1 Major Axis: A′A = 2a & (a > b).

ELLIPSE Minor Axis: B′B = 2b & (b < a). The y-axis

intersects the ellipse in points B′ (0, − b) and B
Definition(s):
(0, b).
1. Locus of a point which moves in a plane such
that its distance from a fixed point (Focus) is in a 2
constant ratio from a fixed line (Directrix). This
ratio is called eccentricity e and e < 1. Foot of the directrix (z): Point of intersection
of major axis with directrix is called the foot of
2. An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the the directrix.
sum of whose distances from two fixed points in
the plane is a constant (=2a). The two fixed Principal Axis: The major & minor axis together
points are called the foci of the ellipse. are called Principal Axis of the ellipse.

Centre: The point which bisects every chord of

the conic drawn through it is called the center of
the conic. The point C (0,0) is called the center C
2 2
x y
of the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1.
a b
Diameter: A chord of the conic which passes
through the center is called the diameter of the
conic.
Standard equation of an ellipse:
(§-1) Focal Chord: A chord which passes through a
2 2 focus is called a focal chord.
x y
2
+ 2 = 1.
a b Double Ordinate: A chord perpendicular to the
major axis is called a double ordinate.
Where a > b and b² = a² (1 − e²)
⇒ a2 − b2 = a2 e2. Where e = eccentricity & (0 < Latus Rectum: The focal chord perpendicular to
e < 1). the major axis is called the latus rectum.

Foci: S (a e, 0) & S′ (− a e, 0). Foci lie on Length of latus rectum

major axis. 2 2 2
LL′ =
2b = (2 b) = ( Minor axis)
a a a (2 a) Major axis
Equation of Directrices: x= , x=−
e e or LL′ = 2a(1−e2)
or LL′ = 2e × (distance from focus to the
Vertices: A′ (− a, 0) & A (a, 0).
corresponding directrix)
 Note: [L1 ≡ a1x + b1y + c1 and L2 ≡ b1x + a1y + c2 are two
x
2 2
y mutually perpendicular coplanar lines]
If the equation of the ellipse is given as 2
+ 2
a b c. Center of an ellipse is the point of intersection
= 1 and nothing is mentioned, then the rule is to of L1= 0 and L2 = 0.
assume that a > b. d. The major axis lies along L2= 0 and the minor
axis lies along L1 = 0 if a > b.
Position of a point w.r.t. an Ellipse:
Auxiliary Circle: A circle described on major
The point P (x1, y1) lies outside, inside or on the axis as diameter is called the auxiliary circle.
ellipse according as,
2 2
x y
2 + 2 > < or = 0.
a b
3
Equation of ellipse whose axes are parallel
to co-ordinate axes and center is (h, k): 4
2 2
( x−h) ( y −k )
2
+ = 1; a > b, Let P′ be a point on the auxiliary circle x2 + y2 =
a b2 a2 such that P′P produced is perpendicular to the
x-axis. Let angle CP′ make an angle θ with x- axis.
a
Foci: (h ± ae, k); Directrix: x = h ± Then point P′ on the circle is given by (a cos θ, a
e 2 2
x y
Equation of ellipse referred to two sin θ) and the point P on ellipse ( 2
+ 2 = 0) is
perpendicular lines: a b
given by (a cos θ, b sin θ).
1.
Distance of a point ¿ major axis ¿ corres
Distance of major axis ¿
b
=
a
PN b . sinθ b Semi minor axis
i.e., = = =
2 2
P' N a . sinθ a Semi major axis
p1 p2
a. + =1
a
2
b
2 2. If from each point of a circle perpendiculars
are drawn upon a fixed diameter then the locus

ellipse to the two ⊥ lines]

[p1 and p2 are perpendiculars from a point P on of the points dividing these perpendiculars in a
given ratio is an ellipse of which the given circle
is the auxiliary circle.
b. ¿¿ + ¿¿ = 1
 Eccentric Angle: The angle θ (∠NCP′) is called x . cos θ y . sin θ
eccentric angle of P. c. + =1 Parametric form
a b
2 2 (§-7)
x y
Parametric form of ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1:
a b d. The eccentric angles of point of contact of two
parallel tangents differ by π. Conversely if the
x = a cos θ & y = b sin θ (θ is a
difference between the eccentric angles of two
parameter).
points is p then the tangents at these points are
parallel.
Chord joining two points with eccentric
angles α & β:
Point of intersection of the tangents at the
x α+β y α+β α −β point α & β is,
cos + sin = cos α+ β α+β
a 2 b 2 2 a cos b sin
(§-2) 2 2
( , )
α −β α−β
Chord with middle point (x1, y1): cos cos
2 2
xx 1 yy 1 x1
2 (§-8)
T 1 = S1 or 2 + 2 = 2
+
a b a Director Circle: x² + y² = a² + b²
2
y1 (§-9)
2 (§-3)
b
Condition for a line to be tangent on ellipse:
(§-4)

(i). For line y = mx + c, condition is

c2 = a2m2 + b2. The locus of the point of intersection of the
tangents which meet at right angles is called the
(ii). For line lx + my + n = 0, condition is Director Circle. Its radius is the length of the line
a2 l 2
+ b2m2 = n2. joining the ends of the major & minor axis.
Chord of contact: T1 = 0 (§-10)
5
xx 1 yy 1
Equation of Tangents: (Where T1 ≡ 2 + 2 - 1= 0)
a b
xx 1 yy 1 Pair of tangents: T12 = SS1
a. 2 + 2 = 1 Point form (x1, y1)
a b (§-11)
(§-5)
xx 1 yy 1
(Where T1 ≡ 2 + 2 - 1= 0,
b. y = mx ± √ a2 m2+ b2 Slope form a b
(§-6)
 x
2
y
2
x1 y1
2 2 the second line will lie on the first and such lines
S≡ 2
+ 2 - 1 = 0 and S1 ≡ 2 + 2
- 1 = 0) are said to be conjugate lines.
a b a b c. The pole of a given line is same as point of
6 intersection of tangents at its extremities.

Equation of Normal: Equation of polar of P (x1, y1) is: T1 = 0.

2 2
a x − b y = a² − b² = a²e². at point (x , y ) (§-16)
i. 1 1
x1 y1 xx 1 yy 1
(§-12) i.e., 2 + 2 – 1 = 0
a b
ii. ax. sec θ − by. cosec θ = (a² − b²). at
Coordinates of pole of a given line:
point (a cos θ, b sin θ)
(§-17)
(§-13)
2 2
(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )m
2 x y
a. For the ellipse + 2 = 1, if P is the pole of
iii. y = mx − ¿. Slope form. a
2
b
√ a2 +b2 m2 la
2
(§-14) line lx + my + n = 0, then co-ordinates of P (–
n
iv. Four normal can be drawn to an ellipse from a 2
point. ,–
mb ).
(§- n
15)
7
Pole & polar: 2
Let a point ‘P’ be inside or outside the ellipse. A
b
Diameter of ellipse: y=− 2 x
chord through ellipse intersecting it at a m
points A and B. Then the locus of point of (§-18)
intersection Q (h, k) of tangents at A and B is
The diameter of the ellipse is the locus of the
called polar of P w.r.t. ellipse and point P is called
middle points of a system of parallel chords with
pole.
slope ‘m’ of an ellipse through the center of the
ellipse.

a. If the polar of P (x1, y1) passes through Q (x2,

y2), then the polar of Q (x2, y2) goes through P (x1,
y1) and such points are said to be conjugate
points.
b. If the pole of a line l1x + m1y + n1= 0 lies on
another line, l2x + m2y + n2 = 0, then the pole of Properties of diameter:
a. The necessary and sufficient condition that b. Semi-latus rectum is harmonic mean of
diameter segments of focal chord.
y = m1x bisects all chords parallel to slope m is, (§-26)
b
2
1 1 2a
mm1 = − . (§-19) i.e., + =
a
2 SP SQ b
b. If the diameter y = m1x bisects all chords (Where a > b and PQ is focal chord through focus
parallel to S).
y = m x, then due to symmetry diameter y = m c. Circle described on focal length as diameter
x bisects all chords parallel to y = m1x. Such always touches auxiliary circle.
diameters of an ellipse are said to be conjugate. (§-27)
c. The eccentric angles of the ends of a pair of d. Locus of feet of perpendiculars Y and Y′ from
conjugate diameters differ by a right angle. foci upon any tangent to ellipse is an auxiliary
(§-20) circle. (§-28)
d. The sum of the squares of the conjugate semi- e. If tangents drawn from feet of perpendiculars
diameter of an ellipse is constant and is equal to Y and Y′ on auxiliary circle meet at R, then R lies
the sum of squares of the semi axes of the on the ordinate through P and the locus of R is
ellipse. (§-21) another ellipse having the same eccentricity as
e. The product of the focal distance of a point on original ellipse. (§-29)
the ellipse is equal to the square of the semi f. The line joining center to the feet of
diameter which is conjugate to the diameter perpendicular from one focus to any tangent at P
through the point. (§-22) and the line joining the other focus to point P are
i.e., S′ P. SP = CD2. parallel. (§-30)
f. The area of the parallelogram formed by the g. Product of perpendiculars from foci upon any
tangents at the extremities of the two conjugate tangent of the ellipse is b2.
diameters of an ellipse is constant. (§-31)
(§-23)
h. The tangents at the extremities of a focal
g. Two conjugate diameters are said to be equi- chord PSQ intersect at corresponding directrix at
conjugate if they have equal lengths. i.e., ay = ± T and ST is perpendicular to PQ.
bx. (§-24) (§-32)
8

