mini doc Batch 3
mini doc Batch 3
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will continue to remain so
for a long time. Agricultural sector is changing the socio-economic environment of the population
due to liberalization and globalization. About 75% people are living in the rural area and are still
dependent on agriculture. About 43% of geographical area is used for agricultural activity.
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy. As Indian population is growing
continuously, the demand for producing crop per hector is also increasing, this requires efficient
and high-capacity machines. So mechanization in agricultural industry plays an important role in
Indian economy. These tools are used in ploughing, levelling, tilling, for sowing of seeds and
weeding. Modern agricultural techniques and equipment’s are not used by small land holders
because these equipment’s are too expensive, bulky and difficult to acquire. By adopting scientific
farming methods maximum yield and good quality crops which can save a farmer from going
bankrupt but majority of farmers still uses primitive method of farming techniques due to lack of
knowledge or lack of investment for utilizing modern equipment. The use of hand tools for land
cultivation is still predominant in India because tractors require resources that many Indian farmers
do not have easy access too. The need for agricultural mechanization in India must therefore be
assessed with a deeper understanding of the small holder farmer’s activities. The seed feeding and
crop cutting are the important stages in the agriculture field. The design of multipurpose agriculture
equipment machine will help Indian farmers in rural side and small farm. It will reduce the cost of
weight of the machine, seed feeding and crop cutting the field and will help to increase economic
standard of an Indian farmer.
1
1.1 BACKGROUND ON TRADITIONAL FARMING
Traditional farming practices are based on the indigenous knowledge and experience
developed over the centuries and have remained popular even now. Common traditional farming
practices include agroforestry, intercropping, crop rotation, cover cropping, traditional organic
composting, integrated crop-animal farming, shifting cultivation, and slash-and-burn farming.
Although there are many benefits involved with these practices, such as improved soil fertility,
carbon sequestration, resource utilization, biodiversity maintenance, sustainability, and
environment protection, there are also certain negative implications associated with some practices
such as slash-and-burn activities in shifting agriculture. Traditional farming is getting global
attention for being a source of sustainable food production in times of environmental degradation
and need for safe food production.
Sustainability of environment and food production is among the greatest challenges of the
twenty-first century. Green revolution, however, achieved the targets of high food productivity,
but at the cost of environmental degradation such as water pollution, soil contamination, climate
change and biodiversity loss. Feeding the growing population and sustaining the quality of the
environment are the two major challenges of Indian agriculture system. Traditional agricultural
practices have been an integral part of food production in India since ages. These practices have
2
the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change with spatial and sequential diversity.
This review covers three aspects of traditional farming of India: cultivation, biological method of
pest management and locally available sustainable practices of crop protection. Double cropping,
mixed cropping, crop rotation, agroforestry, use of local varieties and resources with host–
pathogen interaction are some of the prominent traditional agricultural practices in India which
have to be strengthened in view of the environment and food security. Such practices have a
significant role in achieving the sustainability of agriculture by improving nutrition quality. The
overall objective of this article is to highlight the potential of these practices for the sustainability
of environment and food production.
1.2 ADVANTAGES
3
• Environmental friendly.
1.3 APPLICATIONS
3.Can be used up to 2.5 feet height of plants for weeding and spraying operation.
4. It is used in Labour deficient regions where the work can be done easily.
1. Stagnation in Production of Major Crops: Production of some of the major staple food crops
like rice and wheat has been stagnating for quite some time. This is a situation which is worrying
our agricultural scientists, planners and policy makers. If this trend continues, there would be a
huge gap between the demand of ever-growing population and the production.
4
2. High cost of Farm Inputs: Over the years rates of farm inputs have increased. Farm inputs
include fertilizer, insecticide, pesticides, HYV seeds, farm labour cost etc. Such an increase puts
low and medium land holding farmers at a disadvantage.
3. Soil Exhaustion: Soil exhaustion means loss of nutrients in the soil from farming the same crop
over and over again. This usually happens in the rainforest.
4. Depletion of Fresh Groundwater: Most of the irrigation in dry areas of Punjab, Haryana and
Western Uttar Pradesh was carried out by excessive use of grandwater. Today the fresh
groundwater situation. in these states is alarming. In the coming few years if this type of farming
practice continues, these states are going to face water famine.
