TECHNICAL FEATURES OF LARGE VERTICAL CONCRETE VOLUTE PUMPS by Richard Canavelis, Head Hydraulics Department Jean Pierre Daux Head Drawing and Meckanics Department Francois d’Inca Head Erection Department and Jean-Louis E. Bloch Commercial Manager Bergeron S.A. Paris, France Richard Canavelis received his engi neering diploma in 1962 from Ecole Centrale de Paris. From 1962 to 1967, he was a Research Engineer in the Turbomachinery Department of Elec- tricte de France. Direction des Etudes et Recherches. In 1967, Dr. Canavels completed his Science Doctorate thesis on Cavitation Erosion in Turbomachinery. Since 1968, hhe has been an engineer at Bergeron, SA. and is presently Head of the Hydraulles Department. Jean-Louis E, Bloch is Commercial ‘Manager with Bergeron S.A. Fle received his BS. and MS. degrees in Elec tromechanical Engineering from the EBP, Paris, He is responsible for Marketing ‘and Sales throughout the world. In the past, he has also held Marketing and Commercial positions with subsidiaries of French Thomson-CSF group in the field fof vacuum pumps and vacuum tech niques, and with SNECMA foundries for sircraft construction Jean-Pierre Daux graduated from Ecole Nationale Superieure Diarts et ‘Matiers in 1975. He has been an engi nneer at Bergeron SA. and is presently ‘Head of the Mechanical Department. Francois d'Inca is Head of the Erection Department at Bergeron, S.A. in Pars, France. He was formerly Chief Super visor of @ large conerete volute pump, and started with Bergeron in 1960 os Superisor of Constriction for a large concrete volute pump. Mr dlnca recelved a diploma from La Floride Technical School in Marseile, in fe 1952, afer traning in precision asserm- bly. He was a Mechanical Fiter ino ship ‘ard from 1953 t0 1959, ABSTRACT A summary of the current technique of concrete volute pumps, a technique which is widely used in several countries, (Germany, Great Britain, lly, Netherlands, Portugal, South Arica, the Soviet Union ‘and, more particularly in France) is presented. The hydaullc performance obtained and the wide range of possible applications are mentioned. The main compo- nents of this type of pump and materials employed are de. scribed and the fundamental simplicity of this technology is highlighted. The advantages of concrete volute pumps are ‘examined, including high relabilty, maximum availability, low maintenance costs, excellent corosion sistance, very ile rmicro- or mactofouling and vibration free behavior ‘The strong poinis of concrete volute pumps versus conven, tonal vertical wet pit pumps are presented in a comparative fable. A quick look at the many possible areas of application ‘gives the assurance that the use of such pumps will continue to gow. INTRODUCTION Conerete volute pumps may be used in any place where pumping relaively high flowrates of fresh or saline water is required. The fist concrete volute pump in the world was installed in 1917, for ralsing sea-water in harbor basins in Saint Nazaire (France) This pump was designed for a flowrate of 6 1m°'s (95,000 gpm) and a total head of 3.3 m (10 ft). Its stl ‘operating in salisactory condition.106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL PUMP SYMPOSIUM. ‘This frst concrete volute pump was designed because of the lack of steel during the First World War Its very satisfactory behavior, especially with sea water, promoted usage ofthe same type of pump for thermal power stations, ports and ship building sites and sea water pumping stations, built in France before 1970 [1.2], These installations proved the very high reliability of this type of pump. From this period, flowrates required by power stations and big industrial complexes be: ‘came lager and larger. The concrete volute pump was an Interesting alternative to large steel casings which could no longer be made in a foundry and would have led to high transport costs, The concrete volute may be easly constructed bby any local civil engineering company, anywhere in the world 8. Its ability to pump very high fowrates with @ very high reliability resulted in this type of pump being chosen for cooling, Water circuits of recent French 900 MW and 1300 MW nuclear clectric power generation plants, Approximately 120 concrete volute pumps have been recently constructed in these nuclear plants, with @ unit flowrate greater than 20 m'is (300,000 gpm) per pump, In these plants, only two 50 percent duty pumps are installed without stand-by units due to the high availabilty of these pumps. Their average availabilty coefcient calculated ‘over a'10 year period has been 99,95 percent [4]. During these {years of development, the concrete volute