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4. Musculoskeletal System

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18 views

4. Musculoskeletal System

Uploaded by

cynfaeljoyce
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I.

Overview of the Musculoskeletal System

1. Functions:
o Provides structure and support to the body.
o Protects internal organs.
o Facilitates movement through muscle contraction.
o Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
o Produces blood cells in the bone marrow.

II. Skeletal System

1. Functions of the Skeletal System:


o Support
o Protection
o Movement
o Mineral storage
o Blood cell production
2. Types of Bones:
o Long bones: Found in arms and legs (e.g., femur, humerus).
o Short bones: Found in wrists and ankles (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
o Flat bones: Found in the skull and ribs (e.g., sternum, scapula).
o Irregular bones: Found in the spine (e.g., vertebrae).
o Sesamoid bones: Found within tendons (e.g., patella).
3. Parts of a Bone:
o Compact bone
o Spongy bone
o Bone marrow
o Periosteum (outer layer)
4. Major Bones in the Body:
o Skull
o Spine (vertebrae)
o Ribs
o Pelvis
o Arm bones (humerus, radius, ulna)
o Leg bones (femur, tibia, fibula)

III. Muscular System

1. Functions of Muscles:
o Movement
o Posture maintenance
o Heat production
2. Types of Muscles:
o Skeletal muscles: Voluntary, attached to bones for movement.
o Smooth muscles: Involuntary, found in organs like the stomach.
o Cardiac muscles: Involuntary, found only in the heart.
3. Structure of Skeletal Muscles:
o Muscle fibers
o Tendons (connect muscle to bone)
4. How Muscles Work:
o Muscles contract and relax to create movement.
o Pairs of muscles work together (e.g., biceps and triceps).

IV. Joints and Movement

1. Types of Joints:
o Fixed joints: No movement (e.g., skull sutures).
o Semi-movable joints: Limited movement (e.g., spine).
o Freely movable joints: Full range of motion (e.g., shoulder, knee).
2. Components of Synovial Joints:
o Cartilage
o Synovial fluid
o Ligaments
3. Types of Movements:
o Flexion: Bending a joint.
o Extension: Straightening a joint.
o Rotation: Circular movement.
o Abduction: Moving away from the body.
o Adduction: Moving toward the body.

V. Integration of Bones and Muscles

1. How They Work Together:


o Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
o The nervous system sends signals to muscles, causing them to contract.
o Contraction pulls on bones to create movement.

VI. Health and Maintenance

1. Tips for a Healthy Musculoskeletal System:


o Eat a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D.
o Engage in regular weight-bearing exercises.
o Maintain good posture.
o Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
o Use proper techniques to prevent injuries.
2. Common Disorders:
o Osteoporosis: Weak, brittle bones.
o Arthritis: Inflammation of joints.
o Fractures: Breaks in bones.
o Muscle strain: Overstretching of muscles.

VII. Assignment

Write your answer in a one whole sheet of paper.

1. What are the main functions of the skeletal system?


2. Name three types of muscles and give an example of where each is found.
3. What type of joint is the knee? Describe its movement.
4. How do tendons and ligaments differ in function?
5. Explain the role of calcium in bone health.

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