5. Adverse impact of Global Climatic Change: Among various challenges, global climatic change
is the recent one. It is predicted that due to climate change, temperature would increase from 2°C
to 3°C, there would be increase in sea level, more intense cyclones, unpredictable rainfall . These
changes would impact on global climatic change.
6. Impact of Globalization: You can see the effect of globalization in the farm sector in India. All
developing countries have been affected by it. The most evident effect is the squeeze on farmer's
income and the threat to the viability of cultivation in India. This is due to the rising input costs
and falling output prices. This reflects the combination of reduced subsidy and protection to
farmers adversely affect the production of crops.
5
1.5 MOTIVATION
“A man who can survive for three days without food for three days will quarrel, for a week will
fight and for a month or so will die”. Agriculture is the branch of science and art of farming which
includes cultivating the soil, production of crops and raising the economy. It is the most important
sector in the world. For many years, agriculture has been carried out in a small range cultivating
between 2 to 3 hectares, with the help of human labor and traditional tools such as wooden plough,
yoke, leveler, harrow, mallet, spade, big sickle etc. These are used inland preparation, sowing of
seeds, weeding and harvesting. It is the most important sector in the world. For many years,
agriculture has been carried out in a small range cultivating between 2to3 hectares, with the help
of human labor and traditional tools such as wooden plough, yoke, leveler, harrow, mallet, spade,
big sickle etc. These are used in land preparation, sowing of seeds, weeding and harvesting. Indian
farmers cannot use modern agricultural techniques and equipment because these are too expensive
and difficult to purchase. By inculcating scientific farming methods, we can get maximum yield
and we can increase the quality of the crops which can save a farmer’s life, but the majority of
farmers are still using ancient methods due to lack of knowledge or lack of expenditure for utilizing
modern tools Mechanized farming is the process of using agricultural machinery to mechanize
agricultural labor, the substantial increase in productivity of agricultural workers in modern times,
and mechanical machinery has replaced many agricultural jobs previously carried out by manual
labor, either through working animals such as oxen, horses and mules.
6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This literature review is the summary of problem of project related Multipurpose Agricultural
Weeding machine. It identifies and summarizes all the relevant research conducted on this project.
This literature review helped accomplishing relevant resources about the researches that has
already done to avoid duplications. There may be some areas of improvement to some researches
but they also provide certain help with aspect to our research about the project requirements, this
gave us an opportunity to identify some problems and find different ways to research and study.
Rajashekar and Kumar (2015) revealed that deferral and carelessness in weeding task
influence the harvest yield and the misfortune in yields because of weeds in upland harvests
shifting from 40 to 60 % and much of the time cause total yield disappointment. At long last
approved Virtual Prototype Weeder model is created and tried for field execution.
Its expense is $19.78, just and works at a profundity of 25 to 40 mm with field limit of 0.01 to
0.012 ha/hr. Thus, diminished weeding cost by 40% and work necessity by 48 percent when
contrasted with hand digger weeding.
Olaoye and Adekanye (2013) expressed that rancher for the most part communicated them
anxiety for powerful weed control measures to capture the development and spread of weeds and
that compound technique for weed control is more noticeable than manual and mechanical
strategies yet its antagonistic impacts on the earth are making ranchers to consider and
acknowledge mechanical strategies for weed control. In Nigerian agriculture, manual weeding is
normal, it is the most broadly utilized weed control technique however it is work concentrated.
Kumar et al. (2017) reported that in India, the normal land is about 0.5 ha/rancher. The utilization
of intensity weeder was not practical. Furthermore, it was not valuable because standing yield,
there was need to keep up the line to push just as plant-to-plant separation. The utilization of
intensity weeder produced better yield. However, it was reported to be exorbitant which the
rancher could not manage. So, putting every one of the holes a physically worked revolving
weeder was created by keeping view the expense is low just as it gives better evacuation of weeds
in vegetative harvests.
7
Amol B. Rohokale, Pavan D. Shewale, Sumit B.Pokharkar, Keshav K. Sanap; who reviewed
on multi-seed sowing machine, The main purpose of this paper is to compare between conventional
sowing method and new proposed machine which can perform number of simultaneous operation.