pump has been Continuously improved to obtain higher hydraulic performance ‘a well as lower investment and maintenance costs. The main, technical features and many practical advantages of this type of pump are presented herein, ‘THE PRINCIPLE OF CONCRETE VOLUTE ‘The layout in Figure 1 shows how the concrete volute casing may be integrated within civ engineering construction of, the pumping station. Compared with conventional axial or ‘mixed flow sump pumps, the concrete volute pumps present the following advantages: * muuch lower weight and cost of metal parts for the same cconerete volume (cost reduction soften more than 30 percent) Moreover, the number and dimensions of qrouted parts have bbeen reduced as much as possible. Tower cranage height and lifting capacity requirements. + high corrosion and erosion resistance ofthe pump casing, ‘more particularly in saline water. "no vibration, no noise, no external fouling, no mainte: nance ofthe casing * full accessibility —easy internal inspection without dis mantling the pump. For pumps with a capacity higher than ALTERNATIVE. ‘Two FLOOR TyPE—— ALTERNATIVE gb Figure 1. General Layout of a Concrete Volute Pump Com. pared to-a Vertical Wet Pt Pump, ‘approximately 10 mls (150,000 gpm), the impeller may be ‘examined ftom the suction elbow. For practically ll pumps the rotor may be observed by entering the concrete volute through ‘a manhole. * the rotor (impeller and. shaft) can be removed quickly atter dismanting the pump cover. «the volute may be constructed by alocal civil engineering company, anywhere inthe world. HYDRAULIC FEATURES Performance Curves, Concrete volute pumps are designed for specific speeds from 3550 t0 6500 (ftom 70 to 125 in metric system), Specific speed=n Q” Ho where 1 = rotational speed in spm Q = flowrate in gpm (ms in metric system) H = ‘oval headin ft fm in metric sytem) As shown in Fgute 2, usual production comesponds to a fourate range kom 3 1930 ms (50,000 to 500,000 gpm) and to'a head range fom 5 to 30 m (15 to 100) It can be seen thatthe outlet diameter ofthe impeller may vary from 1 to 4m {3013 In this range of duties, the concrete volute has been proven to be an exonomially advantageous solution. ‘When flowrates higher than 10 ms (160,000 gpm) are required, the concrete volute is always less costly solution than the conventional versal wet pit pump or than a welded metal volute: These high flowrates are mostly used in high power thermal and nuclear plans ‘When flowrates Smaller than 10 m'is (160,000 gpm) are required, the conerete volute is stil economically advantageous compared to vertcal wet pit pumps or to cast metal volute pumps. Moreover, it becomes very altactive when sea or Sewage water is pumped, due to the absence of corosion and macroouting ofthe casing. For these reasons. concrete volute pumps fing between 3 and 5 ms (50,000 to 80,000 apr) tre used fr dry-dock exhaust, draining and ballast pumps. ond for sea water cooing cicuts in industal complexes (chemical, petochemical, refinery, and steel industries) Many low flowrate Eonette volute pumps have also been installed for pumping fain or sewage Water for inigation and for drainage and food HEAD Op impeller oxtlet diameter ho 39 m/s Figure 2. Usual Operating Range of Concrete Volute Pups.107 ‘TECHNICAL FEATURES OF LARGE VERTICAL CONCRETE VOLUTE PUMPS protection, When very low flowrates are required, between 2 and 3 m''s (30,000 to 50,000 gpm), the concrete volute may Sill be used through the use of special formwork. ‘When total heads higher than 30 to 40 m (100 to 130 it) are required, the concrete volute may sil be convenient, due 10 provisions for avoiding flow velocities higher than 10 mis (30, {3} on conerete, Total heads up to 100 m (300 ft) or even more may be considered for high flowrate storage pumps. In this, case, a diferent technology, such as special coatings for the concrete or a grouted metal diffuser, may be used ‘The impeller is of the centrifugal or mixed flow type, according to installation conditions. Lower specific speeds from, 3650 to 5200 (70 to 100 in the mettle system) are achieved ‘with a centrifugal impeller Higher specific speeds from 5200 10, {6500 (100 to 125 in the metric system) are achieved with a mixed flow impeller Performance curves are shown in Figure 3, The main advantages shown by these curves are: + a shutoff head no higher than approximately 15 times the nominal head + a continuously negative slope for the head-fow curve +a shut-off input power no higher than the nominal power + a maximum overall efficiency higher than 90 percent in ‘most cases. ‘CONCRETE VOLUTE PUMPS TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVES i Total Head H z 00 Input mat [So mes too 50: hoo Eticency 77 1 NP neo 460 nominal? 