Optimization 17.

17. Find the smallest and largest distance of the point (3, −4) from a point on the circle
having equation x2 + y2 = 9.
1. Find two numbers which differ by 64 such that their product is minimum.
18. Find the volume of the largest right circular cylinder that can be inscribed in a sphere
2. Find two numbers that are both greater than or equal to −1 and whose sum is 3 of diameter 20 inches.
such that the product of one number and the fifth power of the other is maximum.
19. If you are offered one slice from a round pizza and the slice must have a perimeter
How about if it is to be minimum?
of 32 inches, what radius will reward you with the largest slice? (Recall: given a
3. Find an equation of the tangent line to y = x3 − 4x2 + 5x with the least slope. sector with radius r and central angle θ radians, the circular arc has length rθ and
4. Suppose the height from the ground of an aircraft is given by s(t) = 60t2 − 6t3 feet the sector’s area is 12 r2 θ)
where t is the time in minutes after take-off.  x
20. The operating cost of a certain truck is 1 + pesos per kilometer when the truck
a. What is the greatest height the aircraft attains during the first ten minutes? 45
b. At what moment will it be rising the fastest? travels at an average speed of x km./hr. and the driver is being paid at P80 per hour.
If the truck is to be driven along a 300 km. highway where the minimum speed is 40
5. When Morgan started to observe a particle that was made to move along a horizontal
km./hr and the maximum speed is 80 km./hr, what average speed would cost the
line, he calculated that the position of the particle relative to a point P on the line
5 2 company the least amount of money? How about if the total cost is to be maximal?
after t seconds is s(t) = − feet. Where was the particle at the instant 21. A cone with an open base is to be made from a circular piece of sheet metal of
t + 1 ( t + 1)3
when its acceleration was greatest? radius 10 m. by cutting out a sector and welding the cut edges of the remaining
piece together. What is the maximum possible volume of the resulting cone?
6. A page of a certain book is to contain 27 square inches of print. If the margin at the
top, bottom, and the left side are 2 inches and the margin at the other side is 1 inch, Rectilinear Motion
determine the dimensions of the smallest piece of paper that can be used.
1. A particle is moving along a straight horizontal line according to the equation s =
7. A farmer wants to fence a rectangular plot of area 1800 square feet. He wants to t
use additional fencing to build two internal divider fences, both parallel to the same 2
, where s is the directed distance from a point O on the line, and the positive
t +4
outer boundary sections. What is the minimum total length of fencing that this job direction is to the right. Find the position, velocity and acceleration of the particle
will require? at time t = 1. When is the particle moving to the right?
8. A manufacturer wishes to construct a closed box of volume 288 cubic inches where 2. Suppose the motion of the ball thrown from the top of a building is given by s =
the base is a rectangle having length three times it width. Find the dimensions of −16t2 + 96t + 112, where s is the directed distance from the ground after t seconds.
the box constructed from the least amount of material.
a. How tall is the building?
9. Edward wants to construct a rectangular box with an open top such that the one of
b. At what speed was the ball thrown?
the sides of the base has length equal to twice the height of the box. Unfortunately,
2
he could only afford to buy 48 cm. of material. Find the dimensions of the largest c. Find the maximum height that the ball will reach.
box that he can make. d. At what speed does the ball hit the ground?
10. A closed cylindrical can is to have volume 2000π cubic centimeters. Find the height 3. A stone is thrown vertically upwards from the top of a building. Suppose the equa-
and radius of the can that minimizes the material needed for the can. tion of motion of the stone is s = −5t2 + 30t + 200, where s is the directed distance
11. A rectangular open tank of volume 125 cubic meters is to have a square base. The from the ground in meters after t seconds.
cost per square meter for the bottom is P200 and for the sides is P100. Find the a. Find the acceleration of the stone when the velocity is 10 meters per second.
dimensions of the tank for the cost of the material to be least. b. After how many seconds will the stone reach its maximum height?
12. Find the dimensions of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a right triangle c. What is the height of the building, and the maximum height the stone will
with sides of length 6 in., 8 in., and 10 in. if two sides of the rectangle lie on the legs reach?
of the triangle. d. What is the velocity of the stone upon impact?
13. Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in an isosceles right 4. A particle is moving along a horizontal axis such that its distance in meters after t
triangle with legs of length 6, if one side of the rectangle lies on the hypotenuse. minutes from a point P on the axis is given by s(t) = t3 − 5t2 + 3t + 8. What is the
14. Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 10. total distance traveled by the particle during the first 4 minutes?