2 2
x y
Properties of ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1:
a b
i. Length of tangent between the point of contact
a. If P be any point on the ellipse with S & S′ as and the point where it meets the directrix
its foci then, SP + S′P = 2a. subtends right angle at the corresponding focus.
(§-25) (§-33)
 j. The sum of the square of chords intercepted by
auxiliary circle on two perpendicular tangents on an
ellipse is constant and is equal to the square of the
line joining foci. If l1, l2 are the intercepted chords, l12
+ l22 = SS′2. (§-34)
9

k. The tangent and normal at point P on ellipse (i) PF. PG = b²

bisects the external and internal angles between (ii) PF. Pg = a²
the focal distances of P. Therefore, incident ray (iii) PG. Pg = SP. S′P
from focus S after reflection from ellipse at point (iv) CG. CT = (CS)2
P passes through the other focus S′. (Reflection
property) (§-35) 10

l. The straight lines joining each focus to the foot (v) Locus of the midpoint of Gg is another
of perpendicular from other focus upon the ellipse having the same eccentricity as that
tangent at any point P, meet on the normal PG of the original ellipse.
and bisect it. (§-36)
[where S and S′ are the focii of the ellipse and T
m. Perpendiculars from center upon all chords is the point where tangent at P meet the major
which join the extremities of perpendicular axis]
diameter are of constant length.
(§-37) q. If the tangent at the point P of a ellipse meet
axes at T and t and CY is perpendicular on it from
n. If the tangent at any point P on the ellipse center then,
meets the major axis in T and minor axis in t and (§-
PN, PM are perpendicular from P on major and 41)
minor axis respectively then, CN. CT = a2 and
CM. Ct = b2. (§-38) (i) Tt. PY = a2 − b2.
(ii) Least value of Tt is a + b.
2
x
r. Ratio of any triangle PQR inscribed in ellipse 2
a
2
y
o. The perpendicular from the focus upon any + 2
= 1 and that of triangle formed by
tangent to ellipse and the line joining the center b
to the point of contact meet on the corresponding corresponding points on the auxiliary circle is b/a.
directrix. (§-39) (§-42)

p. If the normal at any point P on the ellipse with

center C meet the major & minor axes in G & g
respectively, & if CF be perpendicular upon this
normal, then, (§-40)
 Hence A and A′ (which satisfy SP = e.PM must lie on
the locus.
Let AA′ = 2a and let C be midpoint, so that
A′C = CA = a.
Add equation (1) and (2). We get,
SA + SA′ = e. (AZ + A′ Z)
i.e., AA′ = e. [(CZ – CA) + (A′ C + CZ)]
i.e., 2a = 2e.CZ
a
i.e., CZ = … (3)
e
Subtracting equation (1) from (2). We get,
SA′ – SA = e. (A′ Z – AZ)
i.e., [(A′ C + CS) – (CA – CS)] = e. AA′
11
i.e., 2CS = e.2a [as A′ C = AC]
Solutions/ Proofs
12
§-1. Standard equation of an ellipse using focus
and directrix property: i.e., CS = ae …
(4)
Solutions: An ellipse is locus of a point whose
distance from a fixed point (called Focus) is in a Now choosing C as origin, CZ as x-axis and
constant ratio e (< 1), (called the eccentricity) to its perpendicular at C as y- axis. Let P be (x, y).
distance from a fixed line (called the Directrix).
The coordinates of S are (ae, 0). Let PN be
perpendicular to x- axis.
a
Now PM = NZ = CZ – CN = –x
e
and SP2 = e2. PM2.

⇒
a
Let P be such a point, S the fixed point (focus) and l (x – ae)2 + (y – 0)2 = e2. ( – x)2.
the directrix as shown in figure. Let SZ be e
perpendicular from ‘S’ on ‘l’. Divide SZ internally and ⇒ x2 – 2aex + a2e2 + y2 = a2 – 2aex + e2x2.
⇒
externally in the ratio e: 1. Since e < 1, A and A′ lies
on the same side of l. (1 – e2) x2 + y2 = a2 (1 – e2)

⇒
2 2
SA = e. AZ … (1) x y
2
+ 2 =1
SA′ = e. A′ Z … (2) a a (1−e¿¿ 2)¿
 ⇒
Putting b2 = a2 (1 – e2) (where b < a) … c
2
(5) {x2 + c2 – 2cx + y2} = a2 + 2
x2 – 2 cx.
a
2 2
x y
⇒
2
or 2
+ 2 =1 … (6) c 2
a b (1 – 2
) x + y2 = a2 – c2.
a
This is the standard form of the equation of the
⇒
2 2
ellipse. x y
2
+ 2 2
=1
a a −c
§-1. Standard equation of an ellipse using
distance from foci property: Putting b2 = a2 – c2
… (2)
Solutions: An ellipse is the set of all points in a
plane, the sum of whose distances from two fixed x
2
y
2

points (called the foci) in the plane is a constant. 2 + 2 = 1 … (3)

a b
The eccentricity (e) of an ellipse is the ratio of the
distance from the center to the foci (c) and the
distance from the center to the vertices (a).

⇒ ⇒
c
e= (0 < e < 1) c = ae
Let co-ordinates of foci be S′ (– c, 0) and S (c, 0), a
C be at origin which is midpoint of S′S.
From equation (2); b² = a2 – c2
Vertices are also on the x-axis at A′ (– a, 0) and A i.e., b² = a² (1 − e²)
(a, 0). Let a > b. … (4)
The distance S′A + SA = (a + c) + (a – c) = 2a
… (1) §-2. Chord joining two points with eccentric
angles α & β:
13
Solutions: Since two points on ellipse are (a cos α,
Let P (x, y) be any point such that the sum of the b sin α) and (a cos β, b sin β), the equation of the
distances of point P is equal to the A′A (= 2a). chord joining them is
i.e., PS′ + PS = 2a. y − b sin α = b ¿ ¿ (x − a cos α)
⇒ √ ¿ ¿ + √ ¿ ¿ = 2a. ⇒ y − b sin α = b ¿ ¿ (x − a cos α)
⇒ √ ¿ ¿ = 2a – √ ¿ ¿. β+ α
⇒
b cos
⇒
(x + c)2 + y2 = 4a2 + (x – c)2 + y2 2
– 4a √ ¿ ¿ y − b sin α = − (x − a cos α)
β+ α
⇒
c a sin
√ ¿ ¿= a – x 2
a
14
⇒ ⇒
α+β α+β 2 2 2
x 1 +r co s θ +2 rx 1 cos θ
a. sin y − ab sin sin α = +
2 2 a
2

α+β 2 2 2
y 1 +r si n θ+2 ry 1sin θ
− b cos x + ab cos α.cos
2 2 =1
b
α+β
⇒ r2(
2 2
2 co s θ si n θ x 1 cos θ y 1 sin θ
+ ) + 2r( + )
⇒
2 2 2 2
α+β α+β a b a b
b x cos + a y. sin = 2 2
2 2 x1 y1
+ 2 + 2
−1=0
α+β α+β a b
ab (cos α.cos + sin
2 2 …
sin α) (ii)

⇒
α+β α+β This equation is quadratic in r giving two values
b x cos + a y. sin = of r (say r1 and r2), corresponding to the two
2 2 points of intersection P and Q of the line with the
α+β α −β ellipse. Therefore,
ab cos (α − ) = ab cos
2 2 coefficient of r
⇒
r1 + r 2 = −
x α+β y α+β α −β coefficient of r
2
cos + sin = cos
a 2 b 2 2
x 1 cos θ y 1 sin θ co s2 θ
= − 2( 2 + 2 )/ ( 2
+
§-3. Equation of chord with given middle a b a
point (x1, y1): 2
si n θ
Equation of any line through (x1, y1) is, 2 )
b
x−x 1 y− y 1 15
= =r
cos θ sinθ
… (i) If the mid-point of the chord is M (x1, y1) then r1 =
MP and r2 = MQ.
Here r is the distance of any point from (x1, y1).
These are equal in magnitude as M is midpoint
Therefore, x = x1 + r cos θ and y = y1 + r sin θ is
but opposite in sign as MP and MQ are in opposite
any point on the line.
direction. Hence r1 + r2 = 0
At the intersection of line and ellipse, this point
⇒
2 2 x 1 cos θ y 1 sin θ co s2 θ si n2 θ
x y − 2( + )/ ( + )
will satisfy equation of the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1. a
2
b
2
a
2
b
2
a b =0

⇒
2 2
( x 1+ r cos θ) ( y 1+r sin θ) x 1 cos θ y 1 sin θ
i.e., 2
+ =1 + =0
a b2 a
2
b
2

… (iii)
 x−x 1 16
From equation (1) we have, cos θ = and
r
(ii). When line is Lx + My + N = 0.
y− y 1
sin θ = . Line Lx + My + N = 0 can be written as
r
Putting these values in equation (iii) we get, −L −N
y= x+ … (i)
M M
x 1(x−x 1) y 1( y− y 1)
2 + =0 We have learnt that condition for y = mx + c to
ra r b2 2 2
x y
⇒
2 2 be tangent on ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is c2 = a2m2 +
xx 1 yy 1 x1 y1 a b
2 + 2 = 2
+ 2
a b a b b2. … (ii)
or T 1 = S1 Comparing line (i) with y = mx + c we have

xx 1 yy 1 −L −N
(Where T1 ≡ m= and c = .
2 + 2 − 1= 0 and S1 ≡
M M
a b
2 2
x1 y1 Putting these values in c2 = a2m2 + b2, we get
2 + 2 − 1= 0). −N 2 −L 2
a b required condition, ( ) = a 2( ) + b2
M M
§-4. Condition for a line to be tangent on i.e. a2 L 2
+ b2M2 = N2.
ellipse:
(i) when line is y = mx + c: At the point of §-5. Equation of Tangents to ellipse (Point
intersection of line and ellipse, y = mx + c will form):
2 2
x y Let (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) be two points on ellipse
satisfy 2 + 2 = 1, 2 2
a b x y
2 2 2 + 2 = 1.
x (mx +c) a b
Hence 2 + =1
a b2 The equation to the line through these points is,

