3 +1 −4x 3 +1
c. f (−x) = =
(−x)3 −x3
4x −1
3

or
x3

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

6 40.
x f ( x) = x ( x, y )
37. a. f (6) = = 1 f ( −2 ) = −2 ( −2, −2 )
6 −2
−1 f ( −1) = −1 ( −1, −1)
−6 −6
b. f (−6) = = = −1 0 f (0) = 0 ( 0, 0 )
−6 6
1 f (1) = 1 (1,1)
2 f (2) = 2 ( 2, 2 )
r2 r2
c. f (r 2 ) = 2 = 2 = 1
r r
5+3 8
38. a. f (5) = = =1
5+3 8
x g ( x) = x − 4 ( x, y )
−5 + 3 −2 2
−2 g ( −2 ) = −2 − 4 = −6 ( −2, −6 )
b. f (−5) = = = = −1
−5 + 3 −2 −2 −1 g ( −1) = −1 − 4 = −5 ( −1, −5 )
0 g ( 0 ) = 0 − 4 = −4 ( 0, −4 )
−9 − x + 3
c. f (−9 − x) = 1 g (1) = 1− 4 = −3 (1, −3 )
−9 − x + 3
2 g ( 2 ) = 2 − 4 = −2 ( 2, −2 )
−x − 6  1, if x < −6
= =
−x − 6 −1,if x > −6

39. x f ( x) = x ( x, y )
−2 f ( −2 ) = −2 ( −2, −2 )
−1 f ( −1) = −1 ( −1, −1)
0 f (0) = 0 ( 0, 0 )
1 f (1) = 1 (1,1)
The graph of g is the graph of f shifted down 4 units.
2 f (2) = 2 ( 2, 2 )
41. x f ( x ) = −2x ( x, y )
–2 f ( −2 ) = −2 ( −2 ) = 4 ( −2, 4 )
x g ( x) = x + 3 ( x, y )
–1 f ( −1) = −2 ( −1) = 2 ( −1, 2 )
−2 g ( −2 ) = −2 + 3 = 1 ( −2,1)
0 f ( 0 ) = −2 ( 0 ) = 0 ( 0, 0 )
−1 g ( −1) = −1 + 3 = 2 ( −1, 2 )
1 f (1) = −2 (1) = −2 (1, −2 )
0 g (0) = 0 + 3 = 3 ( 0, 3)
2 f ( 2 ) = −2 ( 2 ) = −4 ( 2, −4 )
1 g (1) = 1+ 3 = 4 (1, 4 )
2 g ( 2) = 2 + 3 = 5 ( 2, 5 )

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 –1 g ( −1) = −2 ( −1) −1 = 1 ( −1,1)
0 g ( 0 ) = −2 ( 0 ) −1 = −1 ( 0, −1)
1 g (1) = −2 (1) − 1 = −3 (1, −3 )
Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs
2 g ( 2 ) = −2 ( 2 ) −1 = −5 ( 2, −5 )
The graph of g is the graph of f shifted up 3 units.

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

x g ( x) = x +1
2
( x, y )
−2 g ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) +1 = 5
2
( −2, 5 )
g ( −1) = ( −1) +1 = 2 ( −1, 2 )
2
−1
0 g ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) +1 = 1
2
( 0,1)
1 g (1) = (1) + 1 = 2
2
(1, 2 )
2 g ( 2) = (2) +1 = 5
2
( 2, 5 )
The graph of g is the graph of f shifted down 1 unit.

42. x f ( x ) = −2x ( x, y )
–2 f ( −2 ) = −2 ( −2 ) = 4 ( −2, 4 )
–1 f ( −1) = −2 ( −1) = 2 ( −1, 2 )
0 f ( 0 ) = −2 ( 0 ) = 0 ( 0, 0 )
1 f (1) = −2 (1) = −2 (1, −2 )
2 f ( 2 ) = −2 ( 2 ) = −4 ( 2, −4 )
The graph of g is the graph of f shifted up 1 unit.

x g ( x ) = −2x + 3 ( x, y )
44. x f ( x) = x
2
( x, y )
–2 g ( −2 ) = −2 ( −2 ) + 3 = 7 ( −2, 7 ) −2 f ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) = 4
2
( −2, 4 )
–1 g ( −1) = −2 ( −1) + 3 = 5 ( −1,5 ) −1 f ( −1) = ( −1) = 1
2
( −1,1)
g ( 0 ) = −2 ( 0 ) + 3 = 3 ( 0, 3) f (0) = ( 0 ) = 0 ( 0, 0 )
2
0 0
1 g (1) = −2 (1) + 3 = 1 (1,1) 1 f (1) = (1) = 1
2
(1,1)
g ( 2 ) = −2 ( 2 ) + 3 = −1 ( 2, −1) ( 2, 4 )
2 f ( 2) = ( 2 ) = 4
2
2

x g ( x) = x − 2
2
( x, y )
−2 g ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) − 2 = 2
2
( −2, 2 )
−1 g ( −1) = ( −1) − 2 = −1
2
( −1, −1)
0 g ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) − 2 = −2
2
( 0, −2 )
The graph of g is the graph of f shifted up 3 units. 1 g (1) = (1) − 2 = −1
2
(1, −1)
2 g ( 2) = (2) − 2 = 2
2
( 2, 2 )
43. x f ( x) = x
2
( x, y )
−2 f ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) = 4
2
( −2, 4 )
−1 f ( −1) = ( −1) = 1
2
( −1,1)
0 f (0) = ( 0 ) = 0
2
( 0, 0 )
1 f (1) = (1) = 1
2
(1,1)
2 f ( 2) = ( 2 ) = 4
2
( 2, 4 )

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 Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

The
gra
ph
of g
is
the
gra
ph
of f
shift
ed
dow
n2
unit
s.

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

45. x f ( x) = x ( x, y )
−2 f ( −2 ) = −2 = 2 ( −2, 2 )
−1 f ( −1) = −1 = 1 ( −1,1)
0 f ( 0) = 0 = 0 ( 0, 0 )
1 f (1) = 1 = 1 (1,1)
2 f ( 2) = 2 = 2 ( 2, 2 )

x g ( x) = x − 2 ( x, y ) The graph of g is the graph of f shifted up 1 unit.

−2 g ( −2 ) = − 2 − 2 = 0 ( −2, 0 ) 47. x f ( x ) = x3 ( x, y )
−1 g ( −1) = −1 − 2 = −1 ( −1, −1) −2 f ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) = −8 ( −2, −8 )
3

0 g ( 0 ) = 0 − 2 = −2 ( 0, −2 ) −1
g (1) = 1 − 2 = −1 (1, −1) f ( −1) = ( −1) = −1
3
( −1, −1)
1
2 g ( 2) = 2 − 2 = 0 ( 2, 0 ) 0 f ( 0) = ( 0) = 0
3
( 0, 0 )
1 f (1) = (1) = 1
3
(1,1)
2 f ( 2) = ( 2) = 8
3
( 2,8 )
x g ( x ) = x3 + 2 ( x, y )
−2 g ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) + 2 = −6
3
( −2, −6 )
−1 g ( −1) = ( −1) + 2 = 1
3
( −1,1)
0 g (0) = (0) + 2 = 2
3
( 0, 2 )
g (1) = (1) + 2 = 3 (1, 3)
3
1
The graph of g is the graph of f shifted down 2 units.
2 g ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) + 2 = 10
3
( 2,10 )
46. x f ( x) = x ( x, y )
−2 f ( −2 ) = −2 = 2 ( −2, 2 )
−1 f ( −1) = −1 = 1 ( −1,1)
0 f ( 0) = 0 = 0 ( 0, 0 )
1 f (1) = 1 = 1 (1,1)
2 f ( 2) = 2 = 2 ( 2, 2 )

x g ( x ) = x +1 ( x, y )
The graph of g is the graph of f shifted up 2 units.
−2 g ( −2 ) = −2 +1 = 3 ( −2, 3)
−1 g ( −1) = −1 +1 = 2 ( −1, 2 )
0 g ( 0 ) = 0 +1 = 1 ( 0,1)
1 g (1) = 1 +1 = 2 (1, 2 )
2 g ( 2 ) = 2 +1 = 3 ( 2,3)

