‭To investigate the dependance of the angle of deviation‬

‭on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism‬

‭Aim:‬
‭ o investigate the dependance of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence‬
T
‭using a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids.‬

‭APPARATUS REQUIRED:‬
‭ rawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow prism, different liquids(water,‬
D
‭kerosene, oil, spirit etc) drawing pins, pencil, half metre scale, thumb pins,graph‬
‭papers and a protractor.‬

‭INTRODUCTION:‬
I‭n optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that‬
‭refract light. The exact angles between the surfaces depend on the application.‬
‭The traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with a triangular‬
‭base and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use "prism" usually refers to this‬
‭type. Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric‬
‭prisms. Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent to the‬
‭wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials include glass, plastic‬
‭and fluorite.‬
‭A prism can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the‬
‭colors of the rainbow). Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into‬
‭components with different polarizations.‬
‭PRISM AND NATURE OF LIGHT:‬

‭ efore Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light was colorless, and that the‬
B
‭prism itself produced the color. Newton's experiments demonstrated that all the‬
‭colors already existed in the light in a heterogeneous fashion, and that‬
‭"corpuscles" (particles) of light were fanned out because particles with different‬
‭colors traveled with different speeds through the prism. It was only later that‬
‭Young and Fresnel combined Newton's particle theory with Huygens' wave‬
‭theory to show that color is the visible manifestation of light's wavelength.‬
‭Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the red color from one prism through‬
‭a second prism and found the color unchanged. From this, he concluded that the‬
‭colors must already be present in the incoming light — thus, the prism did not‬
‭create colors, but merely separated colors that are already there. He also used a‬
‭lens and a second prism to recompose the spectrum back into white light. This‬
‭experiment has become a classic example of the methodology introduced during‬
‭the scientific revolution. The results of this experiment dramatically transformed‬
‭the field of metaphysics, leading to John Locke's primary vs secondary quality‬
‭distinction.‬
‭Newton discussed prism dispersion in great detail in his book Opticks.He also‬
‭introduced the use of more than one prism to control dispersion.Newton's‬
‭description of his experiments on prism dispersion was qualitative, and is quite‬
‭readable. Quantals were introduced in the 1980s.‬
‭THEORY:‬

‭HOW DOES A PRISM WORK:‬

‭ ight changes speed as it moves from one medium to another (for example, from‬
L
‭air into the glass of the prism). This speed change causes the light to be‬
‭refracted and to enter the new medium at a different angle (Huygens principle).‬
‭The degree of bending of the light's path‬
‭depends on the angle that the incident beam of light makes with the surface, and‬
‭on the ratio between the refractive indices of the two media (Snell's law). The‬
‭refractive index of many materials (such as glass) varies with the wavelength or‬
‭color of the light used, a phenomenon known as dispersion. This causes light of‬
‭different colors to be refracted differently and to leave the prism at different‬
‭angles, creating an effect similar to a rainbow. This can be used to separate a‬
‭beam of white light into its constituent spectrum of colors. Prisms will generally‬
‭disperse light over a much larger frequency bandwidth than diffraction gratings,‬
‭making them useful for broad-spectrum spectroscopy. Furthermore, prisms do‬
‭not suffer from complications arising from overlapping spectral orders, which all‬
‭gratings have.‬

‭ risms are sometimes used for the internal reflection at the surfaces rather than‬
P
‭for dispersion. If light inside the prism hits one of the surfaces at a sufficiently‬
‭steep angle, total internal reflection occurs and all of the light is reflected. This‬
‭makes a prism a useful substitute for a mirror in some situations.‬

‭ ngle of Minimum Deviation:‬

A
‭A) Definition:‬
‭ he minimum value of angle of deviation, is called angle of minimum deviation. It‬
T
‭is represented by the symbol Dm.‬

‭B) Explanation:‬
‭ or the same angle of deviation (D) there are two values of angle of incidence.‬
F
‭One value equals ’i’ and other value equals ‘e’‬
‭ s angle ‘i’ is increased from a small value, ‘e’ decreases from a large value and‬
A
‭angle of deviation decreases. When the angle of deviation is minimum(Dm),‬
‭then, ‘i’ and ‘e’ become equal.‬

‭DIAGRAMS:‬
‭ o investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence‬
T
‭using a hollow prism filled with different transparent fluids, we would follow a‬
‭structured experimental approach. Below is a step-by-step outline to set up this‬
‭investigation:‬

‭Objective:‬
‭ he goal of the experiment is to observe how the angle of deviation (denoted as‬
T
‭δ) changes with varying angles of incidence (denoted as θi​) when the prism is‬
‭filled with different transparent fluids. The refractive index of the fluid influences‬
‭the deviation of light passing through the prism.‬

