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_Fundamentals of Chemistry Notes (1)

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42 views

_Fundamentals of Chemistry Notes (1)

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divyadeepthi1213
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, HYDERABAD

CLASS – VII
Subject: General Science Fundamentals of Chemistry
Handout
(Synopsis of the chapter)

1. Atom: It is the fundamental unit of matter that may or may not exist independently.

2.Element: An element is a pure substance whose molecules are made up of same kind of

atoms. Eg. O2, N2, S8


3. Molecule: It is the smallest particle of an element or a compound that exhibits their
properties. It can exist independently.
Eg. O2 (molecule of an element), H2O(molecule of a compound)
4. Molecule of a compound: It is a pure substance made up of two or more elements that are
chemically combined in a fixed ratio.
The properties of a compound are different from the properties of its constituent elements.
For example ,liquid water is a compound made up of two completely different gaseous
elements –hydrogen and oxygen.(H2 O)
5. Mixture: A mixture is a substance that consists of elements or compounds that are
physically combined in any ratio.
The constituents of mixture do not lose their properties and they do not undergo any
chemical change.
Eg. Air is a mixture of various gases that have their own individual properties.
6. Atomicity: The number of atoms present in a molecule of an element is called as its
atomicity.

Element Number of atoms in Atomicity


one molecule

Helium 1 monoatomic

Hydrogen 2 diatomic

Oxygen 2 diatomic

Phosphorus 4 polyatomic

Sulphur 8 polyatomic

7. Chemical Symbol: A symbol is a single or two letter abbreviation of the name of an element.
Eg. Hydrogen-H, Chlorine- Cl, Magnesium-Mg
Rules to be followed while writing chemical symbols of elements:
● If an element is denoted by a single letter,it is written in capital. Eg Carbon-C
● If the symbol of an element has two letters,the first letter is written as capital letter and
the second letter is written in a small case. Eg.Calcium- Ca
● Symbols of some of the elements are derived from their Latin names.

Eg Iron – Ferrum-Fe
A. Elements that are represented by using the first letter of the name of the
element: Hydrogen H Oxygen O Nitrogen N
Carbon C Sulphur S Phosphorus P
Boron B Fluorine F Iodine I
B. Elements that are represented by two letters:
Aluminium- Al; Beryllium- Be; Helium- He; Lithium- Li; Neon- Ne
Silicon- Si; Chlorine- Cl ; Manganese -Mn ; Magnesium -Mg ; Zinc- Zn ;
Cobalt- Co; Chromium- Cr;Platinum-Pt
C. Elements whose symbols have been derived from their Latin names:
Element Latin name Symbol

Copper Cuprum Cu

Iron Ferrum Fe

Gold Aurum Au

Silver Argentum Ag

Potassium Kalium K

Sodium Natrium Na

Tin Stannum Sn

Lead Plumbum Pb

Tungsten Wolfrum W

Mercury Hydrargyrum Hg

8. Molecular Formula: It represents the composition of a molecule of an element or a


compound. Eg. O2 , HCl

9. Ion: Any atom or group of atoms that bears one or more positive or negative charges is called

an ion. A positively charged ion is called a cation. A negatively charged ion is called an anion.
Cations Anions

Sodium Na+ Fluoride F-

Potassium K+ Chloride Cl-


Lithium Li+ Bromide Br-
Silver Ag+ Hydroxide OH-

Ammonium NH4+ Bicarbonate HCO31-


Calcium Ca2+ Nitrate NO31-
Magnesium Mg2+
Nitrite NO21-
Barium Ba2+ Sulphide S2-
Lead Pb2+ Oxide O2-
Mercury Hg2+
Carbonate co32-
Zinc Zn2+ Sulphate SO42-
Ferrous Fe2+ Sulphite SO32-
Ferric Fe3+ Nitride N3-
Aluminium Al3+

10.Subatomic particles : An atom is made up of sub atomic particles.


a) Protons - Positively charged protons, present inside the nucleus.
b) Neutrons -Particles present inside the nucleus and do not have any charge.
c) Electrons – Negatively charged particles present around the nucleus in orbits/shells/
energy levels.
11. Atomic number: The number of protons present in the nucleus of the atom.(An element can be
identified by its atomic number).
12. Mass number - It is the total number of protons and neutrons.
13. Electronic configuration: The manner in which electrons are arranged in orbits around the
nucleus is called electronic configuration. The formula 2n2 determines the number of electrons
that can fit in an orbit.
K shell(n=1) = 2x12 = 2x1x1= 2e-
L shell(n=2) = 2x22 = 2x2x2 =8e-
M shell (n=3) = 2 x 32 = 2x3x3 = 18e-
N shell (n=4) = 2x 42 = 2x4x4 = 32e-

14. Valence electrons: Electrons present in the valence shell.


Elements with 1,2,3 valence electrons tend to lose electrons. They are generally metals. Eg.,
Sodium has 1 valence electron, Mg has two valence electrons that are donated to other atoms
to form octet and form positively charged Na+ and Mg2+ ions.(positively charged ions are called
Cations)
Elements having more than 5 electrons, gain electrons from other atoms during chemical
reactions. They are generally non metals. Eg. Sulphur has 6 valence electrons, so it accepts two
electrons from other atoms to complete the octet. S-2ion (negatively charged ions are called
Anions)
15. Valency: The combining capacity of an element. It is the number of electrons that are shared,
lost or gained during the chemical reaction.
16. Chemical Formula: A chemical formula is the short form used to represent a molecule of a
Compound.

Rules for writing the chemical formulae Eg Calcium oxide

Step1: Write the symbols and the valencies of the Ca O


elements present in that compound +2 -2
(first the cation and then the anion)

Step 2: Then we must criss- cross only the valencies


of the elements as shown. Ca O

+2 -2

Step3. Write the interchanged numbers as subscript


But ignore + and – signs. Ca2 O2

Change the subscripts to the lowest possible ratio. Ca1O1


Ignore the subscript if it is one.
Formula of Calcium oxide CaO
Eg. 2 Magnesium chloride step1. Mg Cl

+2 -1
Step2 Mg1 Cl2

Step3 Mg1 Cl2 ( ignore if the subscript is 1) Formula for Magnesium

chloride is MgCl2

Eg 3 Sodium carbonate Na CO3

+1 -2
Note: Put brackets since it
is a polyatomic ion Na2 (CO3)1

In the final formula ‘1’ can be ignored and as there is no number outside the brackets, even they
can be removed.
Sodium carbonate formula is Na2 CO3

Eg.4 Zinc hydroxide Zn OH

+2 -1

Zn1 (OH)2
‘1’ for Zn can be ignored and the formula for Zinc hydroxide is Zn(OH)2

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