80 100 Flow rate @ in % of nominal Vo: inlet mean velocity inlet peripheral velocity po = Vo/Uo 0.6 yo = 2gNPSHe/ Us? os 04 MIXED FLOW IMPELLER CENTRIFUGAL IMPELLER 04 fo Figure 4. Suction Performance Curves. prefered, When a simplified formwork is desived, a polygonal section may be adopted as shown in Figures S{B) and SIC). Such simplified shapes lead to a lower formwork cost and to ‘easiex preparation of veinforced concrete, A consequence of this, simplification may be a sight drop of hydraulic efficiency. For Inwer specific speeds from 3650 to 5200 (70 to 100 in the metric system), the efficiency drop is never more than one petcent. For higher specitic speeds from 5200 to 6500 (100 to 125 in the metric system), the efficiency drop may be quite imperceptible Figure 3. Typical Performance Curves. Suction performance is shown in Figure 4. These curves conespond to a suction specific speed S= 13,000 (S=250 in the metic system) at the nominal duty point. S=nQ" NPSH,* where = rotational speed in rpm Q flowrate in gpm (‘Vs in metric system) NPSH, = required NPSH corresponding to 3 percent head drop Suction performance is such that in most cases the re aquired suction level does not need to be higher than the top of, the impeller This means in most installations thatthe available PSH is equal to or slightly higher than atmospheric pressure. “The shape and submergence of the suction elbow is such thatthe formation of vortices andl air entrainment may be more easily avolded than ina large sump where streamlines are not so well straightened. The shape of the volute may be adapted to the available formwork technology. When an optimization of hydraulle eft ciency is required, the rounded section shown in Figure 5{A) is, Figure 5. Different Volute Shapes. ‘The maximum admissible flow velocity on concrete to svoid erosion is about 10 m’s (30 fs). This condition is always, ‘et with total heads lower than 30 m (100 ft) In cases where a higher head leads to higher flow velocties, a special coating may be used on some parts ofthe internal volute area Internal macrofouling of the concrete volute is always: avoided since the flow velocity on concrete is always higher than 3 mis Adaptation to Circuit Variations In some installations, the circuit resistance may vary to a rather large extent during normal operation. The impeller de: sign allows continuous operation from 60 percent to 130 per: ent of the optimum flowrate In some installations, the actual circuit rsstance encoun- tered differs from specications, and flowrate variations are not convenient for the utiles. In such conditions, it 1s important that the pump be adapted to the new operating point. Studies ‘on pump models and on-site experience have shown an ap- ‘tude to adaptation as presented on Figutes 6 and 7.108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL PUMP SYMPOSIUM. ADJUSTED _wwELiER wih curreD H/tn} QUIET —ouMETES a7 Fico _einouir + 0760 H/Hin f aovusteo_impeuer with swanpening oF —O7an Figure 6. Examples of Adjustment of the Centrifugal Impeller of, ‘@ Conerete Volute Pump for Adaptation to Circuit Resistance Variations. H/Ha A cesin mein “ADJUSTED _inPeWLER with Curie OUTLET awe ren H/Ho aoJusteo_iMpeLueR with SHARPENING oF BLADES OUTLED EDGES ON SUCTION DESIGN IMPELLER To Figure 7. Examples of Adjustment of the Centrijugal Impeller of, 4 Concrete Volute Pump to Change the Flourate in a Given Circuit. Hydraulic Tests: Head, Input Power Efficiency Measurements Hydraulic performance tests are always required to check the guaranteed requirements, Three diferent procedures have ‘been developed ‘Model Tests: Model tests may be easly performed in the laboratory, with respect to the intake structure, by reproducing the shape of the suction elbow: Performance curves obtained fon a 360 mm (14 in) diameter model are shown on Figure 8 The model impeller was made of sand casting bronze, A, ‘movable front shroud for a better sharpening and surfacing of the blades was provided. The final blade roughness mean value Is not higher than 3.2 ym (125 yin). ‘The model volute casing was made of cast iron with an intemal surface roughness mean value of approximately 6.3, lum (250 yin). Tests have shown that for the speciic speeds being considered, the volute roughness has litle effect on the hydraulic efficiency Plw Hm P 80 30 aS io 40 20 a 20 eo EW Zi é 10 0 200 350-00 1s Figure 8. Model Pump Performance Curves. Laboratory measurements allow for the accounting of the downstream pressure recovery It has been shown that the delivery head at