‭Theory:‬
‭ hen light passes through a prism, the angle of deviation is determined by the‬
W
‭following factors:‬

‭ .‬ ‭The refractive index (n) of the material inside the prism.‬

1
‭2.‬ ‭The angle of incidence (θi).‬
‭3.‬ ‭The prism's angle (A), which is the angle between the two refracting faces.‬

‭The general relationship for the deviation angle δ\deltaδ in a prism is given by:‬

‭δ=(θi+θr−A)‬

‭where:‬

‭‬ θ
● ‭ r​is the angle of refraction at the prism surfaces.‬
‭●‬ ‭A is the angle of the prism.‬
‭●‬ ‭The refractive index n of the medium inside the prism influences θr.‬

‭ or a transparent medium (with refractive index n) and a light ray entering at an‬
F
‭angle θi, Snell's Law at the first and second surfaces of the prism gives the‬
‭relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction.‬

‭Apparatus:‬
‭‬ A
● ‭ hollow triangular prism with adjustable ports for filling different fluids.‬
‭●‬ ‭A laser pointer or monochromatic light source.‬
‭●‬ ‭A protractor or angular scale to measure the angle of deviation.‬
 ‭●‬ V ‭ arious transparent fluids (such as water, glycerin, oil, etc.) with different‬
‭refractive indices.‬
‭●‬ ‭A screen or detector to capture the refracted light.‬
‭●‬ ‭A stand to hold the prism and light source.‬

‭Procedure:‬

‭1.‬‭Set Up the Prism:‬

‭‬ F
○ ‭ ix the hollow prism in a stable position on a stand.‬
‭○‬ ‭Ensure that the prism is designed to allow different transparent fluids‬
‭to be filled in it.‬
‭2.‬‭Choose Fluid:‬
‭○‬ S
‭ elect the first transparent fluid to fill the hollow prism. The refractive‬
‭index of the fluid should be known or measured.‬
‭3.‬‭Align the Light Source:‬
‭○‬ D
‭ irect a laser or monochromatic light beam at the surface of the‬
‭prism. Make sure the light enters at a specific angle (the angle of‬
‭incidence θi​) relative to the surface.‬
‭4.‬‭Measure the Angle of Deviation:‬
‭○‬ F ‭ or each selected angle of incidence θi​, measure the angle of‬
‭deviation δ of the light after passing through the prism.‬
‭○‬ ‭Adjust the angle of incidence incrementally and measure δ for each‬
‭angle.‬
‭5.‬‭Repeat with Different Fluids:‬
‭○‬ A
‭ fter completing the measurements for the first fluid, empty the‬
‭prism and replace the fluid with a different one. Ensure that the fluid‬
‭is filled completely and the same procedure is repeated for each fluid‬
‭with varying angles of incidence.‬
‭6.‬‭Record Data:‬
‭○‬ R
‭ ecord the angle of deviation for each value of the angle of‬
‭incidence for all different fluids.‬
‭7.‬‭Repeat Measurements:‬
‭○‬ R
‭ epeat the measurements several times for consistency and take‬
‭the average angle of deviation for each angle of incidence.‬
‭Data Analysis:‬

‭1.‬‭Plot the Data:‬

‭○‬ P ‭ lot graphs of the angle of deviation (δ) versus the angle of‬
‭incidence (θi​) for each fluid.‬
‭○‬ ‭Analyze how the curve changes for each fluid, noting how the‬
‭deviation increases or decreases as a function of θi​.‬
‭2.‬‭Compare Fluids:‬
‭○‬ C
‭ ompare the data for different fluids. Since the refractive index of‬
‭the fluid affects the bending of light, fluids with higher refractive‬
‭indices will typically cause a greater angle of deviation.‬
‭3.‬‭Theoretical Prediction:‬
‭○‬ F ‭ or each fluid, use Snell's Law and the prism formula to predict the‬
‭theoretical angle of deviation, then compare it with experimental‬
‭results. The refractive index of the fluid should be considered in‬
‭these calculations: n=sin⁡(θi)/sin⁡(θr).‬
‭○‬ ‭Higher refractive indices will generally lead to greater bending of‬
‭light and thus a larger angle of deviation.‬

‭Conclusion:‬
‭ rom the experiment, you will be able to determine how the angle of deviation‬
F
‭depends on the angle of incidence for different fluids. The results can be‬
‭explained by the varying refractive indices of the fluids, which affect the degree of‬
‭light bending within the prism.‬
‭BIBLIOGRAPHY:‬

‭1.‬‭Chat Gpt‬

‭2.‬‭Wikipedia‬