⇒ b2x2 + a2(m2x2 + 2mcx + c2) = a2b2. y 2− y 1

⇒
y − y1 = (x− x1) …
x 2−x 1
(b2 + a2m2) x2 + 2a2mcx + (c2 − b2) a2 = 0
(1)
This gives two values of x. For the line to be
Since points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are two points on
tangent on ellipse, both roots should be equal.
ellipse,
Therefore, discriminant should be zero.
2 2
i.e., (2a2mc)2 = 4 (b2 + a2m2) (c2 − b2) a2 x1 y1
⇒
Hence 2
+ 2
=1 …
2 2 2 2
amc =b c +am c −b −a mb2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 a b
⇒
(2)
0 = b2 (c2 − b2 − a2 m2)
or c2 = a2m2 + b2.
 2 2 2 2
x2 y2 x (mx +c)
and 2
+ 2
=1 … 2
+ =1
a b a b2
⇒
(3)
b2x2 + a2(m2x2 + 2mcx + c2) = a2b2.
⇒
Subtracting equation (2) from (3),
(b2 + a2m2) x2 + 2a2mcx + (c2 − b2) a2 = 0
2 2 2 2
x 2 −x 1 y2 − y1 … (1)
2
+ 2
=0
a b For a line to be tangent on ellipse the
discriminant should be zero.
⇒
2
y 2− y 1 b x 2+ x 1
=− 2 × … i.e., (2a2mc)2 = 4 (b2 + a2m2) (c2 − b2) a2
⇒
x 2−x 1 a y 2+ y 1
(4) a2m2c2 = b2 c2 + a2m2 c2 − b4 − a2 m2b2
Putting this value in equation (1), ⇒ 0 = b2 (c2 − b2 − a2 m2)

b
2
x 2+ x 1 ⇒ c2 = a 2m2 + b2.

⇒
y − y1 = − × (x− x1)
a
2
y 2+ y 1 c=± √ a2 m 2 + b 2 .
If line is tangent then point (x2, y2) → (x1, y1) Hence equation of tangent is y = mx ±
b x1
2 √ a2 m 2 + b 2
Hence y − y1 = − 2 . (x− x1)
a y1 To find point of contact:
17 From equation (1) we get two values of x,

⇒
xx 1 yy 1 2 2 i.e., x1,2 =
x1 y1
2 + 2 = 2
+ 2 −2 a mc ± √ 4 a4 m2 c 2−4 (b 2+ a2 m2 )(c 2−b 2)a2
2
a b a b
2(b2 +a 2 m2)
⇒
xx 1 yy 1
⇒
2 + 2 = 1. i.e., T1 = 0
a b −a2 mc ± ab √ a2 m2+b 2−c 2
x12 =
xx 1 yy 1 (b 2+ a2 m2 )
(As T1 ≡ 2 + 2 – 1)
a b Putting this value in y = mx + c,

§-6. Equation of Tangents to ellipse (Slope b2 c ± abm √ a2 m2 +b 2−c 2

y1,2 =
form): (b 2+ a2 m2 )
2 2
x y 18
Let line y = mx + c intersect with ellipse 2
+ 2
a b Thus, we get two points of intersection. But at the
=1
point of contact of tangent both the points
At the point of intersection, coincide and c2 = a2m2 + b2. Therefore,
 ⇒
2
−a mc −a2 m θ+φ θ+φ θ−φ
x0 = = b x cos + a y. sin = ab cos
c
2
c 2 2 2

⇒
2
b c b2 x θ+φ y θ+φ θ−φ
and y0 = = cos + sin = cos
2 a 2 b 2 2
c c
2 2
At point of contact of tangent both points will
So, point of contact is (
−a m , b ). coincide and φ = θ . So, putting φ = θ in above
c c equation we get,

§-7. Equation of Tangents to ellipse

x 2θ y 2θ
cos + sin = cos 0
(Parametric form): a 2 b 2

⇒
Let two points on ellipse be (a cos θ , b sin θ ) and x . cos θ y . sin θ
+ =1
(a cos φ, b sin φ), the equation of the chord a b
joining them is given by,
y − b sin θ = b ¿ ¿ (x − a cos θ )
φ+θ 19
b cos
⇒
2
y − b sin θ = − (x − a cos θ ) §-8. Point of intersection of the tangents at
φ+θ the point α & β:
a sin
2
x . cos α y . sin α
⇒
θ+φ θ+φ The tangent at α is + =1
a sin y − ab sin sin θ a b
2 2 … (1)
θ+φ
= − b cos x + ab cos θ .cos x . cos β y . sin β
2 The tangent at β is + =1
a b
θ+φ … (2)
2
Solving these equations simultaneously,
⇒
θ+φ θ+φ
b x cos + a y. sin x y 1
2 2

| || || |
θ+φ θ+φ sin α cos α cos α sin α
= ab (cos θ .cos + sin 1 1
2 2 b = a = a b
sin θ ) sin β cos β cos β sin β
1 1
⇒
θ+φ θ+φ b a a b
b x cos + a y. sin = ab cos (α −
2 2 1
θ+φ x= ¿¿
) b
2
and y=
1
¿¿ y1 = mx1 + √ a2 m2+ b2
a or (y1 − mx1)2 = a2m2 + b2.
or x = a¿¿ and y = b ¿ ¿ or (x12 − a2) m2 − 2y1x1m + (y12 − b2) = 0
or x = a ¿ ¿ and y = b ¿ ¿ This equation is quadratic in m giving two roots
m1 and m2.
β+ α β +α
a . cos b . sin
⇒
2 2 2 y1 x1
or x= and y= m1 + m2 = 2 2 and m1 m2 =
β−α β−α x 1 −a
cos cos 2 2
2 2 y 1 −b
2 2
Hence the point of intersection of the tangents at x 1 −a
the point α & β is
If tangents are at right angle, then m1 m2 = −
α+ β α+β 1.
a cos b sin
⇒
2 2 2
y 1 −b
2
( , ) =−1
α −β α−β 2
x 1 −a
2
cos cos
2 2
i.e., x12 + y12 = a2 + b2.
§-9. Equation of Director Circle of Ellipse: The locus of (x1, y1) is therefore,
x2 + y2 = a2 + b2
which is equation of director circle of ellipse.

§-10. Equation of Chord of contact of Ellipse

from a point (h, k):

The locus of the point of intersection of the

tangents which meet at right angles is called the
Director Circle.
20

Its radius is the length of the line joining the ends Let the tangents from P (x1, y1) to the ellipse S ≡
2 2
of the major & minor axis. x y
2
+ 2 − 1 = 0 be PQ and PR where Q (x2, y2)
x
2
y
2 a b
Any tangent to ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1 is given by and R (x3, y3).
a b
The equation of the tangent at Q (x2, y2) is T2 = 0
y = mx + √a 2 2
m +b
2
xx 2 yy 2
i.e., 2 + 2 − 1 = 0
If it passes through (x1, y1) then, a b
 21 From an outside point P (x1, y1) two tangents PQ
and PR are drawn to the ellipse touching it at Q
x1 x2 y1 y 2 and R.
Since P (x1, y1) lies on it, 2 + 2 −1
a b
=0 … (1)
Similarly, the tangent at R (x3, y3) has equation T3
=0
xx 3 yy 3 Let T (x2, y2) be a point on PQ. Any point ‘S’ on
i.e., 2 + 2 − 1 = 0
PT, which divides it in ratio λ: 1, can be taken as (
a b λx 2+ x 1 λy 2+ y 1
, ).
It passes through P (x1, y1) hence, λ+1 λ+ 1
x1 x3 x1 y3 Suppose it lies on the ellipse. Then it must satisfy
+ −1=0 2 2
a
2
b
2 x y
equation of ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1.
… (2) a b
Now consider the equation T1 = 0
xx 1 yy 1
i.e., 2 + 2 − 1 = 0
22
a b
… (3) 1 λx 2+ x 1 2 1 λy 2+ y 1 2
Hence, 2 ( ) + 2 ( ) =1
Equation (3) is of first degree in x and y. a λ+1 b λ+ 1

⇒
Therefore, it represents a straight line. 1 1
2 (λx2 + x1)2 + 2 (λy2 + y1)2 = (λ + 1)2
We see that point Q (x2, y2) and point R (x3, y3) a b

⇒
satisfy the equation (3) by virtue of equation (1)
and (2). Hence it represents a straight line
1 1
2 (λ2x22 + x12 +2λx1x2) + 2 (λ2y22 + y12 +
through Q as well as through R. a b
2λy1y2)
Hence, the equation of chord of contact from
= (λ2 +1+2
point (x1, y1) to an ellipse S ≡ 0 is,
λ)
T1 = 0
⇒(
2 2
x2 y2 x1 x2 y1 y 2
xx 1 yy 1 2
+ 2
– 1) λ2 + 2( 2 + 2 – 1) λ +
or a b a b
2 + 2 − 1 = 0
a b x1
2
y1
2
( 2 + 2
– 1) = 0
a b
⇒
2
x
§-11. Equation of Pair of tangents to ellipse 2 S22 λ2 + 2S12 λ + S11 = 0. … (1)
a
2 This is quadratic in λ, giving two values λ1 and λ2
y corresponding to the points in which PT cuts ellipse.
+ 2
= 1:
b But PT touches the ellipse and hence two roots must
be equal.
For this the discriminant of equation (1) should [as b² = a² (1 − e²)]
be zero.
Hence 4S212 – 4S22.S11= 0 23
i.e., S212 = S22.S11. §-13. Equation of Normal to ellipse
This is the condition satisfied by T (x2, y2) (Parametric Form):
wherever it may lie on the two tangents PQ and
Tangent at point (a cos θ, b sin θ) is,
PR. The equation of locus is got by dropping
suffix 2. x . cos θ y . sin θ
+ =1
On dropping suffix 2, S12 becomes T1 and S22 a b
becomes S.
b cos θ b
Hence equation of pair of tangents is: T 12 = The slope of tangent is = − =− cot θ.
SS1 a sin θ a
xx 1 yy 1 x
2
y
2 a
(Where T1 ≡ + − 1= 0; S ≡ + −1=0 Hence, the slope of normal = tan θ.
a
2
b
2
a
2
b
2 b
2 2 Equation of normal at (a. cos θ, b. sin θ) is,
x1 y1
& S1 ≡ + − 1 = 0)
a
2
b
2 a
y – b sin θ = tan θ. (x − a. cos θ)
b