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

48. x f ( x ) = x3 ( x, y )
−2 f ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) = −8
3
( −2, −8 )
−1 f ( −1) = ( −1) = −1
3
( −1, −1)
0 f ( 0) = ( 0) = 0
3
( 0, 0 )
1 f (1) = (1) = 1
3
(1,1)
2 f ( 2) = ( 2) = 8
3
( 2,8 )
The graph of g is the graph of f shifted up 2 units.
x g ( x ) = x 3 −1 ( x, y )
50. x f ( x ) = −1 ( x, y )
−2 g ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) −1 = −9
3
( −2, −9 )
−2 f ( −2 ) = −1 ( −2, −1)
−1 g ( −1) = ( −1) −1 = −2
3
( −1, −2 )
−1 f ( −1) = −1 ( −1, −1)
0 g ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) −1 = −1
3
( 0, −1)
0 f ( 0 ) = −1 ( 0, −1)
1 g (1) = (1) −1 = 0
3
(1, 0 ) 1 f (1) = −1 (1, −1)
2 g ( 2 ) = ( 2 ) −1 = 7
3
( 2, 7 ) 2 f ( 2 ) = −1 ( 2, −1)

x g ( x) = 4 ( x, y )
−2 g ( −2 ) = 4 ( −2, 4 )
−1 g ( −1) = 4 ( −1, 4 )
0 g ( 0) = 4 ( 0, 4 )
1 g (1) = 4 (1, 4 )
2 g ( 2) = 4 ( 2, 4 )
The graph of g is the graph of f shifted down 1 unit.

49. x f ( x) = 3 ( x, y )
−2 f ( −2 ) = 3 ( −2, 3)
−1 f ( −1) = 3 ( −1,3)
0 f ( 0) = 3 ( 0, 3)
1 f (1) = 3 (1, 3)
2 f ( 2) = 3 ( 2,3)

x g ( x) = 5 ( x, y )
The graph of g is the graph of f shifted up 5 units.
−2 g ( −2 ) = 5 ( −2, 5 )
−1 g ( −1) = 5 ( −1,5 )
0 g ( 0) = 5 ( 0, 5 )
1 g (1) = 5 (1, 5 )
2 g ( 2) = 5 ( 2, 5 )

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

x f ( x) = x ( x, y )
51. x f ( x) = x ( x, y ) 53.
0 f ( 0) = 0 = 0 ( 0, 0 )
0 f ( 0) = 0 = 0 ( 0, 0 )
1 f (1) = 1 = 1 (1,1)
1 f (1) = 1 = 1 (1,1)
4 f ( 4) = 4 = 2 ( 4, 2 )
4 f ( 4) = 4 = 2 ( 4, 2 )
9 f (9) = 9 = 3 ( 9, 3)
9 f (9) = 9 = 3 ( 9, 3)

x g ( x ) = x −1 ( x, y ) x g ( x ) = x −1 ( x, y )
0 g ( 0 ) = 0 −1 = −1 ( 0, −1) 1 g (1) = 1−1 = 0 (1, 0 )
1 g (1) = 1 −1 = 0 (1, 0 ) 2 g ( 2 ) = 2 −1 = 1 ( 2,1)
4 g ( 4 ) = 4 −1 = 1 ( 4,1) 5 g ( 5 ) = 5 −1 = 2 (5, 2 )
9 g ( 9 ) = 9 −1 = 2 ( 9, 2 ) 10 g (10 ) = 10 −1 = 3 (10,3)

The graph of g is the graph of f shifted down 1 unit. The graph of g is the graph of f shifted right 1 unit.
52. x f ( x) = x ( x, y ) 54. x f ( x) = x ( x, y )
0 f ( 0) = 0 = 0 ( 0, 0 ) 0 f ( 0) = 0 = 0 ( 0, 0 )
1 f (1) = 1 = 1 (1,1) 1 f (1) = 1 = 1 (1,1)
4 f ( 4) = 4 = 2 ( 4, 2 ) 4 f ( 4) = 4 = 2 ( 4, 2 )
9 f (9) = 9 = 3 ( 9, 3) 9 f (9) = 9 = 3 ( 9, 3)

x g ( x) = x + 2 ( x, y ) x g ( x) = x + 2 ( x, y )
0 g ( 0) = 0 + 2 = 2 ( 0, 2 ) –2 g ( −2 ) = −2 + 2 = 0 ( −2, 0 )
1 g (1) = 1 + 2 = 3 (1, 3) –1 g ( −1) = −1+ 2 = 1 ( −1,1)
4 g ( 4) = 4 + 2 = 4 ( 4, 4 ) 2 g ( 2) = 2 + 2 = 2 ( 2, 2 )
9 g (9) = 9 + 2 = 5 (9 , 5 ) 7 g (7) = 7 + 2 = 3 ( 7,3)

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

The graph of g is the graph of f shifted up 2 units. The graph of g is the graph of f shifted left 2 units.

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

55. function 78. a. domain: (–∞, ∞)

56. function b. range: (–∞, 4]

57. function c. x-intercepts: –3 and 1

d. y-intercept: 3
58. not a function

e. f (−2) = 3 and f (2) = −5

59. not a function

60. not a function 79. a. domain: (−∞, ∞)

61. function b. range: [1, ∞)

62. not a function c. x-intercept: none

d. y-intercept: 1
63. function

e. f (−1) = 2 and f (3) = 4

64. function

80. a. domain: (–∞, ∞)

65. f ( −2 ) = −4
b. range: [0, ∞)
66. f (2) = −4 c. x-intercept: –1

67. f ( 4) = 4 d. y-intercept: 1
e. f(–4) = 3 and f(3) = 4
68. f (−4) = 4
81. a. domain: [0, 5)
69. f ( −3) = 0 b. range: [–1, 5)

70. f (−1) = 0 c. x-intercept: 2

d. y-intercept: –1
71. g ( −4 ) = 2
e. f(3) = 1
72. g ( 2 ) = −2 82. a. domain: (–6, 0]
b. range: [–3, 4)
73. g ( −10 ) = 2
c. x-intercept: –3.75
74. g (10) = −2
d. y-intercept: –3

75. When x = −2, g ( x ) = 1. e. f(–5) = 2

76. When x = 1, g(x) = −1. 83. a. domain: [0, ∞)

77. a. domain: (−∞, ∞) c. x-intercepts: –3 and 1

b. range: [−4, ∞) d. y-intercept: –3

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 Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

d. y-intercept: 1
b. range: [1, ∞)
e. f(4) = 3
c. x-intercept: none

e. f (−2) = −3 and f (2) = 5

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

84. a. domain: [–1, ∞) 90. a. domain: (−∞,1) (1, ∞)

b. range: [0, ∞) b. range: (−∞, 0) (0, ∞)
c. x-intercept: –1 c. x-intercept: none
d. y-intercept: 1 d. y-intercept: −1
e. f(3) = 2 e. f(2) = 1
91. a. domain: {–5, –2, 0, 1, 3}
85. a. domain: [–2, 6]
b. range: {2}
b. range: [–2, 6]
c. x-intercept: none
c. x-intercept: 4 d. y-intercept: 2
d. y-intercept: 4 e. f (−5) + f (3) = 2 + 2 = 4

e. f(–1) = 5 92. a. domain: {–5, –2, 0, 1, 4}

b. range: {–2}
86. a. domain: [–3, 2]
c. x-intercept: none
b. range: [–5, 5]
d. y-intercept: –2