the volute discharge end must be calculated with a velocity head coefficient of 1.15. This means that the total outlet head may be expressed as: Hy=Z2+Paipg + 115 V229 where Zy = elevation of outlet measuring section above a refer ence plane Po = gauge pressure in outlet measuring section at eleva: lion Ze ‘mean velocity in outlet measuring section liquid density acceleration due to gravity 1 must also be noted that laboratory tests allow optimiza tion of performance by fiting the impeller to the required duty, Such an operation may lead to an adequate sharpening of cutting of impeller blades as shown in Figures 6 and 7109 TECHNICAL FEATURES OF LARGE VERTICAL CONCRETE VOLUTE PUMPS Acceptance model testing may be done according 0 the IEC P 497 international test code, using the proposed ACKERET step-up formula for efficiency (5): An=K (1=ny) (1 = (ReyRep}®?] where n= difference in hydraulic efficiency between model and prototype. ‘ay. = hydraulic efciency of the model pump. Reynolds number on model pump. Reynolds number on prototype pump. Reynolds number is calculated as follows: Re = D, ¥2gHv D,_ = pump inlet diameter (m) H_ = pump total head (m) 1g = acceleration due to gravity (mils?) v= kinematic viscosity (rms) This formula is to be applied when Rey is higher than 5(10"). The code states that a value of K between 0.4 and 0.6 can be expected from experience. Table I gives some examples Of results from site measurements compared to model test results In several cases the value of K=0.6 seems to sill be too low to find the efciency measured on-site, For the lst test of the table, the value K=0.5 appears to be corec. Site Tests. Site tests are made when sufcient staight pipe lengths are availabe to allow a satisfactory measurement of the flowrate. In such tests, flowrate measurement is the major problem. Tuo methods are commonly used: the velocity area method (with current meters) and the tracer method (with radioactive trace. ‘The velocity area method is generally applied by means of 2 battery of current meters installed in a Section ofthe pipe, as shown in Figure 9. This method employs a numberof individual propellers properly placed in the conduit to register the flow ‘The number and location of the flow meters is such as to give records at a sufcient number of individual points to permit a precise determination of the average flow in the test section, ‘The local low velocities are deduced from the measurement of the rotational speed of the current meters which have been previously calibrated with the same type of mounting as that Used during the test. The main difficulties encountered ar: * fairly long tvaight lengths are required to ensute a regular velocity distribution. The gauging section must le in a straight stretch at least 20 pipe diameters downstream and at leas five pipe diameters upstream from the nearest bend + itisather dificult to put current metersinto operation. As + in the most favorable of measuring conditions, the uncer- tainty ofthe measurement ofthe flowrate one to two percent. TYPES OF CURRENT-METERS DETAL OF A Figure 9. Battery of Stationary Current Meters on Fixed Cross- Ears in a Closed Conduit ‘The tracer method is applied by measuring the transit time fa radioactive tracer injected at one point of the citcuit [6]. OF ‘course, this method is only used by specialized staff and is, subject to certain safety constraints. The measurement uncer- tainty Is approximately the same as for the current meter method (one to two percent) ‘Statistical Method. Test results of numerous homologous pumps have been plotted in nondimensonal charts. These Charts give experimental curves representing the relationships W (oh, II (g) and y (II), where , and Il are the non: ‘dimensional flowrate, head and power, respectively. The caleu Jetion of and II from the measured head and power for a new ‘pump allows the determination of @ from the charts without rneasurements of the flowrate (Figure 10). = Qin Up Dp by W=2aH / Us P Imp Uz Dp by here Q = flowrate (ms) H_ = total head (m) input power (W) impeller outlet diameter (rn) impeller outlet width (en) impeller outlet peripheral velocity (rms) 2 result the installation may not be available for several days. p= density (kgim®) Table 1. Comparison of Model and Test Ste Results Efficiency Calculated Geometric Scale Measured Values From Model Rated Values Measured Values Between Model and On Site at the Test With On Industrial Pump fon Model Industrial Pump Rated Total Head _Ackeret Formula A HQ n HQ on Q 1 Ks05 K=06 (mpm) (on) mis) rpm) tem) mis) (ms) 260 263 164 1480-2189 0384 0.89 624 164 0907 = 0.908 260 223 165 14801856 0.386 