⇒
§-12. Equation of Normal to ellipse (Point
Form): sin θ
by − b2sin θ = . (a x − a2.cos θ)
xx 1 cos θ

⇒
Tangent at point (x1, y1) of ellipse is: 2 +
a 1 1
by − b2 = a x − a 2.
yy 1 sin θ cos θ
⇒
2 = 1.
b ax. sec θ − by. cosec θ = (a² − b²).
2
b x1 §-14. Equation of Normal to ellipse (Slope
The slope of tangent is = −
a y1
2
Form):
2
a y1 Equation of normal in point form is given by,
Hence slope of normal at (x1, y1) is =
b x1
2
2 2
a x − b y = a² − b²
Therefore, the equation of normal at (x1, y1) is,
x1 y1
2
a y1
⇒
2 2 2
y − y1 = (x − x1) a y1 a −b
b x1
2
y= 2
x− 2
y1
b x1 b
⇒
2 2
b a … (1)
y − b2= x − a2
y1 x1

⇒
2 2
a x − b y = a² − b² = a²e².
x1 y1
 (a ¿ ¿ 2−b )m
2 2
a y1
Puttingm = i.e., y = mx − ¿.
√ a2 +b2 m2
2
b x1
… (2)
2 2
a −b §-15. To prove that four normal can be
The equation (1) becomes, y =m x − 2
y1
b drawn to an ellipse from a point.
… (3) Normal at point (a cos θ, b sin θ) is given by,
2 ax. sec θ − by. cosec θ = (a² − b²)
a
From equation (2) we see, x1 = 2
y1 It passes through (h, k) hence,
b m ah. sec θ − bk. cosec θ = (a² − b²) …
… (4)
(1)
x1
2
y1
2 Changing the value of sec θ and cosec θ in terms
Point (x1, y1) lies on ellipse, hence 2
+ 2
=1 θ
a b of tan ,
2

√
2
b 2
i.e., y12 = b2 − x12 θ
a
2 2 tan
sec θ = √ 1+tan 2 θ = 2
1+( ) =
⇒
2 4
b a θ 2
y1 = b − 2 4 2 y12
2 2
1−ta n
a b m 2
θ
⇒
2
a
2 1+tan
y1 = b − 2 2 y12.
2 2 2
b m θ
1−tan 2
24 2

√
2

⇒
a
2 2 θ
(1 + 2 2 ) y12 = b2.
1−ta n
2
b m cosec θ = √ 1+cot2 θ = 1+( ) =
θ
⇒
4 2
b m 2 tan
2
y1 = 2 2 2
2
a +b m θ
2
1+ tan
⇒
2
b m 2
y1 =
√ a2 +b2 m2 2 tan
θ
… (5) 2
Hence equation of normal in equation (3) Putting these values of sec θ and cosec θ in
becomes, equation (1) we get,
2 2 2
a −b b m
y=mx− ×
b
2
√ a +b2 m2
2
 2θ 2θ meet at Q. Then the locus of point Q which is the
1+ta n 1+ tan point of intersection of tangents at A and B for
2 2
ah. − bk. = (a² − b²) different positions of secant from P is called polar
2θ θ of P w.r.t. ellipse and this is a straight line.
1−tan 2 tan
2 2
⇒ ah (2tan + 2tan3 ) − bk (1 − tan4 )
Point P is called the pole of straight line w.r.t.
θ θ θ ellipse.
2 2 2
The equation of chord of contact from Q (h, k) is
θ given by,
= (a² − b²) (2tan - 2tan3
2
θ xh yk
) 2 + 2 – 1 = 0 … (1)
2 a b
⇒
θ θ But it passes through P (x1, y1),
bk tan4 + 2(ah + a² − b²) tan3
2 2
x1h y1k
θ Hence 2 + –1=0
+ 2(ah − a² + b²) tan − a b
2
2
… (2)
bk = 0
Now while P (x1, y1) is given, Q (h, k) is variable
θ and this relation is true for all positions of Q.
This equation is of fourth degree in tan . Hence
2
So, the locus of Q is got by putting (x, y) for (h, k)
θ
there are four values of tan . Thus, there are in equation (2);
2
four points on ellipse from where normal will pass xx 1 yy 1
i.e., 2 + 2 = 1
through (h, k). a b
Thus, four normal can be drawn to an ellipse from
or T1 = 0.
a point.
which is the required equation of polar. It is of the
25 first degree in x and y and hence it is a straight
line.
§-16. Equation of polar:
2 2 §-16. Condition for a Polar to be pole:
x y
Let equation of ellipse be 2 + 2 = 1. Let x
2
y
2
a b For the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1, let P be the pole of
point P (x1, y1) be inside or outside the ellipse. a b
line
lx + my + n = 0,
Thus, given polar is lx + my + n = 0
… (1)
A variable secant PBA is drawn cutting the ellipse 26
at B and A. Tangents to ellipse from point A and B
 ⇒
2
x h b2 b
2
For pole P (x1, y1), equation of polar for ellipse Its slope is m=− k=−
a
2
k a2 ma
2

y
2
xx 1 yy 1 k
+ 2
= 1 is given by, 2 + 2 = 1
b a b Hence locus of middle points of parallel chords to
2
… (2) b
y = mx is y=− 2
x.
But equations (1) and (2) both represent the a m
same line.
Method -2: Let y = mx + c be any chord of
l m ellipse
−n
Hence x1 + y1 = 2 2
1 x y
a
2
b
2
2
+ 2 = 1. To get point of intersection we
a b
⇒
x 1 −l y 1 −m have to solve both these equations. Hence,
2 = and 2 =
a n b n x
2
(mx +c)
2

⇒
2 2 2
+ =1
x1 =
−l a and y = −mb a b2
n n 27

⇒
2 2
Hence co-ordinates of P (–
la , – mb ).
b2x2 + a2(m2x2 + 2mcx + c2) = a2b2.
⇒
n n
(b2 + a2m2) x2 + 2m a2cx + a2c2 − a2b2 =
x
2
y
2 0.
§-18. Equation of Diameter of ellipse 2
+ 2
a b This equation is quadratic in x giving two values
= 1: of x corresponding to two points of intersection x1
and x2 with ellipse.
2
2m a c
Hence x1 + x2 = − 2 2 2
= 2h
b +a m
[as (h, k) is mid-point of (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)]

⇒
2 2 2
It is the locus of the middle points of a system of h(b + a m )
parallel chords with slope 'm' of an ellipse c=−
passing through the center of the ellipse. It is a m a2
straight line. But point (h, k) lies on y = mx + c,
Method 1: The equation of the chord having 2 2 2
2 2 h(b + a m )
xh yk h k Hence k = m h −
middle point (h, k) is, 2 + 2 = 2
+ 2 m a2
a b a b
⇒
2 2 2 2 2
… (1) a m h−(b h+ a m h)
k= 2
ma
⇒
2
−b
k= 2
h
ma
Therefore, locus of middle point of chord with
2
b
slope m is given by, y = − 2
x.
a m Let φ be the eccentric angle of the extremity D of
Since constant term is missing in this equation conjugate diameter D′CD.
hence it passes through center of ellipse. b sin φ
Then slope of CD is, m1 = . But mm1 = −
a cos φ
§-19. The necessary and sufficient condition 2
that the diameter y = m1x bisects all chords b
2 2 .
b a
parallel to slope m is mm1 = − 2
.
a b sin θ b sin φ b
2
Consequently, × =− 2
Solution: The locus of middle points of parallel a cos θ a cos φ a
chords to y = mx is called diameter of ellipse.
⇒
2 2
b
2 b sin θsin φ b
The equation of diameter is y = − 2 x. . = −
a cos θcos φ
2 2
a m a

⇒
b
2 sin θsin φ
Its slope is m1 = − 2 . =−1
cos θcos φ
⇒
a m
sin θ sin φ + cos θ cos φ = 0
⇒
2
b
mm1 = − 2 This proves the statement.