1
c. x-intercept: − e. f (−5) + f (4) = −2 + (−2) = −4
2
d. y-intercept: 1 93. g (1) = 3 (1) − 5 = 3 − 5 = −2
2

e. f(–2) = –3 f ( g (1) ) = f ( −2 ) = ( −2 ) − ( −2 ) + 4
= 4 + 2 + 4 = 10
87. a. domain: (−∞, ∞)

b. range: (−∞, − 2]
94. g ( −1) = 3 ( −1) − 5 = −3 − 5 = −8
f ( g ( −1) ) = f ( −8 ) = ( −8 ) − ( −8 ) + 4
2
c. x-intercept: none

d. y-intercept: –2 = 64 + 8 + 4 = 76

f(–4) = –5 and f(4) = –2 3 − ( −1) − ( −6 ) + 6 ÷ ( −6 ) ⋅ 4

2
e. 95.
88. a. domain: (–∞, ∞)
= 3 +1 − 36 + 6 ÷ ( −6 ) ⋅ 4
b. range: [0, ∞)
= 4 − 36 + −1⋅ 4
c. x-intercept: { x x ≤ 0} = 2 − 36 + −4
= −34 + −4
d. y-intercept: 0 = −38

−4 − ( −1) − ( −3 ) + −3 ÷ 3⋅ −6
2
96.

e. f(–2) = 0 and f(2) = 4 c tercept: none

.
89. a. domain: (−∞, ∞) x d. y-intercept: 1.5
-
b. range: (0, ∞) i e. f(4) = 6
n

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

= = −2x3 − 2x
−4
+1
−9
+
97. −3
÷
3⋅
−6
=
−3
−9
+
−1
⋅
−6
=
3−
9+
6
=
−6
+6
=
0

f
(−
x)
−
f(
x)
=
(−
x)
3

+
(−
x)
−5
−
3
(x
+x
−
5)
=
−x
3
−
x−
5−
x3
−x
+5

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

98. f ( −x ) − f ( x ) 103. a. G(30) = −0.01(30)2 + (30) + 60 = 81

(
= ( −x ) − 3 ( −x ) + 7 − x 2 − 3x + 7
2
) In 2010, the wage gap was 81%. This is
represented as (30,81) on the graph.
= x 2 + 3x + 7 − x 2 + 3x − 7
= 6x b. G(30) underestimates the actual data shown by

the bar graph by 2%.

99. a. {(Iceland, 9.7), (Finland, 9.6), (New Zealand,
9.6), (Denmark, 9.5)}
104. a. G(10) = −0.01(10)2 + (10) + 60 = 69
b. Yes, the relation is a function because each In 1990, the wage gap was 69%. This is
country in the domain corresponds to exactly represented as (10, 69) on the graph.
one corruption rating in the range.
b. G(10) underestimates the actual data shown by
c. {(9.7, Iceland), (9.6, Finland), (9.6,
New Zealand), (9.5, Denmark)} the bar graph by 2%.

d. No, the relation is not a function because 9.6 in 105. C(x) = 100, 000 + 100x
the domain corresponds to two countries in the C(90) = 100, 000 + 100(90) = $109, 000
range, Finland and New Zealand. It will cost $109,000 to produce 90 bicycles.

100. a. {(Bangladesh, 1.7), (Chad, 1.7), (Haiti, 1.8), 106. V (x) = 22, 500 − 3200x
(Myanmar, 1.8)}
V (3) = 22,500 − 3200(3) = $12, 900
b. Yes, the relation is a function because each After 3 years, the car will be worth $12,900.
country in the domain corresponds to exactly

one corruption rating in the range. 40 40

107. T ( x) = +
x x + 30
c. {(1.7, Bangladesh), (1.7, Chad), (1.8, Haiti),
40 40
(1.8, Myanmar)} T ( 30 ) = +
30 30 + 30
d. No, the relation is not a function because 1.7 in 80 40
= +
the domain corresponds to two countries in the 60 60
range, Bangladesh and Chad. 120
=
101. a. f (70) = 83 which means the chance that a 60- 60
=2
year old will survive to age 70 is 83%. If you travel 30 mph going and 60 mph returning,
your total trip will take 2 hours.
b. g (70) = 76 which means the chance that a 60-
year old will survive to age 70 is 76%. 108. S (x) = 0.10x + 0.60(50 − x)

c. Function f is the better model. S (30) = 0.10(30) + 0.60(50 − 30) = 15

When 30 mL of the 10% mixture is mixed with 20
102. a. f (90) = 25 which means the chance that a 60- mL of the 60% mixture, there will be 15 mL of
year old will survive to age 90 is 25%. sodium-iodine in the vaccine.

b. g(90) = 10 which means the chance that a 60- 109. – 117. Answers will vary.
year old will survive to age 90 is 10%. 118. makes sense

c. Function f is the better model. 119. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
Sample explanation: The parentheses used in

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

function notation, such as f (x), do not imply

multiplication.

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

120. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. x −3 x −4

Sample explanation: The domain is the number of 130. − =5
5 2
years worked for the company.
 x −3   x−4 
10   −10   = 10 ( 5 )
121. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.  5   2 
Sample explanation: This would not be a function 2x − 6 − 5x + 20 = 50
because some elements in the domain would −3x +14 = 50
correspond to more than one age in the range.
−3x = 36
122. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. x = −12
A sample change is: The domain is [−4, 4]. The solution set is {–12}.

123. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. 131. Let x = the number of deaths by snakes, in
A sample change is: The range is [ −2, 2 ) . thousands, in 2014
Let x + 661 = the number of deaths by
124. true mosquitoes, in thousands, in 2014
Let x + 106 = the number of deaths by snails, in
125. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. thousands, in 2014
A sample change is: f (0) = 0.8 x + ( x + 661) + ( x +106 ) = 1049

126. f (a + h) = 3(a + h) + 7 = 3a + 3h + 7 x + x + 661 + x +106 = 1049

f (a) = 3a + 7 3x + 767 = 1049
f (a + h) − f (a) 3x = 282
h x = 94

=
( 3a + 3h + 7 ) − ( 3a + 7 )
h x = 94, thousand deaths by snakes
3a + 3h + 7 − 3a − 7 3h x + 661 = 755, thousand deaths by mosquitoes
= = =3
h h x +106 = 200, thousand deaths by snails

127. Answers will vary. 132. C(t) = 20 + 0.40(t − 60)

An example is {(1,1),(2,1)} C(100) = 20 + 0.40(100 − 60)

128. It is given that f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y) and f (1) = 3 . = 20 + 0.40(40)

To find f (2) , rewrite 2 as 1 + 1. = 20 + 16

f (2) = f (1 +1) = f (1) + f (1) = 36
= 3+3 = 6 For 100 calling minutes, the monthly cost is $36.
Similarly: 133.
f (3) = f (2 +1) = f (2) + f (1)
= 6+3= 9
f (4) = f (3 +1) = f (3) + f (1)
= 9 + 3 = 12
While f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y) is true for this function,

it is not true for all functions. It is not true

for f ( x ) = x , for example.
2
134. 2(x + h) 2 + 3(x + h) + 5 − (2x 2 + 3x + 5)
2 2 2
= 2(x + 2xh + h ) + 3x + 3h + 5 − 2x − 3x − 5
129. −1 + 3 ( x − 4 ) = 2x

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

= 2x 2 + 4xh + 2h 2 + 3x + 3h + 5 − 2x 2 − 3x − 5
−1 + 3x −12 = 2x
2 2 2

3x −13 = 2x = 2x − 2x + 4xh + 2h + 3x − 3x + 3h + 5 − 5
2

−13 = −x = 4xh + 2h + 3h
13 = x
The solution set is {13}.