15. Find all points on the graph of f ( x ) = 20x3 − 5x4 − 3x5 where the slope of the 5. A billiard ball is hit and travels in a straight line without rolling. The directed
tangent line to the graph is of f is maximum. distance of the ball from its initial position after t seconds is s = t2 + 10t inches. If
16. 2
Find the least distance of a point on the graph of f ( x ) = x + 1 from the P(0, 3). the ball hits the cushion 39 inches from its initial position, at what speed does it hit
 the cushion? the rate at which the height is changing at the moment when the radius is 1 foot.
6. If a ball is given a push so that it has an initial velocity of 15 feet/second down a 7. An inverted conical tank with vertex angle 60◦ has liquid being poured into it at the
certain inclined plane, then s = 15t + 9t2 , where s is the distance of the ball from its rate of 1000 cubic inches per minute. At what rate is the level of the liquid rising
starting position after t seconds and the positive direction is down the inclined plane. when the liquid is 10 inches deep?
How long will it take for the velocity of the ball to increase to 42 feet/second? If the 8. A triangular trough (a container) is 12 ft. long, 3 ft. wide at the top, and 3 ft. deep.
instantaneous velocity of the ball as it leaves the inclined plane is 51 feet/second, If water is poured into the trough at the rate of 10 cubic feet per minute, how fast is
how long is the inclined plane? the water surface rising when the depth is 2 ft.?
7. Two particles move along parallel coordinate lines. After t seconds, their directed 9. JV, who is 6 ft. tall, is walking away from a street light pole 30 ft. high at a rate of 2
distances from the respective origins of the lines, in feet, are given by s1 (t) = 4t − 3t2 ft./s. How fast is his shadow increasing in length when JV is 24 ft. from the pole?
and s2 (t) = t2 − 2t, respectively. When do the two particles have the same velocity? How fast is the tip of his shadow moving? To follow the tip of his shadow, at what
the same speed? the same position (with respect to the respective origins of the lines angular rate must he lift his line of sight when his shadow is 6 ft. long?
they are traveling along)? 10. A man 6 ft. tall is walking at a constant rate of 2 ft./s. away from a building and
8. A stone is dropped from the roof of a building 256 feet high. Two seconds later, a towards a light source on the ground that is 100 ft. from the building. How far is
second stone is thrown from the roof of the same building at an initial velocity of the man from the light source at the instant when the length of the man’s shadow
m feet per second. The stones hit the ground at the same time. If the equation of 1
on the building is increasing at a rate of ft./s.?
motion of both stones has the form s(t) = −16t2 + v0 t + s0 where s0 is the initial 3
height and v0 is the initial velocity, find the value of m. 11. A horizontal trough is 16 m. long, and each of its ends is an isosceles trapezoid with
9. The first two graphs are those of the velocity functions of a pair of particles, while an altitude of 4 m, a lower base of 4 m, and an upper base of 6 m. Water is being
the last two graphs are those of the position functions of another pair of particles, poured into the trough at a rate of 10 m3 /min. How fast is the water level rising
all moving along a horizontal line, and where t is in seconds. When is each particle when the water is 2 m deep?
moving to the left/right? When is it speeding up/slowing down? 12. A ship is located 4 miles from a straight shore and has a radar transmitter that
rotates 32 times per minute. How fast is the radar beam moving along the shoreline
when the beam makes an angle of 45◦ with the shore?
13. A plane flies horizontally at an altitude of 5 km and passes directly over a tracking
telescope on the ground. When the angle of elevation is π/3, this angle is decreasing
at a rate of π/6 rad/min. How fast is the plane traveling at that time?
Related Rates 14. An isosceles triangle has two sides of length 4 cm. If the included angle is θ, and
θ increases at a rate of 2◦ per minute, how fast is the area of the triangle changing
1. Oil from a ruptured tanker spreads in a circular pattern. If the radius of the circle
when θ is 30◦ ? (Hint: Convert all angle measures to radians first.)
increases at a constant rate of 2 ft./s, how fast is the enclosed area increasing at the
15. The minute hand and the hour hand of a clock are 4 inches and 5 inches long,
end of 90 seconds?
respectively. How fast is the distance between the hands of the clock changing at
2. If the diagonal of a cube is decreasing at a rate of 3 inches per minute, how fast is
3:00? √
the side of the cube decreasing?