⇒
a π
cos (φ − θ) = cos (± )
28 2

⇒
π
§-20. The eccentric angles of the ends of a φ−θ=±
pair of conjugate diameters differ by a right 2

⇒
angle. π
φ=θ±
Solution: Let θ be the eccentric angle of an 2
extremity of conjugate diameter P′CP.
π
b sin θ Hence coordinate of D is {a cos (θ + ), b sin (θ
Then slope of CP is m= 2
a cos θ π π
+ )}and coordinates of D′ is {a cos (θ − ), b
2 2
π
sin (θ − )}
2
 i.e., D (−a sin θ, b cos θ) and D′ (a sin θ, −b 2
y y1 a
2
y
2 2

cos θ). 2
. 2 . 2 + 2 =1
b b x1 b
§-21. The sum of the squares of the 2 2 2
y y1 a
conjugate semi-diameter of an ellipse is 2
( 2 . 2 + 1) = 1
constant and is equal to the sum of squares b b x1
2
of the semi axes of the ellipse. i.e., CP2 + x1
CD2 = a2 + b2. Multiplying both sides by 2
we get,
a
29 2 2 2 2
y y1 x1 x1
2
( 2 + 2 )= 2
Solution: Let there be a point P be (x1, y1) on b b a a
ellipse 2 2
2 2 y1 x1
x y But 2
+ 2 = 1 as (x1, y1) lies on ellipse
2
+ 2 = 1. b a
a b
⇒
2 2
y x1
2
= 2
b a
⇒
y x1
=±
b a
⇒
b
y=± x1 … (3)
y1 a
Slope of CP (y = mx) is = .
x1 a
2
2 Putting this in equation (1) we get; x = − (± .
b b
2
The equation of diameter DD’ is y = − 2
x.
a m y1 b
x1)
x1 a
2 2
b x1
⇒ x=∓
b a
Hence slope of CD = − = − .
2
a m a y1
2 y1 … (4)
b
Therefore, equation of CD is,
2
30
b x1
y = − 2. x … (1) a b a
a y1 Hence point D′ is (− y1, x1) and point D is(
2 2 2 2
b a b
x y y1 a b
or 2
= 2 . 2 . 2 … (2) y1, − x1).
a b b x1 a
2 2
x x Now point C is at origin. Hence,
Putting value of 2
from equation (1) in ellipse 2 2 2
a a a 2 b 2
2 CP2 + CD2 = (x12 + y12) + ( y + 2 x1 )
2 1
y b a
+ 2
= 1, we get point of intersection D.
b
⇒
b
2
a
2 or SP = e. (a/e − a. cos θ) = a – a e. cos θ.
CP2 + CD2 = x12 (1 + 2
) + y12 (1 + 2 )
a b Therefore, S′P. SP = (a + a e. cos θ) (a – a e. cos
θ)
⇒
2 2
x1 y1
CP2 + CD2 = ( 2
+ 2
) (a2 + b2) or S′P. SP = a2 − a2e2 cos2 θ = a2 − (a2 −
a b 2 2
b ). cos θ

⇒
2
x1 31
CP2 + CD2 = (a2 + b2) [As 2
+
a
2 or S′P. SP = a2 (1 − cos2 θ) + b2 cos2 θ
y1
2 = 1] or S′P. SP = a2 sin2 θ + b2 cos2 θ
b … (2)
§-22. The product of the focal distance of a Therefore, from equations (1) and (2) we see,
point on the ellipse is equal to the square
S′P. SP = CD2.
of the semi diameter which is conjugate to
the diameter through the point. i.e., S′ P.
§-23. The area of the parallelogram formed
SP = CD2.
by the tangents at the extremities of the
x
2
y
2 two conjugate diameters of an ellipse is
Solution: Let C be center of ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1. constant and is equal to the product of the
a b length of both axes. i.e., Area of
parallelogram = (2a). (2b).
Solution: Let eccentric angle of point P be θ.
Since CP and CD′ are conjugate diameters hence
π
eccentric angle of D′ is: θ + .
2

Let P (a cos θ, b sin θ) be a point on the ellipse.

PP′ and DD′ are the conjugate diameters.
a b
The coordinates of point D ( y1, − x1),
b a

∴ P is (a. cos θ, b. sin θ) and D ′ is (- a. sin θ, b.

Where x1= a cos θ and y1 = b sin θ. So, point D is
a b cos θ).
D( b sin θ, − a cos θ) or Point D (a sin θ,
b a
− b cos θ) Now P ′ is {a. cos (θ + π), b. sin (θ + π)}
Therefore CD2 = a2 sin2 θ + b2 cos2 θ … (1) i.e., P ′ (- a. cos θ, - b. sin θ)
Also, SP′ = e. PM′ = e. NZ′ = e. (Z′C + CN) and D is {- a. sin (θ + π), b. cos (θ + π)}
or SP′ = e. (a. cos θ + a/e) = a + ae. cos θ. i.e., D (a. sin θ, - b. cos θ)
and SP = e. PM = e. NZ = e. (ZC − CN)
 x cos θ y sin θ Solution: Let CP and CD be equal then they are
Tangents at P is: + = 1. Its slope called equi-conjugate diameters. Now CP2 = CD2
a b
is m1 = − 1. i.e., a2 cos2 θ + b2 sin2 θ = a2 sin2 θ + b2 cos2 θ
x cos θ y sin θ ⇒ (a2 − b2) cos2 θ − (a2 − b2) sin2 θ = 0. (a2
Tangent at P′ is: − − = 1. Its 2
− b ≠ 0)
⇒ ⇒
a b
slope is m2 = − 1. cos2 θ − sin2 θ = 0 tan2 θ = 1

As m1 = m2, these tangents are parallel.

⇒ ⇒
Similarly, π 3π
tan θ = ± 1 θ= or θ =
4 4
x sin θ y cos θ
Tangents at D′ is: − − = 1. π
a b Hence the eccentric angles of P and D are and
4
Its slope is m3 = − 1
3π
θ= respectively.
x sin θ y cos θ 4
Tangent at D is: − = 1. Its
a b π π 2
a +b
2
slope is m4 = − 1 Also, CP2 = a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 =
4 4 2
32
π
b . sin
As m3 = m4, hence these tangents are also 4 b
Slope of CP is = and that of CD is
parallel. π a
Hence tangents form a parallelogram.
a . cos
4
1 1 3π
Also, CP = PP′ and CD = DD′ b . sin
2 2 4 b
=−
If A = area of parallelogram Q1Q2Q3Q4 3π a
⇒
a . cos
A = 4 × area CPQ1D′ 4
⇒ A = 4 × CD′ × CL (CL is perpendicular on Hence equation of CP is, y =
b
x
Q1P.) a
⇒ √
A = 4 a2 si n2 θ+b 2 co s 2 θ × b
and equation of CD is, y = − x
ab a
√ b2 co s 2 θ+ a2 si n2 θ i.e., equation of equi-conjugate diameters are,
⇒ A = 4ab which is constant. b
⇒
y=± x or ay = ± bx.
A = (2a) (2b) a
⇒ A = Product of length of boxes. 33

§-24. Condition for two conjugate diameters §-25. If P is any point on the ellipse with S &
to be equal is, ay = ± bx. S′ as its foci, then SP + S′P = 2a.
 ⇒
Solution: Let P (x, y) be any point on ellipse. 2 2
a e b
2
y2 = 1 − 2
= 1 − e2 = 2 y=±
a a
b
a

⇒
b
SR = Semi latus rectum =
a
a … (2)
Now SP = e.PM = e. PZ = e. (CZ − CN) = e. (
e Let distances of points P, R and Q from directrix
− CN) (x = a/e) be p, r and q respectively.
and S′ P = e.PM′ = e.NZ′ = e. (CZ′ + CN) = e. ( 34
a
+ CN)
e Draw PM, RN perpendicular to major axis and PP′,
RR′ and QQ′ perpendicular to directrix.
a a
Hence SP + S′ P = e. {( − CN) + ( + CN)} Now PS = e. PP′ = ep,
e e
⇒
SR = e. RR′ = er
SP + S′ P = 2a.
and SQ = e. QQ′ = eq.
§-26. Semi-latus rectum is harmonic mean Hence, MS = PP′ − RR′ = p − r
of segments of focal chord. and NQ = RR′ − QQ′ = r − q.
1 1 2a PS SQ
i.e., + = (where a > b and PQ is From similar triangles PMS and SNQ, =
SP SQ b MS NQ

⇒ epr–epq=
focal chord through focus S).
ep eq
Solution: Let P Q be focal chord of ellipse i.e., =
p−r r−q
2 2 epq–eqr
x y
⇒
2
+ 2 =1
a b e r (p + q) = 2epq

⇒
… (1) 1 1 2
+ =
eq ep er

⇒
1 1 2
+ =
SQ SP SR

⇒
1 1 2a
+ = [from
SQ SP b
equation (2)]
S is the focus (ae, 0). Hence putting x = ae in
equation (1), §-27. Circle described on focal length as
diameter always touches auxiliary circle.
 Solution: Let P (a. cos θ, b. sin θ) be a point on a
ellipse = √ [cos2 θ + 2e.cos θ + e2 + (1− e2) sin2
2
2 2 θ]
x y
+ 2 = 1.
a
2
b a
= √ [1 + 2e. cos θ + e2(1 − sin2 θ)]
2
a
= √ [1 + 2e. cos θ + e2cos2 θ)]
2
a
= (1 + e. cos θ)
2
… (3)
Hence r1 − r2 = CA. Therefore, circles on focal
distance as diameter touch auxiliary circle
a internally.
Now SP = e.PM = e ( − a cos θ) = a (1 − e
e Method -2:
cos θ)
If the circles touch each other then, the Radical
The auxiliary circle of ellipse is x2 + y2 = a2. Its
axis gives the common tangent at the point
center is (0,0) and radius is r1 = a.
where the circles touch each other.
35 The equation of radical axis of two circles S = 0
and S′ = 0 is given by S − S′ = 0.
The radius of circle with PS as diameter is,
Now equation of auxiliary circle S ≡ x2 + y2 − a2 =
PS a 0 … (1)
r2 = = (1 − e cos θ)
2 2 x
2
… (1) Let P (a. cos θ, b. sin θ) be any point on ellipse 2
a
a cos θ+ ae b sin θ 2
The center of PS is A ( , ) y
2 2 + 2 = 1 and S (ae, 0)) be one of the foci.
b
a a
Now r1 − r2 = a− (1 − e cos θ) = (1 Equation of circle whose diameter is focal chord
2 2 PS is,
+ e cos θ)
S′ ≡ (x−a e) (x−a cos θ) + y (y−b sin θ) = 0
a
i.e., r1 − r2 = (1 + e cos θ) i.e., S′ ≡ x2 + y2 − (ae + a cos θ) x – b sin θ y +
2 a2e cos θ = 0
… (2) …
a cos θ+ ae 2 b sin θ 2 (2)
and CA = √ [( ) +( )]
2 2 Equation of Radical axis (common tangent) is S −
2 S′ = 0.
a b
= √ [cos2 θ + 2e.cos θ + e2 + 2 sin2 θ]
2 a
i.e., (ae + a cos θ) x + b sin θ y − (a2ecos θ + a2) The equation of tangent at point P (a cos θ, b sin
= 0 … (3) θ) is,
36 x . cos θ y . sin θ
+ =1
a b
Now radical axis must touch the circle (1) if … (2)
length of perpendicular from (0,0) to line (3) is
equal to radius of auxiliary circle. b . cot θ
Slope of tangent is = −
Perpendicular from (0,0) on the line (3) is, a
2
a (e cos θ+1)
p=
√¿¿
2
a (e cos θ+1)
⇒ p= b2
a √ [(e 2 +2 e cos θ +co s 2 θ)+ 2
si n2 θ ]
a
⇒ p=
a (e cos θ+1) a . sinθ
Hence slope of perpendicular line S′Y′ is =
√ [(e + 2 e cos θ +co s 2 θ)+(1−e 2)si n2 θ]
2 b cos θ