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

Section 2.2
Test for symmetry with respect to the origin.
Check Point Exercises y 5 = x3

(− y) = ( −x )
5 3
1. The function is increasing on the interval (−∞, −1),

decreasing on the interval (−1,1), and increasing on − y 5 = −x 3

the interval (1, ∞). y 5 = x3
The resulting equation is equivalent to the original.
2. Test for symmetry with respect to the y-axis. Thus, the graph is symmetric with respect to the
y = x 2 −1 origin.
y = ( −x ) −1
2
4. a. The graph passes the vertical line test and is
y = x −1
2 therefore the graph of a function. The graph is
The resulting equation is equivalent to the original. symmetric with respect to the y-axis. Therefore,
Thus, the graph is symmetric with respect to the the graph is that of an even function.
y-axis. b. The graph passes the vertical line test and is
Test for symmetry with respect to the x-axis. therefore the graph of a function. The graph is
neither symmetric with respect to the y-axis nor
y = x 2 −1
the origin. Therefore, the graph is that of a
− y = x 2 −1 function which is neither even nor odd.
y = −x 2 +1
c. The graph passes the vertical line test and is
The resulting equation is not equivalent to the therefore the graph of a function. The graph is
original. Thus, the graph is not symmetric with symmetric with respect to the origin. Therefore,
respect to the x-axis. the graph is that of an odd function.
Test for symmetry with respect to the origin.

y = x 2 −1 5. a. f (−x) = (−x) 2 + 6 = x 2 + 6 = f (x)

The function is even. The graph is symmetric
− y = ( −x ) −1
2
with respect to the y-axis.
− y = x 2 −1 3 3

b. g(−x) = 7(−x) − (−x) = −7 x + x = − f (x)

y = −x 2 +1

The resulting equation is not equivalent to the The function is odd. The graph is symmetric
original. Thus, the graph is not symmetric with with respect to the origin.
respect to the origin.
c. h(−x) = (−x)5 +1 = −x 5 +1
3. Test for symmetry with respect to the y-axis. The function is neither even nor odd. The graph
y 5 = x3 is neither symmetric to the y-axis nor the origin.

y = ( −x )
5 3
 20 if 0 ≤ t ≤ 60
6. C(t) = 
y 5 = −x 3  20 + 0.40(t − 60) if t > 60
The resulting equation is not equivalent to the

original. Thus, the graph is not symmetric with a. Since 0 ≤ 40 ≤ 60 , C(40) = 20

respect to the y-axis. y 5 = x3

Test for symmetry with respect to the x-axis. (− y)
5
= x3

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.1 Basics of Functions and Their Graphs

− y5 = x3 With 40 calling minutes, the cost is $20.

y = −x
5 3 This is represented by ( 40, 20 ) .
The resulting equation is not equivalent to the
original. Thus, the graph is not symmetric with b. Since 80 > 60 ,
respect to the x-axis. C(80) = 20 + 0.40(80 − 60) = 28
With 80 calling minutes, the cost is $28.
This is represented by ( 80, 28 ) .

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.2 More on Functions and Their Graphs

7. Exercise Set 2.2

1. a. increasing: (−1, ∞)

b. decreasing: (−∞, −1)

c. constant: none
2. a. increasing: (–∞, –1)
b. decreasing: (–1, ∞)
8. a. f (x) = −2x 2 + x + 5
c. constant: none
f (x + h) = −2(x + h)2 + (x + h) + 5
= −2(x 2 + 2xh + h 2 ) + x + h + 5 3. a. increasing: (0, ∞)
= −2x 2 − 4xh − 2h 2 + x + h + 5 b. decreasing: none
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
b. c. constant: none
h
(
−2 x 2 − 4 xh − 2h 2 + x + h + 5 − −2 x 2 + x + 5 ) 4. a. increasing: (–1, ∞)

=
h
b. decreasing: none
−2x 2 − 4xh − 2h 2 + x + h + 5 + 2x 2 − x − 5
=
h c. constant: none
−4xh − 2h 2 + h
= 5. a. increasing: none
h
h ( −4 x − 2h + 1) b. decreasing: (–2, 6)
=
h
c. constant: none
= −4x − 2h +1, h ≠ 0
6. a. increasing: (–3, 2)

b. decreasing: none
Concept and Vocabulary Check 2.2
c. constant: none
1. < f (x2 ) ; > f (x2 ) ; = f (x2 )
7. a. increasing: (−∞, −1)
2. maximum; minimum
b. decreasing: none
3. y-axis
c. constant: (−1, ∞)
4. x-axis

5. origin 8. a. increasing: (0, ∞)

6. f (x) ; y-axis b. decreasing: none

7. − f (x) ; origin c. constant: (–∞, 0)

9. a. increasing: (−∞, 0) or (1.5, 3)

8. piecewise

9. less than or equal to x; 2; −3 ; 0 b. decreasing: (0,1.5) or (3, ∞)

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.2 More on Functions and Their Graphs

10. difference quotient; x + h ; f (x) ; h; h c. constant: none

11. false

12. false

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Chapter 2 Functions and Graphs Section 2.2 More on Functions and Their Graphs

10. a. increasing: (−5, −4) or (−2, 0) or (2, 4) y = x2 + 6

− y = ( −x ) + 6
2

b. decreasing: (−4, −2) or (0, 2) or (4,5)

− y = x2 + 6
c. constant: none y = −x 2 − 6
11. a. increasing: (–2, 4) The resulting equation is not equivalent to the
original. Thus, the graph is not symmetric with
b. decreasing: none respect to the origin.

c. constant: (−∞, − 2) or (4, ∞) 18. Test for symmetry with respect to the y-axis.
y = x2 − 2
12. a. increasing: none y = ( −x ) − 2
2

b. decreasing: (–4, 2) y = x2 − 2
The resulting equation is equivalent to the original.
c. constant: (−∞, −4) or (2, ∞) Thus, the graph is symmetric with respect to the
y-axis.
13. a. x = 0, relative maximum = 4
Test for symmetry with respect to the x-axis.
b. x = −3, 3, relative minimum = 0 y = x2 − 2
14. a. x = 0, relative maximum = 2 − y = x2 − 2
y = −x 2 + 2
b. x = −3, 3, relative minimum = –1
The resulting equation is not equivalent to the
15. a. x = −2, relative maximum = 21 original. Thus, the graph is not symmetric with
respect to the x-axis.
b. x = 1, relative minimum = −6
Test for symmetry with respect to the origin.
16. a. x =1, relative maximum = 30 y = x2 − 2
− y = ( −x ) − 2
2
b. x = 4, relative minimum = 3
− y = x2 − 2
17. Test for symmetry with respect to the y-axis.
y = x2 + 6 y = −x 2 + 2
The resulting equation is not equivalent to the
y = ( −x ) + 6
2
original. Thus, the graph is not symmetric with
y = x2 + 6 respect to the origin.
The resulting equation is equivalent to the original. 19. Test for symmetry with respect to the y-axis.
Thus, the graph is symmetric with respect to the
y-axis. x = y2 + 6
−x = y 2 + 6
Test for symmetry with respect to the x-axis.
x = − y2 − 6
y = x2 + 6 The resulting equation is not equivalent to the
− y = x2 + 6 original. Thus, the graph is not symmetric with
respect to the y-axis.
y = −x 2 − 6
The resulting equation is not equivalent to the Test for symmetry with respect to the x-axis.
original. Thus, the graph is not symmetric with x = y2 + 6
respect to the x-axis.
x = (− y) + 6
2

Test for symmetry with respect to the origin. x = y2 + 6

The resulting equation is equivalent to the original.
Thus, the graph is symmetric with respect to the