0.885 624 172 0902 - — 0.899 260 2325 (17.25 1480 19.35 0.404 0.885 6.24 172 0905 == 0.899 260 266 164 1480-2214 0.384 0.89 624 162 0910 - 0.03 13096 204 1250-1240 0324087, 846 206 0891 0892 =0 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL PUMP SYMPOSIUM @. ~ acceleration due to gravity fis) = pi(S1416) rs 009 A. owl Ay Figure 10, Non-Dimensional Charts from Site Test Results Cavitation Tests It must be noted that laboratory tess allow visualization of the cavitation development at the Impeller inlet (Figure 11) Cavitation tests have led to the determination of the best blade Inlet edge shape in order to optimize the “no bubble” required [NPSH Cavitation tess on the model are made using the same value of the Thoma coefficient =NPSHIH as the industrial ‘pump wil produce. This means approximately the same value ‘of available NPSH wil be produced, since model tests are made ‘with @ total head not much diferent from the fullsize pump. Figure 11. Cavitation at the Impeller Inlet. MECHANICAL FEATURES ‘The very simple mechanical design isthe major advantage ‘of concrete volute pumps. Some of the features that give the concrete volute pump the highest reliability are shown in Figures 12 and 13, and include short shafts, a conventional beating and 2 simple seal ‘The shait is usually very short, which means no vibration problems and no sensitive axial length variations. The shaft is never in contact with water, since the shorter part located under the casing cover is protected by a shait sleeve and the longer ‘upper partisin the ait. This explains why no corrosion problems have been encountered. When fresh water is pumped. the shaft is made of AF 50 S forged carbon steel (similar to AiSI 1045) and the protective sleove is made of cast iron. When saline ‘water is pumped, the shaft is made of 220 C13 forged stainless steel (AISI 420)'and the protection sleeve is constructed of stainless stel or aluminum brass alloy. ‘The bearing is an oil lubricated journal bearing, which means no wear, easy inspection and simplified maintenance. Lubrication is assured by the rotation of an oil box, driven by the shaft. This independent lubrication system allows start-up ‘and running of the pump without any external device. The ‘design ofthe bearing has many times even proved to be reliable ‘enough to operate in water during occasional flooding of the pumping house. ‘The thrust bearing isa very conventional tilting pad type. It may be equally located above the pump cover. in the motor or in the gear box, ifany:Itis designed for a maximum axial thrust ‘of about 100,000 daN, ‘The shaft seal is usually a gland packing. The cooling liquid may be delivered from a tap on the discharge pipe even in the case of sea water If solid particles in the pumped water are not too large, the packing may operate satisfactorily even in the case of a cooling liquid shortage. When large solid particles are present in water (> 100 jm), the cooling liquid may have to be Grculated through a eyelone. Normal operating conditions have proved to lead to no excessive or damageable wear of the shaft Sleeve after several years of operation, 1 5-SEALNG RING | Figure 12, Concrete Volute Pump Cross-Section. MAINTENANCE ‘The principle ofthe concrete volute leads to low operation: al costs because of reduced maintenance and easy inspection ‘The only operating instructions are in the remote control ofthe beating oll level and temperature The main inspections for maintenance are as follows: + a yearly preventive maintenance to check the quality of lubrication ol! (no stopping of the pump is required) and the land packing. The packing may be replaced without dewater-m TECHNICAL FEATURES OF LARGE VERTICAL CONCRETE VOLUTE PUMPS L Figure 13. Conerete Volute Pump: Main Mechanical Parts ing the pump. When high resistance packing is used, the replacement may be required only alter several years of service, * every five years its recommended that the bearing clearance be checked. The bearing cap may be removed without other dismantling * the wear ring clearances may be checked by dewatering the pump. No dismantling is necessary “most pumps of this type can stay in operation for ive to seven years (50,000 houts) with no replacement of major parts (bearing, shaft sleeve, wear rings). When these parts have to be replaced. they can be removed very quickly because ofthe pull ‘ut construction of this pump. ECONOMICAL EVALUATION ‘The economical advantage of the concrete volute pump is made clear with the following examples: + The general layout of two different solutions correspond ing toa flowrate of 14 m''s (220,000 gpm) and a total head of 20 m (65,6 f) with a rotational speed of 200 rpm is shown in Figure 1, The study of this installation has led to the following conclusions: 1) The civil wotk, in the case of the vertical wet pit pump, is bout 20 percent more expensive, because the walls and the bases have to be strongly reinforced to hold up the ‘much greater weight of the vertical pump in vibration free conditions. 