⇒
37
a(e cos θ+1)
p=
√¿¿ a . sinθ
Equation of S′Y′ is, y = (x + ae)
⇒
a (e cos θ+1) b cos θ
p= =
√ [e co s2 θ+2 e cos θ+ 1]
2
i.e., by. cos θ – ax sin θ = − a2e.sin θ
a(e cos θ+1) … (3)
√¿¿ Since point Y′ lies on both (2) and (3) hence

⇒
eliminating θ from these equations we will get
a(e cos θ+1)
p= locus of Y′.
(e cos θ+1)
⇒
Squaring and adding equations (2) and (3) we
p = a = Radius of auxiliary circle. have,
Hence the circle described on focal length as (x b cos θ + ay sin θ)2 + (by. cos θ – ax sin θ)2
diameter always touches auxiliary circle. = a2b2 + a4e2.sin2 θ
§-28. The locus of feet of perpendiculars ⇒ (x2 + y2) b2cos2 θ + (x2 + y2) a2sin2 θ = a2(b2 +
from foci upon any tangent to ellipse is an a2e2.sin2 θ)
⇒ (x2 + y2) (b2cos2 θ + a2sin2 θ) = a2{b2 + (a2 −
auxiliary circle.
2 2 b2). sin2 θ}
x y
⇒ (x2 + y2) (b2cos2 θ + a2sin2 θ) = a2{a2 sin2 θ + b2. (1
Solution: Let equation of ellipse be 2
+ 2 =1
a b
… (1) − sin2 θ)}
⇒ (x2 + y2) (b2cos2 θ + a2sin2 θ) = a2{a2 sin2 θ + Equations (1) and (2) both represent the same
b2. cos2 θ} line hence,
⇒ x2 + y2= a2. h k a
2
= = …
Hence Y′ lies on auxiliary circle. b cos θ a sin θ ab
(3)
Similarly, we can prove that Y also lies on

⇒
auxiliary circle. 2
a
h = a cos θ and k = sin θ
§-29. If tangents drawn from feet of
b
perpendiculars Y and Y′ on auxiliary circle Hence it proves that point R lies on the ordinate
meet at R, then R lies on the ordinate through drawn from P.
P and the locus of R is another ellipse having
the same eccentricity as original ellipse. h bk
From equation (3): cos θ = and sin θ = 2
a a
Solution: Tangent at point P (a. cos θ, b. sin θ)

⇒
2 2 2 2 2
x y h b k
on ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1 is given by: x b cos θ + ay cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 2
+ 4
=1
a b a a
sin θ = ab … (1) 2 2 2
x b y
Hence locus of (h, k) is, 2
+ 4
=1
a a

⇒
2
x 2
2
+ y =1 … (4)
a ¿¿
2 2
x y
This is an equation of ellipse of form 2
+ 2
a1 b1
=1
where b1 > a1 and whose semi-major axis is
2
b1 =
a …
38 b
(5)
The feet of perpendiculars from the foci of ellipse
and semi-minor axis is a1 = a. … (6)
to the tangent at any point on it lies on auxiliary
circle. Eccentricity e1 of this ellipse is given by,
2
Let tangents on the auxiliary circle at points Y′ b1
e12 =1−
and Y meet at R (h, k). a1
2

Then YY′ is the chord of contact from point (h, k) Putting values of a1 and b1 from (5) and (6),
and its equation is, x h + y k = a2 2 2
… (2) a b
e12 =1− 4
a
 b
2
CT CY '
e12 =1− Using sine law = … (5)
a
2 sin CY ' T sin φ
or e12 = e. (eccentricity of original ellipse) ST SP
Also = … (6)
sin SPT sin φ
39 sin SPT
Combining equations (4), (5) and (6), =
§-30. The line joining center to the feet of sin CY ' T
perpendicular from one focus to any sin φ
=1
tangent at P and the line joining the other sin φ
⇒
focus to point P are parallel.
sin SPT = sin CY′ T
⇒ ∠ SPT = ∠ CY′ T
2 2
x y … (7)
Solution: Let equation of ellipse be 2
+ 2 = 1.
a b As Y′T || YT and CT || ST, therefore, ∆s SPT and CY′ T are
S′Y and SY are perpendicular from foci S′ and S, similar.
on tangent PT from any point P on ellipse. ⇒ CY′ || SP.
40

§-31. Product of perpendiculars from foci

upon any tangent of the ellipse is b2.
Solution: Let P (a. cos θ, b. sin θ) be a point on
ellipse
2 2
x y
2
+ 2 =1
a b
The tangent at point P (a. cos θ, b. sin θ) on
x . cos θ y . sin θ Let PT be tangent to it meeting x-axis at T. S′Y′
ellipse is given by, + =1 and SY are perpendicular from S′ and S on it.
a b
… (1) x . cos θ y . sin θ
Equation of tangent at P is, + =1
CT a . secθ 1 a b
From figure = =
ST a . sec θ−ae 1−e .cos θ i.e., x b cos θ + a y sin θ = ab
… (2) … (1)
CY ' a 1
and = = … (3)
SP a−ae . cos θ 1−e .cos θ
(Point Y and Y′ lies on auxiliary circle hence CY′ =
CY = a)
CT CY '
Therefore =
ST SP
 2 2
x y
Solution: Let equation of ellipse be 2
+ 2 =
a b
1. Let α & β be the eccentric angles of the
extremities of focal chord PQ. Equation of PQ is,
x α+β y α+β α −β
cos + sin = cos
a 2 b 2 2
… (1)
α+β
cos
−ae . b cos θ−ab b 2
Now S′Y′ = and SY = Slope of PQ is m1 = −
√ b2 co s 2 θ+ a2 si n2 θ a
sin
α+β
ae . b cos θ−ab 2

⇒
√ b2 co s 2 θ+ a2 si n2 θ m1 = −
b
cot
α+β
… (2)
2 2 2 2 2 2 a 2
a b −a e . b co s θ
Hence S′Y′. SY = 2 2 2 2
b co s θ+a sin θ
or S′Y′. SY = a 2 b 2 ¿ ¿
2 Since PQ passes through focus S (ae, 0),
2 2 b 2
a b {1−(1− 2
). co s θ } α+β α −β
or S′Y′. SY = a e cos = cos … (3)
2 2 2 2 2 2
b co s θ+ a si n θ
If tangents at P and Q intersect at T (x1, y1) then,
or S′Y′. SY = a 2 b 2 {¿ ¿ α+ β α+ β
a cos a cos
2 2
b2 {a 2 sin 2 θ+b 2 co s 2 θ } x1 = = [using
or S′Y′. SY = α −β α+β
b2 co s 2 θ+ a2 si n2 θ cos e cos
2 2
or S′Y′. SY = b2. equation (3)]
Product of perpendiculars from foci to tangent of a
or x1 = … (4)
ellipse= b2. e
41
a
Therefore, ‘T’ lies on the directrix, x =
e
§-32. The tangents at the extremities of a α+β α +β
focal chord PSQ intersect at corresponding b sin b sin
directrix at T and ST is perpendicular to PQ.
2 2
Also, y1 = =
α−β α +β
cos e cos
2 2
 b α+β To prove ∠AS′P = ∠BSP = 900.
or y1 = tan … (5)
e 2 The coordinates of S′ and S are (−ae, 0) and (ae,
0) respectively. The equation of tangent at P is,
a b α+β
Hence point T (x1, y1) is given by ( , tan x . cos θ y . sin θ
e e 2 + =1 …
) and point S is (ae, 0). a b
b α+ β (1)
tan α+β a a
e 2 b . tan
Slope of TS is m2 = = 2 It intersects with directrices x = − and x =
a 2
e e
−ae a (1−e ) are at ‘A’ and at ‘B’ respectively.
e
But b2 = a2(1− e2),
a −a . cos θ y . sin θ
At x = − ; + =1 …
e ae b
a α+β (2)
So, m2 = tan … (6)

⇒
b 2 b e+ cos θ
y= ( ) …
42 .sin θ e
(3)
b α+β a b e+ cos θ
From (2) and (6), m1m2 = (− cot )(
a 2 Thus Point A is {− , ( )}
e .sin θ e
a α+β
tan ). a a . cos θ y . sin θ
b 2 At x = ; + =1
e ae b
i.e., m1m2 = −1.
… (4)