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was bidden.
'Lord Duke ...' he began, but got no further, for the Duke, catching
the appealing note in his voice, seeing the horror in his eyes,
suddenly crashed his iron glove into the young man's face. 'God's
blood! Will you stay to argue when I command?'
Mantegazza reeled under that cruel blow, and with blood suffusing
his broken face would have fallen but that one of his men caught and
supported him in the saddle.
The Duke laughed to see what he had done, and took command
himself. 'Into them! Charge!' he commanded in a shout on which his
voice shrilled up and cracked. And the Bavarian mercenaries who
composed the guard, to whom the Milanese were of no account and
all civilians contemptible, lowered their lances and charged as they
were bidden.
Two hundred of those poor wretches found in death the peace for
which they clamoured. The others fled in panic, and the Duke rode
on to the Broletto through streets which terror had emptied.
That night he issued an edict forbidding under pain of death the
utterance of the word 'Peace' in his City of Milan. Even from the
Mass must that accursed word be expunged.
If they had not also clamoured for Facino, it is probable that to
Facino fresh ambassadors would have been sent to invite him to
return. But the Duke would have men know that he was Duke, that
he was not to be coerced by the wishes of his subjects, and so, out
of perversity so blind that it took no account of the pit he might be
digging for himself, the Duke invited Boucicault to Milan.
When Boucicault made haste to answer, then the appeal to
Facino which should have gone from the Duke went, instead, from
the Duke's despairing subjects. Hence Facino's present summons to
Bellarion.
There was no hesitation in Bellarion's mind and fortunately no
obstacle in his present employment. His agreement with the
Florentine Republic had been determined in the last few days. Its
renewal was at present under consideration.
 He went at once to take his leave of the Signory, and, four days
ahead of his army, he was in Alessandria being affectionately
embraced by Facino.
He arrived at the very moment at which, in council with his
captains and his ally the Marquis Theodore, who had come over
from Vercelli, Facino was finally determining the course of action.
'I planned in the sure belief that you would come, bringing at least
a thousand men.'
'I bring twelve hundred, all of them well seasoned.'
'Good lad, good lad!' Facino patted his shoulder. 'Come you in
and let them hear it from you.'
Leaning heavily upon Bellarion's arm, for the gout was troubling
him, he led his adoptive son up that winding stone staircase which
Bellarion so well remembered ascending on that morning when, as a
muleteer, he went to fool Vignate.
'So Master Theodore is here?' said Bellarion.
'And glad to come. He's been restive in Vercelli, constantly
plaguing me to place him in possession of Genoa. But I've held him
off. I do not trust Master Theodore sufficiently to do all my part before
he has done any of his. A sly fox that and an unscrupulous!'
'And the young Marquis?' Bellarion enquired.
Facino laughed. 'You will not recognise him, he has grown so
demure and staid. He thinks of entering holy orders. He'll yet come
to be a man.'
Bellarion stared. 'That he was well your letters told me. But this ...
How did you accomplish it?'
'By driving out his tutor and the others who came with him. A foul
crew!' He paused on the stairs. 'I took their measure at a glance, and
I had your hint. When one night Fenestrella and the tutor made the
boy drunk and themselves drunk with him, I sent them back to
Theodore with a letter in which I invited him to deal with them as
their abuse of trust deserved. I dismissed at the same time the
physician and the body-servants, and I informed Theodore that I
would place about the Marquis in future none but persons whom I
could trust. Perforce he must write to thank me. What else could he
do? You laugh! Faith, it's laughable enough! I laughed, too, which
didn't prevent me from being watchful.'
They resumed the ascent, and Bellarion expressed the hope that
the Lady Beatrice was well. Common courtesy demanded that he
should conquer his reluctance to name her to Facino. He was
answered that she was at Casale, Facino having removed her thither
lest Alessandria should come to be besieged.
Thus they came to the chamber where the council sat.
It was the same stone chamber with its vaulted ceiling and Gothic
windows open to the sky in which Vignate had given audience to
Bellarion. But it was no longer as bare as when the austere Tyrant of
Lodi had inhabited it. The walls were hung with arras, and rich
furnishings had been introduced by the more sybaritic Facino.
About the long oaken table sat five men, four of whom now rose.
The one who remained seated, as if in assertion of his rank, was the
Regent of Montferrat. To the newcomer's bow he returned a short
nod.
'Ah! The Lord Bellarion!' His tone was languid, and Facino fancied
that he sneered. Wherefore he made haste to snap: 'And he brings
twelve hundred men to the enterprise, my lord.'
'That should ensure him a welcome,' the Regent admitted, but
without cordiality. He seemed, Bellarion observed, out of humour and
disgruntled, shorn of his habitual suavity.
The others came forward to greet Bellarion. First the magnificent
Carmagnola, taking the eye as ever by the splendour of his raiment,
the dignity of his carriage, and the poise of his handsome fair head.
He was more cordial than Bellarion had yet known him. But there
was something of patronage, of tutorial commendation in his
congratulatory allusions to Bellarion's achievements in the field.
'He may yet be as great a soldier as yourself, Francesco,' Facino
growled, as he sagged into the chair at the table's head to ease his
leg.
Missing the irony, Carmagnola bowed. 'You'll make me vain, my
lord.'
'My God!' said Facino.
Came the brawny, bearded, red-faced Koenigshofen, grinning
honest welcome and taking Bellarion's hand in a grip that almost
hurt. Then followed the swarthy, mercurial little Piedmontese captain,
Giasone Trotta, and lastly there was a slight, graceful, sober, self-
contained boy in whom Bellarion might have failed to recognise the
Gian Giacomo Paleologo of a year ago but for the increased likeness
he bore to the Princess Valeria. So strong was that likeness grown
that Bellarion was conscious of a thrill as he met the solemn,
searching gaze of those dark and rather wistful eyes.
Place at the table was found for Bellarion, and he was informed of
the situation and of the resolve which had been all but reached. With
his own twelve hundred, and with three thousand men that
Montferrat would send after leaving a sufficient force to garrison
Vercelli, Facino could put eight thousand men into the field, which
should be ample for the undertaking. They were well mounted and
well equipped, the equipment including a dozen cannon of three
hundred pounds apiece and ten bombards throwing balls of two
hundred pounds.
'And the plan of campaign?' Bellarion asked.
It was expounded to him. It was extremely simple. They were to
march on Milan and reduce it. All was in readiness, as he would
have seen for himself; for as he rode into Alessandria he had come
through the great encampment under the walls, where the army
awaited the order to march.
When Facino had done, Bellarion considered a moment before
speaking.
'There is an alternative,' he said, at last, 'which you may not have
considered. Boucicault is grasping more than he can hold. To occupy
Milan, whose people are hostile to a French domination, he has
drawn all his troops from Genoa, where he has made himself
detested by his excessive rigours. You are confusing the issues
here. You plan under the persuasion that Milan is the enemy,
whereas the only real adversary is Boucicault. To cover himself at
one point, he has uncovered at another. Why aim your blow at his
heart which is protected by his shield, when you may aim it at his
head which is unguarded by so much as a helmet?'
They made him no answer save with their eyes which urged that
he, himself, should answer the question he propounded.
'March, then, not on Milan, but on Genoa, which he has so
foolishly left open to attack—a folly for which he may have to answer
to his master, the King of France. The Genoese themselves will offer
no resistance, and you may take possession of the city almost
without a blow.'
Approval came warm and eagerly from the Marquis Theodore, to
be cut short by Facino.
'Wait! Wait!' he rasped. The notion of Theodore's ambitions being
entirely gratified before Theodore should have carried out any of his
own part of the bargain was not at all in accordance with Facino's
views. 'How shall the possession of Genoa bring us to Milan?'
'It will bring Boucicault to Genoa,' Bellarion answered.
'It will draw him from his stronghold into the open, and his strength
will be reduced by the fact that he must leave some force behind to
keep the Milanese in subjection during his absence.'
So strategically sound did the plan appear to Facino upon
consideration that it overcame his reluctance to place the Regent of
Montferrat at this stage in possession of Genoa.
That reluctance he afterwards expressed to Bellarion, when they
were alone.
'You do it, not for Theodore, but for yourself,' he was answered.
'As for Theodore ...' Bellarion smiled quietly.
'You need not grudge him any advantages. They will prove very
transient. Pay-day will come for him.'
 Facino looked sharply at his adoptive son. 'Why, boy,' said he, at
last, in a voice of wonder. 'What is there between you and Theodore
of Montferrat?'
'Only my knowledge that he's a scoundrel.'
'If you mean to make yourself the scourge of scoundrels you'll be
busy in Italy. Why, it's sheer knight-errantry!'
'You may call it that,' said Bellarion, and became thoughtful.