The required row to row spacing, seed rate, seed to seed spacing and fertilizers placement varies
from crop to crop can be achieved by the proposed machine. This machine reduces the sowing
time, human efforts and labour cost.
Humbade A.B., Kalingwar C.M., Kadam. N.S., Davargave M.M.,Prof. Lande.S.B; who
worked on multipurpose agriculture vehicle, This Project presents work on design of a new
agricultural multipurpose vehicle to be used for various applications. As global competition is
pressing farmers on many fronts, mechanized agriculture has become one of the important modern
agricultural methods. In India 60% population involved in agricultural work, Conventional
mechanized systems may increase productivity but are less adaptive and flexible. As a
consequence, there have been initiatives in developing advanced mechanized systems.
Sandeep H. Poratkar, Dhanraj R. Raut,” Development of Multi nozzle Water Sprayer Pump”-
This paper suggests a model of manually operated multi nozzle pesticides sprayer pump which
will perform spraying at maximum rate in minimum time. Constant flow valves can be applied at
nozzle to have uniform nozzle pressure.
8
Varikuti Vasantha Rao Sharanakumar Mathapati Dr. Basavaraj Amarapur, “Multiple
Power Supplied Fertilizer Sprayer” As a low volume sprayer suitable for spraying concentrated
spray liquid. A blast of air flows through spraying jet of delivery hose and nozzle tube and ejects
spray liquid in this blast.
D.A. Mada, Sunday Mahai, [2013], In this research paper author has mentioned importance of
mechanization in agricultural by giving examples. The conclusion from the paper was need of
multifunctional single axel vehicle for pre and post harvesting . We have taken this as base for our
research and further production of our multifunctional agricultural vehicle.
1. Different types of weeds cause genuine misfortunes in harvest creation all through the entire
world and the endeavours of various supporters had yielded bring about taking care of the issues
with increment in the weeding effectiveness as the day passes by and the new technique been
embraced and enhanced.
2. In request to control weeds, different weed control strategies are there, for example, manual
evacuating strategy, substance control, natural control, mechanical control and so forth.
3. Out of all the weed control strategies, mechanical techniques are the most attainable one and
have enormous outcomes.
4. Mechanical weeding technique incorporates hardware’s which are controlled by creature power
or human power or by tractor worked power utilizing diesel for ignition and in this manner upgrade
velocity.
It is concluded that the importance of the mechanization in agriculture plays an vital role in
developing a multifunctional agricultural vehicle. In order to increase the productivity of crop we
need to opt some methods which makes easy to perform any agricultural task by using the
machineries.To increase the fertility of soil no chemicals,fertilizers and pesticides are not to be
9
allowed to use in the fields.By using organic manures and modern machineries the productivity
can be increased.In this the agricultural operations like weeding,ploughing,water spraying etc can
be arranged in a single equipment which reduces the human effort and labour cost.
Ploughing, Water spraying and weed cutter operations to perform in a single go and it can be useful
for the small farmers and they can purchase the machinery at less cost or they manufacture by
themselves. Different mechanisms are used in order to run the machinery efficiently like scotch
yoke mechanism , chain and socket mechanism.
In India, Agriculture with its allied sectors, is the largest source of livelihoods. 70 percent of its
rural households still depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood, with 82 percent of
farmers being small and marginal. These farmers can't afford costly equipment’s and machines.
And they have to put more human and animal effort.
The main aim of the project to develop multipurpose multipurpose agricultural vehicle, for
performing major agricultural operations like weeding ploughing, water spraying and seeding. The
modification includes fabricating a vehicle which a small, compact in size.These project is about
a machine design which makes cultivation much simpler. The design of the chassis of the vehicle
made in much a way that it is suitable for the operations. The purpose of this project is to provide
farmer with multipurpose equipment which implements all the scientific farming specifications
and technology to get maximum yield and good quality crops by reducing investment and number
of labour.
The objectives is
1) To manufacture a machine for a farmer who cannot afford the tractor and other heavy
equipments.
10
5)To reduce human effort in agriculture field with use of agriculture vehicle.
6)To reduce the cost of shredding weeding and fertilizing and increasing the economic standand.
7)To take a step forward in reducing agricultural air pollution caused by burning of agricultural
wastе.