⇒
This proves that ST is perpendicular to PQ.
b e−cos θ
y= ( ) …
§-33. Length of the tangent between the .sin θ e
point of contact and the point where it (5)
meets the directrix subtends right angle at
a b e−cos θ
the corresponding focus. So, point B is { , ( )}
e sin θ e
2 2
x y
Solution: Let equation of ellipse be + 2 = b e+ cos θ
a
2
b ( )
. sin θ e b(e+cos θ)
1. Slope of S′A = =
−a a . sinθ (e 2−1)
+ ae
e
= m1 (say)
43
Let P (a cos θ, b sin θ) be any point on ellipse.
Tangent AB is drawn at P on ellipse meeting
directrices at A and B.
 b sin θ b sin θ constant and is equal to the square of the
Slope of S′P = = = m2 line joining foci. If l1, l2 are the intercepted
a cos θ+ ae a(e+cos θ)
chords; l12 + l22 = SS′2
(say)
2 2
b(e+cos θ) b sin θ x y
Hence m1m2 = × Solution: Let the equation of ellipse be 2 + 2
2
a . sinθ (e −1) a(e+cos θ) a b
= 1.
b
2
1
or m1m2 = 2 × 2
a (e −1)
1
or m1m2 = (1− e2) × 2 = − 1.
(e −1)
Therefore S′A and S′P are perpendicular to each
other.
b e−cos θ
( )
. sin θ e
Similarly slope of SB, m3 = =
a 44
−ae
e
b(e−cos θ) Two perpendicular tangents DA and DF are drawn
to ellipse. The auxiliary circle of ellipse intercepts
a sin θ(1−e2 ) two chords AB and EF on these tangents.
b sin θ b sin θ Perpendicular from foci are drawn on these
Slope of SP = = = m4
a cos θ−ae a(cos θ−e) tangents which meet them at intersection points
(say) A, B, E, F.
b(e−cos θ) b sin θ ∠ADF = 900 as AD ⊥ DF.
So m3m4 = 2 ×
a . sinθ (1−e ) a(cos θ−e) Now S′A || SB || DF and SF || S′ E || AD

b
2
1 ∴ AB = RS′= l1 and EF = RS = l2 …
or m3m4 = − × 2 (1)
∠SRS′ = ∠ADF = 900
2
a (1−e )
and … (2)
1
or m3m4 = − (1− e2) × 2 = − 1. Hence ∆ SRS′ is a right-angled triangle.
⇒(RS′)2 + (SR)2 = (SS′)2
(1−e )

⇒l12 + l22 = SS′2

Therefore, SB and SP are perpendicular to each
other.
Hence the statement is proved.

§-34. The sum of the square of chords

intercepted by auxiliary circle on two
perpendicular tangents on an ellipse is
 x
2 §-35. The tangent and normal at point P on
Method 2: The equation of tangent to ellipse 2 ellipse bisects the external and internal
a angles between the focal distances of P.
2
y Therefore, incident ray from focus S after
+ 2
= 1 can be given by; y = mx + reflection from ellipse at point P passes
b
through the other focus S′.
√ a2 m2+ b2 … (1)
Solution: Let P (a. cos θ, b. sin θ) be any point
where m is slope of any tangent (say AD). 2 2
x y
on ellipse + 2 = 1.
Now CM = Perpendicular from C (0,0) on a
2
b
equation (1).

⇒ CM =
√ a2 m2 +b 2
√ 1+ m2
2 2 2
a m +b
and 2 2
AM = CA − CM = a − 2
2
= 2

1+m
2 2
a −b x .a y .b
2 Normal at P is − = (a2 − b2)
1+m cos θ sin θ
… (1)
(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )
2
Hence AB = (2AM) = 4
2 2
¿ Put y = 0 to get G in (2).
1+ m2
∴
(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )cos θ
2 2 2
… (2) a e cos θ
x= ¿=
a a
⇒
Similarly for perpendicular tangent EF we can use
−1 x = ae2cos θ = CG … (2)
equation (2) by changing m to .
⇒
2 2
m S'G ae +a e cos θ
= , [as CS = CS′
2 2 GS 2 2
ae−a e cos θ
4 (a −b ) 2 2 2
4 (a −b )m = ae]
Therefore, 2
EF = 1 =
⇒
1+ 2 1+m2 S'G 1+e cos θ
m =
… (3)
GS 1−e cos θ
… (3)
2 2 2
4 (1+m )(a −b ) a
Thus AB2 + EF2 = But SP = e.PM = e (CZ − CN) = e ( – a cos θ)
1+m2 e
= 4(b2 − a2) = 4a2e2 i.e., SP = a (1− e cos θ) … (4)
⇒ AB2 + EF2 = (2ae)2 a
⇒
and S′ P= e.PM′ = e (CZ′ + CN) = e ( – a cos
AB2 + EF2 = S′S2
e
θ)
45 i.e., S′ P = a (1 + e cos θ) … (5)
 S' P 1+e cos θ x
2
y
2
Hence = Solution: Let equation of ellipse be + 2 =
SP 1−e cos θ a
2
b
… (6) 1. Y and Y′ are foot of perpendicular from foci S
Thus, from equations (3) and (6) we get, and S′ on tangent at point P on ellipse.
S' P S'G 1+e cos θ
= =
SP GS 1−e cos θ
… (7)
∴ PG is internal bisector of ∠SPS′.
Since tangent TY′ is perpendicular to normal PG,
it must be the external bisector of angles SPs and
S′ps′.
Let perpendicular from S, on tangent line Y′T
46
∠SPQ. Since PY ⊥ SQ hence SY = YQ.
meet S′ P at Q. Now tangent at P bisects the

From equation (7) we see that G divides SS′ in

ratio, In ∆S′QS the line S′Y bisects SQ at Y. Since PG is
normal to tangent at P so PG || SQ.
SG SP 1−e cos θ Therefore S′Y also bisects GP at R.
= =
GS' S' P 1+e cos θ Hence point R is midpoint of PG.
SG CS−CG ae−a2 e 2 cos θ 47
Now = =
SP SP a( 1−e cos θ)
§-37. Perpendiculars from center upon all
⇒
SG chords which join the extremities of
= ae ¿ ¿ = e
SP perpendicular diameter are of constant
The straight lines joining each focus to the foot of length.
the perpendicular from the other focus upon the Solution: Let P (a cos θ, b sin θ) be any point on
tangent at any point P bisects the normal ellipse
between P and G, where G is the point where 2 2
normal at P meets the major axis. x y
2
+ 2
= 1. Let PP′ and DD′ be two
This shows the reflection property of the ellipse a b
where a ray leaves one of the foci and meets a perpendicular diameters of ellipse.
point on that ellipse then reflects off of the ellipse
and passes through the other focus.

§-36. The straight lines joining each focus to

the foot of perpendicular from other focus
upon the tangent at any point P, meet on
the normal PG and bisect it. Let the equation od PD be x cos θ + y sin θ = p
… (1)
where p is perpendicular from origin C to PD.
The joint equation of a pair of straight lines CP π π
and CD joining origin to the points of intersection Hence Point D is {a cos (θ − ), b sin (θ − )}
2 2
of ellipse (1) and the line (2) is obtained by
making equation (1) homogeneous with the help i.e., Point D (a sin θ, − b cos θ)
of equaion (2).
π π
2 2 2 and Point D′ is {a. cos (θ + ), b. sin (θ +
x y ( x cos θ+ y sin θ) 2 2
i.e., 2
+ 2
=
a b p2 )}

⇒
x
2
y
2
( x cos θ+ y sin θ)
2 i.e., Point D′ is (−a. sin θ, b. cos θ)
+ =
PC ⊥ CD]
a
2
b
2
p
2 Now (slope of PC) (slope of DC) = − 1 [as

⇒(
2
1 cos θ 2 2cos θ .sin θ 1
2 − 2
)x +( 2 )xy+( 2 − b sin θ −b cos θ
a p p b i.e., × =−1
2 a cos θ a sin θ
sin θ
⇒
) y2 = 0 2
p
2 b
− 2 = −1
As lines CP and CD are mutually perpendicular, a
hence coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 must be ⇒ b2 = a 2
zero. … (1)
2 2
1 cos θ 1 sin θ Equation of PD is given by,
i.e., ( 2 − 2
) + ( 2 − 2
) y2 = 0
a p b p y + b. cos θ = b ¿ ¿ (x − a. sin θ)
⇒
⇒
2 2
cos θ sin θ 1 1 b (cos θ + sin θ) x – a (cos θ − sin θ) y
2
+ 2
= 2 + 2 = − a b {cos θ (cos θ − sin θ) + sin θ (cos
p p a b
θ + sin θ)}
⇒ ⇒
2 2
1 a +b
2 = 2 2
b (cos θ + sin θ) x – a (cos θ − sin θ) y + ab
p ab =0 … (2)

⇒ ⇒
2
a b
2
ab Perpendicular from C (0,0) on the line (2) is,
p2 = p=
2
a +b
2
√a +b 2 2
ab
CN = | |
Hence the perpendicular from center of ellipse to the
line joining extremities of the perpendicular diameter
√ b2 ¿ ¿ ¿
⇒
is constant. ab
CN = | |
48 √( b +a ) +2 cos θ . sin θ( b −a )
2 2 2 2