CHAPTER II

THE BATTLE OF NOVI

The rest of this affair—this campaign against the too-ambitious

vicar of the King of France—is a matter of history, which you may
read in the chronicles of Messer Corio and elsewhere.
With a powerful army numbering close upon twelve thousand
men, Facino descended upon Genoa, which surrendered without a
blow. At first there was alarm at the advance of so large an army.
The fear of pillage with its attendant violence ran though the
Genoese, who took the precaution of sending their women and their
valuables to the ships in the harbour. Then the representatives of the
people went out to meet Facino, and to assure him that they would
welcome him and the deliverance from the French yoke provided
that he would not bring his troops into the city.
'The only purpose for which I could wish to do so,' Facino
answered from the litter to which he was confined by the gout, grown
worse since he had left Alessandria, 'would be to enforce the rightful
claims of the Marquis of Montferrat. But if you will take him for your
prince, my army need advance no nearer. On the contrary, I will
withdraw it towards Novi to make of it a shield against the wrath of
the Marshal Boucicault when he returns!'
 And so it befell that, attended only by five hundred of his own
men, Theodore of Montferrat made his state entry into Genoa on the
morrow, hailed as a deliverer by the multitude, whilst Facino fell back
on Novi, there to lie in wait for Boucicault. Nor was his patience tried.
Upon Boucicault confidently preparing for Facino's attack, the news
of the happenings in Genoa fell like a thunderbolt from a clear sky.
Between fury and panic he quitted Milan, and by his very haste
destroyed what little chance he may ever have had of mending the
situation. By forced marches he reached the plains about Novi to find
the road held against his jaded men. And here he piled error upon
error. Being informed that Facino himself, incapacitated by the gout,
had been carried that morning into Genoa, and that his army was
commanded in his absence by his adoptive son Bellarion, the French
commander decided to strike at once before Facino should recover
and return to direct the operations in person.
The ground was excellent for cavalry, and entirely of cavalry some
four thousand strong was Boucicault's main battle composed.
Leading it in person, he hurled it upon the enemy centre in a charge
which he thought must irresistibly cleave through. Nor did the mass
of infantry of which Bellarion's centre was composed resist. It yielded
ground before the furious onslaught of the French lances. Indeed, as
if swayed by panic, it began to yield long before any contact was
established, and the French in their rash exultation never noticed the
orderliness of that swift retreat, never suspected the trap, until they
were fast caught in it. For whilst the centre yielded, the wings stood
firm, and the wings were entirely composed of horse, the right
commanded by the Piedmontese Trotta, the left by Carmagnola,
who, sulky and disgruntled at his supersession in a supreme
command which he deemed his right, had never wearied of
denouncing this disposition of forces as an insensate reversal of all
the known rules.
Back and back, ever more swiftly fell the foot. On and on pressed
the French, their lances couched, their voices already clamantly
mocking these opponents, who were being swept away like leaves
by the mere gust of the charge.
 Bellarion, riding in the rear of his retreating infantry with a
mounted trumpeter beside him, uttered a single word. A trumpet
blast rang out, and before its note had died the retreat was abruptly
checked. Koenigshofen's men, who formed the van of that centre,
suddenly drove the butts of their fifteen-foot German pikes into the
ground. Each man of the two front ranks went down on one knee. A
terrible hedge of spears suddenly confronted the men-at-arms of
France, riding too impetuously in their confidence. Half a hundred
horses were piked in the first impact. Then the impetus of those
behind, striking the leading ranks which sought desperately to check,
drove them forward onto those formidable German points. The entire
charging mass was instantly thrown into confusion.
'That,' said Bellarion grimly, 'will teach Boucicault to respect
infantry in future. Sound the charge!'
The trumpeter wound another blast, thrice repeated, and in
answer, as Bellarion had preconcerted, the right and left wings,
which had gradually been extending, wheeled about and charged the
French on both flanks simultaneously. Only then did Boucicault
perceive whither his overconfident charge had carried him. Vainly did
he seek to rally and steady his staggering followers. They were
enveloped, smashed, ridden down before they could recover.
Boucicault, himself, fighting like a man possessed, fighting, indeed,
for very life, hewed himself a way out of that terrible press, and
contrived to join the other two of the three battles into which he had
divided his army and which were pressing forward now to the
rescue. But they arrived too late. There was nothing left to rescue.
The survivors of the flower of Boucicault's army had thrown down
their arms and accepted quarter, and the reserves ran in to meet a
solid enemy front, which drove wedges into their ranks, and
mercilessly battered them, until Boucicault routed beyond
redemption drew off with what was left.
'A swift action, which was a model of the harmonious
collaboration of the parts.' Thus did Bellarion describe the battle of
Novi which was to swell his ever-growing fame.
 Boucicault, as Bellarion said, had sought to grasp more than he
could hold when he had responded to Gian Maria's invitation, and at
Novi he lost not only Milan, but Genoa as well. In ignominy he took
the road to France, glad to escape with his life and some battered
remnants of his army, and Italy knew him no more after that day.
In the Fregoso Palace at Genoa, overlooking the harbour, where
Theodore of Montferrat had taken up his quarters, and where the
incapacitated Facino was temporarily lodged, there was a great
banquet on the following night to celebrate at once the overthrow of
the French and the accession of Theodore as Prince of Genoa. It
was attended by representatives of the twelve greatest families in
the State as well as by Facino, hobbling painfully on a crutch, and
his captains; and whilst the official hero of the hour was Theodore,
the new Prince, the real hero was Bellarion.
He received without emotion, without any sign either of pride or of
modesty, the tribute lavishly paid him by illustrious men and
distinguished women, by the adulatory congratulatory speech of
Theodore, or the almost malicious stress which Carmagnola laid on
his good fortune.
'You are well named Bellarione "Fortunato,"' that splendid soldier
had said. 'I am still wondering what would have happened if
Boucicault had perceived the trick in time.'
Bellarion was coldly amiable in his reply.
'It will provide you with healthy mental exercise. Consider at the
same time what might have happened if Buonterzo had fathomed
our intentions at Travo, or Vignate had guessed my real purpose at
Alessandria.'
Bellarion moved on, leaving Camagnola to bite his lip and digest
the laughter of his brother captains.
His interview later with Prince Theodore was more serious. From
its outset he mistrusted the fawning suavity of the courtly Regent, so
that, when at the end of compliments upon his prowess, the Regent
proposed to take him and his company into the pay of Montferrat at a
stipend vastly in excess of that which Florence had lately paid him,
Bellarion was not at all surprised. Two things became immediately
clear. First, that Theodore desired greatly to increase his strength,
the only reason for which could be the shirking, now that all his aims
were accomplished, of his engagements towards Facino. Second,
that he took it for granted—as he had done before—that Bellarion
was just a venal, self-seeking adventurer who would never permit
considerations of honour to stand in the way of profit.
And the cupidity and calculation now revealed in Bellarion's
countenance assured Theodore that his skill in reading men had not
been at fault on this occasion.
'You offer me ...' He broke off. Stealthily his glance swept the
glittering groups that moved about the spacious white-and-gold room
to Facino Cane where he sat at the far end in a great crimson chair.
He lowered his voice a little. 'The loggia is empty, my lord. We shall
be more private there.'
They sauntered forth to that covered balcony overlooking the
great harbour where ranks of shipping drawn up against the mole
were slumbering under the stars. A great towering galley was
moving across the water with furled sails, her gigantic oar-blades
flashing silver in the moonlight.
With his glance upon that craft, his voice subdued, Bellarion
spoke, and the close-set eyes of the tall, elegant Regent strained to
pierce the shadows about the young condottiero's face.
'This is a very noble offer, Lord Prince ...'
'I hope I shall never begrudge a man his worth.' It was a speech
true to the character he loved to assume. 'You are a great soldier,
Bellarion. That fact is now established and admitted.'
Bellarion did not contradict him. 'I do not perceive at present your
need for a great soldier, highness. True, your proposal seems to
argue plans already formed. But unless I know something of them,
unless I may judge for myself the likely extent of the service you
require, these generous terms may in effect prove an illusion.'
Theodore resumed his momentarily suspended breath. He even