8)То produce an agricultural machine that performs three operations at cheaper cost.
11
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP DETAILS AND PROCEDURE
These can satisfies all the needs of farmers and hence increase the productivity of crops. Additional
labour cost can be reduced by using this Multipurpose Agricultural Weeding machine.
1.Main frame
2.Battery
3.DC Motor
5.Rotor Shaft
7.Water Tank
8.Water sprinkler
9.Weed cutter
10.Ploughing tool
11.Bearings
Mainframe(chassis):
They are made up of Mild steel it gives support to all the assembly of the machine. A chassis
consists of an internal vehicle frame that supports all the objects on it. And it will absorb all the
forces and supports the assembly.
13
Battery
The battery will be used to supply current to the motor and the battery will of lithium ion as it has
no acids and is convenient for charging.
DC Motor
The electric motor is an electric machine used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy,
for smaller loads such as in domestic applications. Although traditionally used in fixed speed
14
services, induction motors are increasingly used with variable frequency drives in variable speed
services. Power of motor= 1 hp. Speed of motor 1400 rpm.
It is used to transmit the power from engine to shaft. Roller chain and sockets is very efficient
method for power transmission.
Rotor Shaft
A solid shaft rotating at 1440 rpm is assumed to be made of mild steel. A Shaft is a rotating element,
usually circular in cross section, line shaft is used to transmit power from one shaft to another, or
from the machine which produces power, to the machine which absorbs power.
15
Mounts and Shafts
Mount is for holding and Shaft is basically the rotating component of any machine, which is round
in the cross section and is used for passing the power from one part to another or from from the
power producing machine to the power absorbing machine.
Water Sprayer
A spray tank is a container for storing spray liquid like fertilizers and pesticides. In the sprinkling
method water is sprayed into the air and allowed to fall on the ground surface. The spray is
developed by the flow of water under pressure through small orifices or nozzles. The pressure is
usually obtained by pumping with the help of the DC Motor which acts as a pump. Storage tank is
used to store water or chemical fertilizers and PVC pipes are used to carry that fluid from the tank
to nozzles for spraying operation.
16
Fig 3.7 Water sprayer
Weed Cutter
17
The weed cutter made of stainless steel which is used to cut or remove the unwanted plants present
among the main crop to yield more crop.
Ploughing tool
Ploughing is the process of breaking, loosening the soil before sowing seed and turning it over for
uprooting weeds and aerating the soil. It is a manual process, as the plough tool is attached using
fasteners to the both sides of the frame parallel to the tilling tool which requires manpower but the
effort required will be less because of the power assistance from the engine to the tiller tool, as both
the process is functioning simultaneously.
18
Wheels and rods
Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or
transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines.
Bearings
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion
and reduces friction between moving parts.
19
3.3 DESIGN OF MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL WEEDING MACHINE
1. For design of body part, we have used rectangle command and then we have extruded that
rectangle box to desired requirements.
2. A shell command is created inside the body part for the internally hallow structured parts.
3. Circle command is used to mesh structure (grill and small holes) of the body part at front
and back. And also, at back side by rectangle command rectangle is drawn and extruded it
for water sprayer.
4. For main frame design we have used the command and used fillet to it.
5. For drawing wheel structure in Auto-CAD the command used is circle and inclined lines and
extruded it.
6. And plough tool, weed cutter respective parts are drawn by using line, polyline, rectangle,
chamfer, move, trim, break, array and other required commands in Autocad 3D Modelling.
7. For joining of all the parts, we have used rigid motion joint command.
Plough tool
20
WATER SPRAYER
Chassis(Main Frame)
Wheels
21
Fig 3.34 Design of Wheels
22
Fig 3.36 Assembly of plough and weed-cutter
23
This multipurpose agricultural machine is manually operated & designed and fabricated as multi-
purpose equipment used in agricultural processes such as ploughing, seeding, water sprinkling,
fertilizing and land leveling. When driven forward, it ploughs the field with the aid of a plough. The
plough is adjustable in height. The weedcutter is attached to the front wheel using the chain drive
and weeding will begin with manual movement of the machine. The fertilizer distributor is fixed to
the rear wheel using the chain drive and works on the chain-gear mechanism. The water tank is
connected to the PVC pipes which have 4 holes on it and water can be sprinkled through the opening
of the tap. As in India 10-20% of farmers are rich but rest of farmers doesn’t have much source to
purchase heavy equipment and machines. So, here we have designed a machine which can fulfill
basis needs of farming and price of machine should be very less as compared to market.