16. A bird and a worm are on the ground and are 20 3 feet apart. Deciding it was not
3. A spherical snowball is being made so that its volume is increasing at a rate of 8
hungry, the bird flies away from the worm on a straight path that makes an angle
cubic meters per minute. Find the rate at which the radius is increasing when the
of π/3 radians with the ground. If the bird is flying at a constant rate of 18 feet per
snowball is 4 meters in diameter.
second, at what rate is the angle of elevation of the bird from the worm changing at
4. A car is traveling along a straight road at a speed of 20 m./s. An observer is located the instant when the bird is 30 feet above the ground? Indicate whether the angle is
at a point 7 m. off to the side of the road. How fast is the distance between the car increasing or decreasing at that instant.
and the observer increasing at the moment when the car is 24 m. past the point on
the road that is closest to the observer? Local Linear Approximation and Differentials
5. A man starts walking north at 4 ft/s from a point P. Five minutes later a woman 1. Find dy.
starts walking south at 5 ft/s from a point 500 ft due east of P. At what rate are the
1 2 + cos x
 
people moving apart 15 min after the woman starts walking? 1
a. y = 3 4
b. y = c. y = x2 sin
6. A cylindrical balloon is being inflated at the rate of 12π cubic feet per minute and (2x + 3) 2 − cos x x
such that the height of the balloon is three times the radius at any given time. Find
 2. Find the local linear approximation of: will minimize the average cost; and (iii) the minimum average cost.
b. Show that if the average cost is a minimum, then the marginal cost equals the
a. f ( x ) = sin x at x0 = π 1
b. g( x ) = √
3
at x0 = 10 average cost. (Assume that C and c are differentiable on their domains and that
x−2 their minima, if any, are not attained at the “tails” of their domains. )
3. Estimate the following using LLA/Differentials. 4. a. If C ( x ) = 16, 000 + 500x − 1.6x2 + 0.004x3 is the cost function and p( x ) =
1700 − 7x is the demand function, find the production level that will maximize
a. (2.001)5 2
d. (1.01)4 (8.03) 3 profit.
1 e. cos 44◦ (express your answer in
b. √6
b. Show that if the profit is a maximum, then the marginal revenue equals the
64.04 terms of π) marginal cost. (Assume that the cost and demand functions are differentiable
− 12
c. (1.001)3 + (0.999)2 + (3.998) on their domains, and that the maximum of the profit function, if any, is not
attained at a “tail” of its domain.)
4. Solve the following problems completely.
Some Formulas from Geometry (and Trigonometry)
a. Use differentials to approximate the increase in surface area of a soap bubble
1. Area of Plane Figures:
when its radius increases from 4 inches to 4.02 inches.
b. Use differentials to approximate the amount of paint needed to apply a coat of a. Parallelogram: A = bh
paint 0.05 cm thick to a hemispherical dome of radius 25 m. 1
b. Trapezoid: A = (b1 + b2 )h
c. A cubic metal box is to have an interior volume of 1000 cubic centimeters, and 2
1 2. Volume of Solids:
the six sides are to be made of metal centimeter thick. If the cost of the metal
8 a. Rectangular Parallelepiped (Prism): V = lwh
to be used is P5 per cubic centimeter, use differentials to estimate the cost of
b. Right Circular Cylinder: V = πr2 h
metal to be used in constructing the box.
1
d. When blood flows along a blood vessel, Poiseuille’s law says the flux F (the c. Right Circular Cone: V = πr2 h
3
volume of blood per unit time that flows past a given point) is given by F = kR4 , d. Prism: V = Bh, where B is the area of the base
where R is the radius of the blood vessel, and k is a constant. Approximate the 1
percentage change in the blood flow if there is a 5% increase in the radius. e. Pyramid: V = Bh, where B is the area of the base
3
Marginals 3. Surface Area of Solids:

1. A baseball team plays in a stadium that holds 55,000 spectators. With ticket prices a. Rectangular Paralleliped (Prism): 2lw + 2wh + 2lh
at $10, the average attendance had been 27,000. When ticket prices were lowered to b. Sphere: 4πr2
$8, the average attendance rose to 33,000. c. Right Circular Cylinder: 2πrh + 2πr2
√
a. Find the demand function, assuming that it is linear. d. Right Circular Cone: πr r2 + h2 + πr2
b. How should ticket prices be set to maximize revenue? 4. Trigonometric Laws
2. A retailer has been selling 1200 tablet computers a week at $350 each. The marketing a b c
a. Law of Sines: = =
department estimates that an additional 80 tablets will sell each week for every $10 sin α sin β sin γ
that the price is lowered. b. Law of Cosines: a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos α
a. Find the demand function. 1
c. Area of a triangle: A = ab sin γ (γ is the included angle)
b. What should the price be set at in order to maximize revenue? 2
c. If the retailers weekly cost function is C ( x ) = 35, 000 + 120x, what price should
it choose in order to maximize its profit?
3. If C ( x ) is the cost of producing x units of a commodity, then the average cost per
C(x)
unit is c( x ) = .
x
a. If C ( x ) = 16, 000 + 200x + 4x3/2 , in dollars, find (i) the cost, average cost, and
marginal cost at a production level of 1000 units; (ii) the production level that