laughed a little, now that the venal reason for Bellarion's curiosity
was supplied. But he deemed it wise to probe a little further.
'You are, as I understand, under no present engagement to the
Count of Biandrate?'
Bellarion's answer was very prompt.
'Under none. In discharge of past favours I engaged to assist him
in the campaign against the Marshal Boucicault. That campaign is
now ended, and with it my engagement. I am in the market, as it
were, my lord.'
'That is what I assumed. Else, of course, I should not have come
to you with my offer. I lose no time because soon you will be
receiving other proposals. That is inevitable. For the same reason I
name a stipend which I believe is higher than any condottiero has
ever yet commanded.'
'But you have not named a term. That was why I desired to know
your plans so that for myself I might judge the term.'
'I will make the engagement to endure for three years,' said
Theodore.
'The proposal becomes generous, indeed.'
'Is it acceptable?'
Bellarion laughed softly. 'I should be greedy if it were not.'
'It will carry the usual condition that you engage for such service
as I may require and against any whom circumstances may make
my enemy.'
'Naturally,' said Bellarion. But he seemed to falter a little.
'Naturally,' he repeated. 'And yet ...' He paused, and Theodore
waited, craftily refraining from any word that should curb him in
opening his mind. 'And yet I should prefer that service against my
Lord Facino be excepted.'
'You would prefer it?' said Theodore. 'But do you make it a
condition?'
 Bellarion's hesitation revealed him to the Regent for a man torn
between interest and scruples. Weakly, at last, he said: 'I would not
willingly go in arms against him.'
'Not willingly? That I can understand. But you do not answer my
question. Do you make it a condition?'
Still Bellarion avoided answering.
'Would the condition make my employment impossible?' And now
it was Theodore who hesitated, or seemed to hesitate. 'It would,' he
said at last. Very quickly he added: 'Nothing is less likely than that
Facino and I should be opposed to each other. Yet you'll understand
that I could not possibly employ a condottiero who would have the
right to desert me in such a contingency.'
'Oh, yes. I understand that. I have understood it from the first. I
am foolish, I suppose, to hesitate where the terms are so generous.'
He sighed, a man whose conscience was in labour. 'My Lord Facino
could hardly blame me ...' He left the sentence unfinished. And
Theodore to end the rogue's hesitation threw more weight into the
scales.
'And there will be guarantees,' he said.
'Guarantees? Ah!'
'The lands of Asti along the Tanaro from Revigliasco to Margaria
to be made into a fief, and placed under your vicarship with the title
of Count of Asti.'
Bellarion caught his breath. He turned to face the Marquis, and in
the moonlight his countenance looked very white.
'My lord, you promise something that is not yours to bestow.'
'It is to make it mine that I require your service. I am frank, you
see.'
Bellarion saw more. He saw the infernal subtlety with which this
tempter went to work. He made clear his intentions, which must
amount to no less than the conquest and occupation of all those rich
lands which lay between High and Low Montferrat. To accomplish
this, Alessandria, Valenza, and a score of other cities now within the
Duchy of Milan would pass under his dominion. Inevitably, then,
must there be war with Facino, who to the end of his days would be
in arms to preserve the integrity of the Duchy. And Theodore offered
this condottiero, whose services he coveted, a dazzling reward to be
gained only when those aims were fulfilled.
On that seducer's arm Bellarion placed a hand that shook with
excitement.
'You mean this, my lord? It is a solemn undertaking.'
With difficulty Theodore preserved his gravity. How shrewdly had
he not taken the measure of this greedy rogue!
'Your patent shall be made out in anticipation, and signed at the
same time as the contract.'
Bellarion stared out to sea. 'Count Bellarion of Asti!' he murmured,
a man dazzled, dazed. Suddenly he laughed, and laughing
surrendered his last scruple as Theodore was already confident that
he would. 'When do we sign, Lord Prince?'
'To-morrow morning, Lord Count,' Theodore answered with a
tight-lipped smile, and on that, the matter satisfactorily concluded,
they quitted the loggia and parted company.
They met again for the signing of the documents early on the
following morning in the Regent's closet, in the presence of the
notary who had drawn up the contract at Theodore's dictation, of two
gentlemen of Montferrat, and of Werner von Stoffel, who
accompanied Bellarion, and who, as Bellarion's lieutenant, was an
interested party.
The notary read first the contract, which Bellarion pronounced
correct in all particulars, and then the ennobling parchment whereby
Theodore created him Count of Asti, anticipatorily detailing the lands
which he was to hold in fief. This document already signed and
sealed was delivered to Bellarion together with the contract which he
was now invited to sign. The notary dipped a quill and proffered it.
But Bellarion looked at the Regent.
 'Documents,' he said, 'are perishable, and the matter contained in
these is grave. For which reason I have brought with me a witness,
who in case of need can hereafter testify to your undertaking, my
lord.'
The Marquis frowned. 'Let Messer Stoffel examine them for
himself then.'
'Not Messer Stoffel. The witness I prefer waits in your
antechamber, highness.' He stepped quickly to the door, followed by
the Regent's surprised glance. He pulled it open, and at once Facino
was revealed to them, grave of countenance, leaning upon his
crutch.
The Regent made a noise in his throat, as Facino hobbled in to
take the parchments which Bellarion proffered him. Thereafter there
was a spell of dreadful silence broken at last by the Lord Theodore
who was unable longer to control himself.
'You miserable trickster! You low-born, swaggering Judas! I should
have known better than to trust you! I should have known that you'd
be true to your false, shifty nature. You dirty fox!'
 'A trickster! A Judas! A fox!' Bellarion appealed mildly to the
company against the injustice of these epithets. 'But why such
violence of terms? Could I in loyalty to my adoptive father put my
signature to this contract until it had received his approval?'
'You mock me, you vile son of a dog!'
Facino looked up. His face was stern, his eyes smouldered.
'Think of some fouler epithet, my lord, so that I may cast it at you.
So far no term that you have used will serve my need.'
That gave Theodore pause in his reviling of another. But only for a
moment. Almost at once he was leaping furiously towards Facino.
The feral nature under his silken exterior was now displayed. He was
a man of his hands, this Regent of Montferrat, and, beggared of
words to meet the present case, he was prepared for deeds.
Suddenly he found Bellarion in his way, the bold, mocking eyes level
with his own, and Bellarion's right hand was behind his back, where
the heavy dagger hung.
'Shall we be calm?' Bellarion was saying. 'There are half a dozen
men of mine in the anteroom if you want violence.'
He fell back, and for all that his eyes still glared he made an
obvious effort to regain his self-command. It was difficult in the face
of Facino's contemptuous laughter and the words Facino was using.
'You treacherous slug! I place you in possession of Vercelli; I
make you Prince of Genoa, before calling upon you to strike a single
blow on my behalf, and you prepare to use this new-found power
against me! You'll drive me from Alessandria! You'll seduce from me
the best among my captains to turn his weapons against me in your
service! If Bellarion had been an ingrate like yourself, if he had not
been staunch and loyal, whom you dare to call a Judas, I might have
known nothing of this until too late to guard myself. But I know you
now, you dastardly usurper, and, by the Bones of God, your days are
numbered. You'll prepare for war on Facino Cane, will you? Prepare,
then, for, by the Passion, that war is coming to you.'
 Theodore stood there white to the lips, between his two dismayed
gentlemen, and said no word in answer.
Facino, with curling lip, considered him.
'I'd never have believed it if I had not read these for myself,' he
added. Then proffered the documents to Bellarion again. 'Give him
back his parchments, and let us go. The sight of the creature
nauseates me.' And without more, he hobbled out.
Bellarion lingered to tear the parchments across and across. He
cast them from him, bowed ironically, and was going out with Stoffel
when the Regent found his voice at last.
'You kite-hearted trickster! What stipend have you wrung from
Facino as the price of this betrayal?'
Bellarion paused on the threshold. 'No stipend, my lord,' he
answered equably. 'Merely a condition: that so soon as the affairs of
Milan are settled, he will see justice done to your nephew, the
Marquis Gian Giacomo, now of age to succeed, and put a definite
end to your usurpation.'
His sheer amazement betrayed from him the sudden question.
'What is Gian Giacomo to you, villain?'
'Something he is, or else I should never have been at pains to
make him safe from you by demanding him as a hostage. I have
been labouring for him for longer than you think, highness.'
'You have been labouring for him? You? In whose pay?'
Bellarion sighed. 'You must be supposing me a tradesman, even
when I am really that quite senseless thing, a knight-errant.' And he
went out with Stoffel.