3.5 Methodology
24
This methodology consists of few aspects
Firstly, we have understood problems regarding our development of our project and we have
collected the few related and relevant data to the problem and further we have to proceed few aspects.
Then relevant data is used for any future scope of need and preparation of the statements and
documentation requirement of the problems based on the project.
1.Firstly we took the hollow square shafts and a frame of size 4 x 3 x 2.5 ft. with it.
2. Then by taking a 20 mm shaft it threaded of 2mm from both sides so eventually its size
became 18 mm.
4. Then by fitting the 18 mm disc inside the tyre and attached it with the shaft.
5. Then frame is made of 0.5x1.5x2 ft. and attached it to the main frame to keep the spray
tank.
6. Then ploughing tools is made of size 4.2x1.5 ft. containing five teeth's and attached it to
the frame.
7. Then weed cutter made and welded it to the main frame. The weedcutter works and the
operation starts and simultaneously the water is sprinkled to the main crop plants.
8. Chain drive is attached both the sprocket with the teeth of the gear meshing with the holes
in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls the chain putting mechanical force.
25
3.6 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Weights on Machine m = 20 Kg
Load-F=m×g
=20×9.81
F =196 N
Diameter of sproket = 30 mm
Radius of spoket = r = 40 mm
T=F×r
= 196 × 0.040
T=7.84Nm
We know that.
P=2×3.14×NT/60
N=300 rpm
Speed of Machine
V= 3.14DN/60
D=0.46m
Speed of machine
V = 3.14DN/60
= 3.14×0.46×300/60
V = 7.2256 m/s
V = 26.012 Km/hr
26
2) Design Calculation for Shaft
Power P=2×3.14×NT/60
Now T is the maximum torque among all shaft, checking the shaft for failure
D=7.96=8mm
But in this project, the diameter of the shaft is 35mm. So the design is safe.
M=412500N/mm
Z=8414.21mm^3
sigma=(412500/8414.21)
sigma=49.02 N/mm^{2}
Depth of cut = 5 cm
T=2.4 × 10^20cycles .
28
4. CONCLUSION
4.1 CONCLUSION FROM THE PRESENT WORK
Practically our multipurpose agricultural equipment can be used for tilling, fertilizing,
sowing, leveling and also used for weed removal purposes. All the parts are connected in such a
way that in every stage of agriculture the equipment can be rearranged or easily assembled with
fasteners to required length and specifications of field operation. Our team has successfully
combined many ideas from various fields of mechanical engineering and agricultural knowledge to
improve the yield and by reducing the labor effort and expenses.
29
5. FUTURE SCOPE
• We can connect the sensors to this machine so that it can control some of the
parameters.
• We can add solar panel for spraying system and for other mechanism.
• In our machine farmer is walking with machine during weeding and ploughing,
30
REFERENCES
1. Shivaraja Kumar Pwarmeswaramurthy, Design and development of wheel and pedal operated
sprayer", IPSJinternational journal of mechanical Engineering (IIJME), volume 2, Issue 6, june
2014.
2.Sheikh M.S.Hussain H.A. (2015) This multipurpose farming machine has considerable potential
to greatly increase productivity of crops. Karnataka, India. (USER TV) 4. Humhade A.B.,
Kalingwar CM, Kadam. N.S.. Davargave M.M. Prof. Lande.S.B.(2017).
4. WAGHMARES. N and Chitmote R.S (2016) Concept to design a project for small scale
farmers3nd ed.). Nagpur, India. (IRJET).
5.MV Achutha, Sharath Chandra, Nataraj G.K., "Concept Design and Analysis of Multi Purpose
FarmEquipment, International Journal of lanovative Research in Advanced Engineering (LUIRAE)
ISSN: 2349-2763 Issue 02, Volume 3 (February 2016).
6.Girish and Srihari, "Design and fabrication of multipurpose farm equipement", International
Journal for Scientific Research & Developmenti Vol. 4, Issue 06, 2015.
31