2) The weight of mechanical parts in the case of the vertical wet pit pump is more than twice the weight of the Table 2. Cost Comparison of Civil Works ‘mechanical parts in the concrete volute pump (70 tons com: pared to 30 tons} * The general layout of two different solutions to the installaion of cooling water pumps in a power plant is given in, Figure 14, The power plant consisted of eght units of 300 MW tach, with a cooling water flowrate per unit of 11.7 m'ls (184,000 gpm) and a total head of 17 m (564). n one solution, ‘wo 50 peteent capacity vertical pumps per unit are installed, for, 2 total of 16 vertical pumps. In the other solution, one 100, yercent capacity concrete volute pump is installed for each of the eight units. This last solution corresponds to the current practice in Europe, due to the high reliably of the concrete solute pump. _ Figure 14, Comparison of Two Different Solutions for a Cooling Water Pump Project. A very precise study of civil work and mechanical equip ment has led tothe data presented in Tables 2 and 3. The higher ost of cil work inthe case ofthe vertical wet pit pumps is due + stronger walls and bases to hold up a higher mass in vibration free conditions + the need of a valve chamber +a wider and longer pumping station (10.75 m x 73 m as ‘opposed to 8 m> 51m) Solutior 1 Two Vertical Pumps Solution 2 ‘One Conerete Volute Pump ‘Type of Solution 5.85 m''s (92,000 gpm} 11.7 ms (184,000 gpm) Diterence Unit Description Unit Price Quantity Amounts Quantity __Amounts us$ us$ uss Surfacing concrete cy 63 92 5976 72 4,536 Reinforced concrete cy, 70 5620 393,400 4.250 297,500 Reinforcement T 704 242. 170,368 152 107,008 Vertical formwork sft 2 96,460 192,920 28,290 56,580 Horizontal formworks St 3 12,185 36555 2.920 8,760 Cieular and conic formworks SF 5 : 6,300 31,500 Volute formworks St 10 a 3,390 33,900 Estimation US $ 799,089 539,784 259,255m2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL PUMP SYMPOSIUM: ‘Table 3. Cost Comparison of Pumping Systems Solution 1 Solution 2 2 Vertical 1 Concrete ‘Type of Solution "Pumps _Volute Pump _Difleence uss uss uss Chil works | 799,039 539,784 259,255 Pumping Equipment 1,148,890 753,039 395,851 ‘Tol (US $) 1,947,929 1,292,823 — 655,106 % 100 66 -34 + larger mass of formwork (109,000 sft against 31,000 5 ) ‘The higher cost of mechanical equipment is due to the ‘much greater weight of mechanical parts in the case of vertical Wet pit pumps. Therefore, for this particular project, the overall cost of pumping systems was found to be 34 percent lower for conerete volute pumps. CONCLUSION The main technical features presented here may explain Why concrete volute pumps have been used extensively, for ‘many years, in several countries. Their high reliability. make them most convenient for many fields, such as power plants, dry docks, drainage, inigation, etc. ‘Their easy design and maintenance make concrete volute pumps particularly convenient to be installed in countries where maximum local fabrication and minimum maintenance are required. The principal technical advantages are indicated in Table 4. Moreover, the use of concrete volute pumps may lead to ‘very Important savings by lowering the investment cost of the pumping system, CONCRETE VOLUTE) VERTICAL PUMP METAL CASING PUMP Type _WET-PIT Table 4. Technical Comparison of Conerete Volute Pump and Conventional Vertical Wet Pit Pump. REFERENCES 1 Guiton, P, “Transient Conditions in Circulating Water Cir «atts of Stgam Power” IAHR Braunschweig Congress (Sep- tember 1966) Le Grand, A., “Comparison of Fast Centrifugal, Mixed Flow and Axial lows Pumps fr the Circulating Water of Conden- sets, IAHR Braunschweig Congress (September 1965) Le Grand, A, “Vertical Concrete Volute Pumps,” IAHR Baden Baden Congress (August 1977), Deplangue, M., Garnier, M., Mech, M, and Preel, M,,“Expé- rience 4’ Exploitation des Tranches Nucleaires Frangaises en Palier 900 MWE 8 Eau Sous Pression,” Manifestation, 'SFEN, Paris (June 1984) International Electotechnical Commission, “International Code for Model Acceptance Test of Storage Pumps.” Pub- lication 497 Mesure Du Debit D'eau En Conduite De Grand Diamette Par La Methode Du Temps De Transit D'un Traceur Radioae- tl, Elecrcte De France, Fascicule 10.36 (Janvier 1984),