Chapter 4

Internet of Things
(IoT)
 Objective of this Chapter
After accomplishing this chapter, Students will
be able to:

➢ Describe IoT
➢ Describe the pros and cons of IoT
➢ Explain how IoT works
➢ Explain the architecture of IoT
➢ Describe application areas of IoT

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 Outline
✓Overview of IoT
o What is IoT?
o IoT − Advantages
o IoT – Disadvantages
o Challenges of IoT
✓How does IoT work?
o Architecture of IoT
o Devices and Networks
✓IoT Based Smart Home
✓IoT Based Smart City
✓IoT Based Smart Farming
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 What is IoT?
Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB) definition

 IoT is the networking of smart objects

intelligently communicating in the
presence of Internet protocol that
cannot be directly operated by human
beings but exist as components in
buildings, vehicles or the environment.

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 What is IoT?
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) definition
 IoT is the networking of smart objects in
which smart objects have some constraints
such as:
 limited bandwidth
 limited power
 limited processing accessibility for achieving
interoperability among smart objects.

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 What is IoT?
IEEE Communications category magazine’s

 IoT is a framework of all things that have

a representation in the presence of the
Internet in such a way that new
applications and services enable the
interaction in the physical and virtual
world in the form of Machine-to-Machine
(M2M) communication in the cloud.
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 What is IoT?
 Oxford Dictionary definition
 IoT is the interaction of everyday computing
devices through the Internet that enables the
sending and receiving of useful data.
 2020 conceptual framework
 According to the 2020 conceptual framework,
IoT is expressed through a simple formula such
as:
IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors

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 What is IoT?
 IoT is the network of physical objects or
"things" embedded with:
 Hardware (Electronics)
 Software
 Sensors
 Network Connectivity (Internet)
 These objects enable the devices to
collect and exchange data.
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 What is IoT?
 IoT is a system of interrelated computing
devices, mechanical and digital machines,
objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers (RFID) and the ability to
transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
 IoT is a network of devices that can sense,
accumulate and transfer data over the internet
without any human intervention.
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 IoT Devices/Things
 IoT consists of any device with an on/off switch
connected to the Internet.
 Example of IoT devices
 Cellphones (Smartphone)
 Buildings (smart building)
 Airplane Engine
 Medical devices (heart monitor implant or biochip
transponder in a farm animal).
 Gigantic network of internet-connected “things” and
devices.
 Ring, a doorbell that links to your smartphone, provides
an excellent example of IoT. Ring signals you when the
doorbell is pressed and lets you see who it is and to speak
with them.
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 What is IoT?
Application areas of IoT:
 Connected industry (Smart Industry)
 Smart-city
 Smart-home
 Smart-energy
 Connected car (driverless car)
 Smart agriculture
 Connected building (Smart Building)
 Smart campus
 Smart Health care
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 Overview of IoT
The most important features of IoT include:
➢Artificial intelligence (AI)

➢Connectivity (Network/Internet)

➢Sensors

➢Active engagement

➢Small device use

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 Overview of IoT
Artificial Intelligence in IoT
 IoT makes virtually anything “smart”
 Example: IoT is enhancing your refrigerator to
detect when milk run low, and to then place an
order with your preferred grocer.
Connectivity in IoT
 To create these small networks between its system
devices.
Sensors in IoT
 Sensors transform IoT from a standard passive
network of devices into an active system capable
of real-world integration.
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 Overview of IoT
Active Engagement in IoT
 Much of today's interaction with connected
technology happens through passive engagement.
 But, the IoT introduces a new paradigm for active
engagement (content, product, or service).
Small Devices in IoT
 Devices, as predicted, have become smaller,
cheaper, and more powerful over time.
 IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver
its precision, scalability, and versatility.
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 Advantages and disadvantages
of IoT

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 IoT − Advantages
The IoT has offer the following advantages

 Improved Customer Engagement

 IoT completely transforms active and
effective engagement with audiences.

 Technology Optimization
 IoT can be used to improve device use, and
helps in more effective improvements to
technology.

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 IoT − Advantages
 Reduced Waste
 IoT makes areas of improvement clear and neat.
 IoT provides real-world information leading to
the more effective management of resources.
 Enhanced Data Collection
 IoT allows an accurate picture of everything.
 Appropriate use of IoT devices will support
near-real-time data collection and analysis that
will lead to better and more timely data-driven
decision makings.
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 IoT – Disadvantages
Some of the disadvantages of IoT are:
 As the number of connected devices
increases and more information is shared
between devices, the potential that a
Hacker/Cracker could steal confidential
information also increases.
 If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely
that every connected device will become
corrupted.
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 IoT – Disadvantages
 Compatibility: Since there’s no international
standard of compatibility for IoT, it’s difficult
for devices from different manufacturers to
communicate with each other.
 Enterprises may eventually have to deal with
massive numbers may be even millions of
IoT devices and collecting and managing the
data from all those devices will be
challenging.

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 Challenges of IoT
 Here is a list of major issues (challenges):

 Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of

connected devices communicating over
networks. The system offers little control
despite any security measures. This leaves
users exposed to various kinds of attackers.

 Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides

substantial personal data in extreme detail
without the user's active participation.
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 Challenges of IoT
 Complexity − IoT systems complicated in terms of
design, deployment, and maintenance given their use of
multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling
technologies.
 Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility
of an IoT system to integrate easily with another. They
worry about finding themselves with several conflicting
or locking systems.
 Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the
realm of business, must comply with regulations. Its
complexity makes the issue of compliance seem
incredibly challenging when many consider standard
software compliance a battle.
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 How does IoT work?
 An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart
devices that collect, send and act on data they
acquire from their environments using their
 Sensors
 Embedded processors
 Hardware
 Software
 Network connectivity
 The devices do most of the work without human
intervention
 People can interact with the devices for example, to set
them up, give them instructions or access the data.
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 Architecture of IoT
The architecture of IoT devices comprises four
major components:

a. Sensing Layer

b. Network Layer

c. Data processing

d. Application layer

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 Sensing Layer
 Sensors in IoT obtain data from the real world.
 Sensors are usually integrated through sensor hubs.
 A sensor hub is a common connection point for
multiple sensors that accumulate and forward sensor
data to the processing unit of a device.
 Actuators can also intervene to change the physical
conditions that generate the data.
 Actuators take electrical input and transforms the input
into tangible action such as shut off a power supply,
adjust an airflow valve, or temperature control valves
used in smart homes.
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 Sensing Layer

Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into

three broad categories
1. Motion Sensors: measure the change in motion
(angular or linear) as well as the orientation of
the devices
2. Environmental Sensors: sense the change in
environmental parameters in the device’s
peripheral. E.g. Light and Pressure sensors
3. Position sensors: deal with the physical position
and location of the device. E.g. Global
Positioning System (GPS) and Magnetic Sensors
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 Network Layer
 The network layer acts as a communication channel
to transfer data collected in the sensing layer to
other connected devices.
 This layer is implemented by using diverse
communication technologies to allow data flow
between other devices within the same network.
 Wi-Fi
 Bluetooth
 Zigbee
 Z-Wave
 LoRa
 cellular network
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 Data Processing Layer
 This layer takes data collected in the sensing
layer and analyses/processes the data to make
decisions based on the result.
 The data processing layer also saves the result of
the previous analysis to improve the user
experience.
 This layer may share the result of data
processing with other connected devices via the
network layer.
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 Application Layer
 Application layer implements and presents the
results of the data processing layer to
accomplish different applications of IoT devices.
 This layer is a user-centric layer that executes
various tasks for the users.
 smart transportation
 smart home,
 personal care
 healthcare, etc.

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 Devices and Networks
 IoT devices talk with each other to
automate tasks, and to communicate usable
sensor data to users, industry or enterprise.
 Connected IoT devices can be categorized
into three main groups:
 Consumer IoT devices
 Enterprise IoT devices and
 Industrial IoT devices

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 Devices and Networks
 Consumer connected devices include:
 smart TVs
 smart speakers
 Smart toys
 wearables devices
 smart appliances
 Industrial and/or enterprise IoT devices include:
 smart meters
 commercial security systems
 smart city technologies used to monitor traffic and weather
conditions
 smart air conditioning
 smart thermostats
 smart lighting
 smart security
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 Devices and Networks
 IoT network includes a number of devices with
constrained resources such as power, processing,
memory etc.
 Device in IoT is characterized by their
heterogeneity and resources constrained
networks.
 Therefore, the efficient management of IoT
networks requires considering both the
constraints of low power IoT devices and the
deployment complexity of the underlying
communication infrastructure.
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 Devices and Networks
 Therefore, efficient and autonomic management
of IoT networks take in account several elements
such as:
 Scalability
 Interoperability
 Energy Efficiency
 Topology Control
 Quality of Service (QoS)
 Fault Tolerance, and
 Security.

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 Devices and Networks
Networked IoT Devices

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 Applications of IoT
 The versatile nature of IoT makes it an attractive
option for so many businesses, organizations,
and government branches
 Agriculture
 Consumer use
 Health care
 Manufacturing
 Retail
 Transportation
 Utilities

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 Applications of IoT- Agriculture
 IoT makes monitoring and management of
micro-climate conditions a reality, which in turn
increases production.
 IoT technology can sense soil moisture and
nutrients, in conjunction with weather data
 better control smart irrigation and fertilizer
systems.

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 Smart Farming

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 Applications of IoT in Consumer Use
 IoT devices such as Fitbit, Smart Phones,
Apple Watches, Health Monitors
 help improve entertainment, health, and fitness

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 Wearable IoT devices

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 Applications of IoT in Consumer Use
 Smart homes take care of things like activating
environmental controls so that your house is at peak
comfort when you come home.
 Appliances such as Oven, Lights, and security
devices such as Smart Locks can be controlled
remotely

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 Applications of IoT: Healthcare
 IoT Help patients to monitor health at home, thereby
reducing hospital stays while still providing up to the
minute real-time information that could save lives.

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 Applications of IoT: Manufacturing
 RFID and GPS technology can help a manufacturer
track a product from its start on the factory floor to its
placement in the destination store, the whole supply
chain from start to finish
 Sensors can gather information on travel time,
product condition, and environmental conditions that
the product was subjected to

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 Applications of IoT: Retail
 IoT can help analyze mall traffic to enhance the
customer’s shopping experience.
 IoT helps retailers target customers (for instance for
advertisement) based on past purchases.

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Applications of IoT: Transportation

 IoT for Self-Driving cars

 GPS data can be used to determine traffic patterns,
parking space demand, and road construction and
maintenance

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 Applications of IoT: Utilities
 IoT sensors can be employed to monitor
environmental conditions such as humidity,
temperature, and lighting
 With IoT-driven environmental control, businesses and
private residences can experience significant energy
savings.
 Data gathered by the IoT can be used to help run
municipal power grids more efficiently, analyzing
factors such as power usage
 Sensors can help identify outages faster
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 Applications of IoT: Utilities

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 Quiz
1. Define the IoT
2. What are the requirements/features to implement
IoT?
3. List two advantages and disadvantages of IoT
4. Mention the four layers of IoT architecture
5. Give two examples of consumer IoT smart devices
6. What is the name of the identifier in the IoT
system?

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