CHAPTER III
 FACINO'S RETURN

A strong party of men-at-arms rode out of Genoa that morning,

their corselets flashing in the sunshine, and took the upland road by
the valley of the Scrivia towards Novi and Facino's camp. In their
midst went a mule litter wherein Facino brooded upon the baseness
and ingratitude of men, and asked himself whether perhaps his
ambitious Countess were not justified of her impatience with him
because he laboured for purposes other than the aggrandisement of
himself.
From Novi he despatched Carmagnola with a strong escort to
Casale to bring the Countess Beatrice thence to Alessandria without
loss of time. He had no mind to allow Theodore to hold her as a
hostage to set against Gian Giacomo who remained with Facino.
Three days after leaving Novi, Facino's army, reduced by
Theodore's contingent of three thousand men which had been left
behind, but still in great strength, reached Vigevano, and halted
there to encamp again outside the town. Facino's vanity was the
main reason. He would not cross the Ticino until he could sit a horse
again, so that he might ride lance on thigh into Milan. Already his
condition was greatly improved under the ministrations of a Genoese
physician named Mombelli, renowned for his treatment of the
podagric habit, who was now in Facino's train.
A week passed, and Facino now completely restored was only
restrained from pushing on by the arguments of his physician.
Meanwhile, however, if he did not go to Milan, many from Milan were
coming to him.
Amongst the first to arrive was the firebrand Pusterla of
Venegono, who out of his passionate vindictiveness came to urge
Facino to hang Gian Maria and make himself Duke of Milan,
assuring him of the support of all the Ghibelline faction. Facino heard
him without emotion, and would commit himself to nothing.
Amongst the last to arrive was the Duke himself, in a rash
trustfulness which revealed the desperate view he must take of his
own case and of the helplessness to which his folly and
faithlessness had reduced him. He came accompanied by his evil
genius Antonio della Torre, the fop Lonate, the captain of his guard
Bertino Mantegazza, and a paltry escort of a hundred lances.
With those three attending him he was received by Facino in the
house of the Ducal Prefect of Vigevano.
'Your highness honours me by this proof of your trust in my
integrity,' said Facino, bending to kiss the jewelled ducal hand.
'Integrity!' The Duke's grotesque face was white, his red eyebrows
drawn together in a scowl. 'Is it integrity that brings you in arms
against me, Facino?'
'Not against you, Lord Duke. Never yet have I stood in arms
against your highness. It is upon your enemies that I make war. I
have no aim but the restoration of peace to your dominions.'
'Fine words on the lips of a mutinous traitor!' sneered the Duke.
He flung himself petulantly into a chair.
'If your highness believed that, you would not dare to come here.'
'Not dare? God's bones, man! Are these words for me? I am Duke
of Milan.'
'I study to remember it, highness,' said Facino, and the rumblings
of anger in his voice drove della Torre to pluck at his master's sleeve.
Thus warned, Gian Maria changed the subject but not the tone.
'You know why I am here?'
'To permit me, I hope, to place myself at your potency's
commands.'
'Ah! Bah! You make me sick with your fair words.' He grew sullen.
'Come, man. What is your price?'
'My price, highness? What does your highness conceive I have to
sell?'
'A little patience with his magnificence, my lord,' della Torre
begged.
 'I thought I was displaying it,' said Facino. 'Otherwise it might be
very bad for everybody.' He was really growing angry.
And now the idiot Duke must needs go prodding him into fury.
'What's that? Do you threaten me? Why, here's an insolent dog!'
Facino turned livid with passion. A tall fellow among his captains,
very noble-looking in cloth of silver under a blue houppelande,
laughed aloud. The pale, bulging eyes of Gian Maria sought him out
venomously.
'You laugh, knave?' he snarled, and came to his feet, outraged by
the indignity. 'What is here for laughter?'
Bellarion laughed again as he answered: 'Yourself, Lord Duke,
who in yourself are nothing. You are Duke of Milan at present by the
grace of God and the favour of Facino Cane. Yet you do not hesitate
to offend against both.'
'Quiet, Bellarion,' Facino growled. 'I need no advocate.'
'Bellarion!' the Duke echoed, glaring malevolently. 'I remember
you, and remember you I shall. You shall be taught ...'
'By God, it is your highness shall be taught!' Facino crashed into
the threatening speech roaring like a thundergod. 'Get you hence,
back to your Milan until I come to give you the lesson that you need,
and thank God that you are your father's son and I have grace
enough to remember it, for otherwise you'd never go hence alive!
Away with you, and get yourself schooled in manners before we
meet again or as God's my life I'll birch you with these hands.'
Terrified, cowering before that raging storm, the line of which had
never yet broken about his ducal head, Gian Maria shrank back until
his three companions were between himself and Facino. Della Torre,
almost trembling, sought to pacify the angry condottiero.
'My lord! My lord! This is not worthy!'
'Not worthy! Is it worthy that I shall be called "dog" by a cross-
grained brat to whom I've played the foster-father? Out of my sight,
sir! Out of my sight, all of you! The door, Bellarion! The Duke of Milan
to the door!'
They went without another word, fearing, indeed, that another
word might be their last. But they did not yet return to Milan. They
remained in Vigevano, and that evening della Torre came seeking
audience again of Facino to make the Duke's peace with him, and
Facino, having swallowed his rage by then, consented to receive his
highness once more.
The young man came, this time well schooled in prudence, to
announce that he was prepared to give Facino peaceful entrance
into Milan and to restore him to his office of ducal governor. In short,
that he was prepared to accord all that which he had no power to
refuse.
Facino's answer was brief and clear. He would accept the office
again, provided that it was bestowed upon him for a term of three
years, and the bestowal guaranteed by an oath of fealty to be sworn
upon his hands by the Syndics of the Grand Council. Further, the
Castle of Porta Giovia was to be delivered into his keeping
absolutely, and not only the Guelphic Sanseverino, who now held the
office of Podestà, but all other Guelphs holding offices of State must
be dismissed. Lastly, Antonio della Torre, whom Facino accused of
being at the root of most of the trouble which had distracted Milan,
must go into banishment together with Lonate.
This last was the condition that Gian Maria would not swallow. He
swore it was a vile attempt to deprive him of all his friends.
Thus the conference ended inconclusively, and it was not until
three weeks later that the Duke finally yielded, and accepted
Facino's terms in their entirety.
On the evening of Wednesday, the sixth of November of that year,
attended by a large company, Facino Cane, Count of Biandrate, rode
into Milan to resume his governorship, a governorship which he was
resolved to render absolute this time. They entered the city in a
downpour of rain, notwithstanding which the streets were thronged
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