Method-2: But from equation (1) b2 − a2 = 0

⇒
Let P (a. cos θ, b. sin θ) be any point on ellipse ab
and PP′ and DD′ are two perpendicular diameters CN =
of ellipse. √ b2 +a2
… (3)
 Similarly, equation of PD′ is given by,
y − b. cos θ = b ¿ ¿ (x + a. sin θ)
i.e., b (sin θ − cos θ) x – a (cos θ + sin θ) y
= ab {sin θ (sin θ − cos θ) + cos θ (cos θ + sin
The equation of tangent PT is given by,
θ)}
49 x . cos θ y . sin θ
+ =1
a b
i.e., b (sin θ − cos θ) x – a (cos θ + sin θ) y − ab a
= 0 … (4) Intersection point ‘T’ with x- axis is, ( , 0)
cos θ
Perpendicular from C (0,0) on it is,
b
−ab Intersection point ‘t’ with y - axis is: (0, )
CM = | |
sin θ
√ b2 ¿ ¿ ¿ a
Hence, CN. CT= (a. cos θ). ( )
⇒
ab cos θ
⇒
CM = | |
√( b +a ) +2 cos θ . sin θ(a −b )
2 2 2 2 CN.CT= a2
b
But from equation (1) b2 − a 2 = 0 And CM. Ct = (b sin θ) ( )
sin θ
⇒ ⇒
ab
CM = … (5) CM. Ct = b2.
√ b +a
2 2
50
Hence from equations (2) and (3) we see that the
perpendicular from center of ellipse to the line §-39. The perpendicular from the focus upon
joining extremities of the perpendicular diameter any tangent to ellipse and the line joining
is constant. the center to the point of contact meet on
the corresponding directrix.
§-38. If the tangent at any point P on the 2 2
ellipse meets the major axis in T and minor x y
Solution: Let equation of ellipse be 2
+ 2 =
axis in t and PN, PM are perpendicular from a b
P on major and minor axis respectively 1.
then, CN. CT = a2 and CM. Ct = b2.
PT is tangent to ellipse at point P (a cos θ, b sin
Solution: Let P (a cos θ, b sin θ) be a point on θ). Perpendicular from focus S on the tangent,
ellipse meet the straight line, joining center C and point
2 2 P at Q.
x y
2
+ 2 = 1.
a b
 b sin θ (i) PF. PG = b² (ii) PF. Pg = a² (iii)
Equation of line CP is y = x … PG. Pg = SP. S′P
a cos θ
(1) (iv) CG. CT = (CS)2 and
The equation of tangent PT is given by, (v) Locus of the midpoint of Gg is another
ellipse having the same eccentricity as that
x . cos θ y . sin θ of the original ellipse. [where S and S′ are
+ = 1. Its slope is m = −
a b the focii of the ellipse and T is the point
b . cos θ where tangent at P meet the major axis.
a sin θ Solution: §-40(i): To prove PF. PG = b2
Slope of perpendicular line to this tangent is, Let there be a point P (a. cos θ, b. sin θ) on
a . sinθ ellipse,
m1 = 2 2
b cos θ x y
2
+ 2 = 1.
Equation of line through S (ae, 0) and having a b
slope m is,
a . sinθ
y= (x − ae) … (2)
b cos θ
Point Q is obtained by solving (1) and (2)
simultaneously.
a . sinθ b sin θ
i.e., (x − ae) = x
b cos θ a cos θ x . cos θ y . sin θ
⇒
Tangent at P is, + =1
a2(x − ae) − b2x = 0
a b
⇒
… (1)
(a2− b2) x = a3e
⇒
At point T, on x- axis; y = 0 and x = a/cos
a2e2x = a3e [∵ b² = a² (1 − e²)] θ.

⇒
a i.e., Point T is (a. sec θ, 0) … (2)
x=
e b . cos θ
Slope of tangent (1) is m1 == − ,
This is the equation of directrix. Hence CP and SY a sin θ
meet at directrix.
a . sinθ
51 Slope of normal to tangent (1) is m2 =
b cos θ
§-40. If the normal at any point P on the Equation of normal at P (a. cos θ, b. sin θ) is,
ellipse with center C meet the major &
minor axes in G & g respectively, & if CF be
a . sinθ
y − b. sin θ = (x − a. cos θ)
perpendicular upon this normal, then to b cos θ
prove:
⇒
x .a y .b (a ¿ ¿ 2−b )sin θ 2
2
− = (a2 − b2) Pg2 = a2 cos2 θ + {b sin θ + ¿}
cos θ sin θ b
… (3) 4
a
52 Pg2 = a2 cos2 θ + 2
sin2 θ
b
At point G (where normal cuts x-axis), a
(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )cos θ
2
i.e., Pg =
b √ b2 co s2 θ+a 2 sin 2 θ … (8)
y = 0 and x = ¿.
a ab a
Therefore, PF. Pg = .
So, Point G is {
(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )cos θ
2
¿, 0}
√b 2 2 2
co s θ+ a si n θ 2
b
a √b 2 2 2
co s θ+a sin θ
2

… (4) i.e., PF. Pg = a2.

At point g (where normal cuts y-axis),
§-40(iii). To prove PG. Pg = SP. S′ P
−(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )sin θ
2
x = 0 and y = ¿ Now SP′ = e. PM′ = e. NZ′
⇒
b
SP′ = e. (Z′C + CN)
⇒
−(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )sin θ
2
i.e., Point g is {0, ¿} SP′ = e. (a. cos θ + a/e) = a + a e. cos θ.
b and SP = e. PM = e. NZ
… (5)
53
Draw a perpendicular CD on tangent (1) from C (0, 0).
Now CDPF is rectangle and CD = PF, ⇒ SP = e. (ZC − CN)
ab ⇒ SP = e. (a/e − a. cos θ) = a – a e. cos θ.
Hence PF = CD = …
√b
2 2
co s θ+ a si n θ 2 2
So, S′P. SP = (a + a e. cos θ) (a – a e. cos θ)
⇒
(6)
S′P. SP = a2 − a2e2 cos2 θ
⇒
(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )cosθ 2
2
Now PG2 = {a cos θ - ¿} + b2 sin2 θ S′P. SP = a2 − (a2 − b2). cos2 θ
⇒
a
S′P. SP = a2 (1 − cos2 θ) + b2 cos2 θ
⇒
b
a √ b co s θ+a sin θ
2 2 2 2
i.e., PG = …
S′P. SP = a2 sin2 θ + b2 cos2 θ
(7) … (9)
ab b and PG. Pg =
Therefore, PF.PG = .
√b 2 2
co s θ+ a si n θ 2 2
a b 2 a
a √ b co s θ+a sin θ b
2 2 2
.
√b 2 2 2 2
co s θ+a sin θ
i.e., PF.PG = b2. √ b2 co s2 θ+a 2 sin 2 θ
i.e., PG. Pg = a2 sin2 θ + b2 cos2 θ
§-40(ii). To prove PF. Pg = a2 … (10)
Hence PG. Pg = SP. S′ P −(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )sin θ
2
and k= ¿
§-40(iv). To prove CG. CT = CS2 2b

⇒
−2 bk
(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )cos θ
2
sin θ =
Now CG = ¿, (a ¿ ¿ 2−b )¿
2
a
⇒
2 2
CT = a sec θ sin2 θ = 4 b k
¿¿ ¿
and CS = a e.
Now cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )cos θ
2

⇒
Hence CG. CT = ¿ . a sec θ 2 2
4 a h + 4b k = 1
2 2
a
⇒
¿¿ ¿ ¿¿ ¿
⇒
CG. CT = a2 − b2 = a2e2 (But CS = a 2 2
e.) h + k =1
⇒
¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿
CG. CT = CS2.
Hence the locus of mid-point of Gg is obtained by
§-40(v). locus of the mid- point of Gg is replacing (h, k) with (x, y). Thus, locus is given
another ellipse having the same by,
eccentricity as that of the original ellipse. 2
x + y =1
2

Solution: From equations (4) and (5) the ¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿

coordinates of G and g are as follows, This is equation of ellipse.
(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )cos θ
2
2 2
point G is { ¿, 0} and point g is x y
a Comparing it with 2
+ 2 = 1,
A B
−(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )sin θ
2
{0, ¿} (a ¿ ¿ 2−b )
2
(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )
2
b We have A = ¿ and B = ¿
2a 2b
Let the coordinates of middle point of Gg be (h,
k), then, As a > b, from above we have B > A.

(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )cos θ
2 Hence B is the major axis and A is the minor axis.
h= ¿ A
2
2a Its eccentricity is given by, e1 = √ (1 - 2
)

⇒
54
B
e1 = √ (1 - ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿)

⇒ ⇒
2
2 ah b
cos θ = e1 = √ (1 - 2 ) = e (eccentricity of original
(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )¿
2 a
ellipse.)
⇒
2 2
cos θ = 4 a h
2

¿¿ ¿ 55
§-41. If the tangent at the point P of a 1
sin θ .cos θ √ a . si n θ+b co s θ
2 2 2 2
ellipse meet axes at T and t and CY is or Tt =
perpendicular on it from center then,
… (4)
(i) Tt. PY = a2 − b2.
x .a y .b
(ii) Least value of Tt is a + b. Equation of normal at P is, − = (a2 −
cos θ sin θ
Solution: b2) … (5)
§-41(i) To prove Tt. PY = a − b . 2 2 Now PY = CN = perpendicular from C on
normal (5)
2 2
a −b

√
i.e., PY = a
2
b
2

2
+ 2
co s θ si n θ
The equation of tangent at P (a. cos θ, b. sin θ) on
⇒
(a ¿ ¿ 2−b )sin ⁡θ . cos ⁡θ
2
ellipse PY = ¿
2
x
2
y √ a2 . si n2 θ +b2 co s2 θ
2
+ 2 = 1 is, … (6)
a b
1
sin θ .cos θ √
2 2 2 2
x . cos θ y . sin θ T t. PY = b . co s θ +a si n θ .
+ =1
a b (a ¿ ¿ 2−b )sin ⁡θ . cos ⁡θ
2
… (1) ¿
√ a2 . si n2 θ +b2 co s2 θ
⇒
At intersection of tangent with x-axis y = 0 and x
a T t. PY = a2 − b2.
=
cos θ 56
a
So, point T is ( , 0) §-41(ii) To find least value of Tt:
cos θ
… (2)
Now Tt = √ a2 . si n2 θ+ b2 co s 2 θ
At intersection of tangent with y-axis x = 0 and y sinθ . cos θ
⇒Tt =
b
=
sin θ √ a2 . se c 2 θ+b 2 co sec2 θ
b ⇒Tt = √ a2 ¿ ¿
So, point t is (0, )
⇒Tt = √ a2 +b 2+(a 2 ta n2 θ+ b2 co t 2 θ)
sin θ
… (3)

⇒Tt = √ a2 +b 2+ 2ab +(a2 ta n2 θ +b2 co t 2 θ−2 ab)

2 2
a b
Hence Tt = √ [ + ]
⇒Tt = √ (a+b)2 +¿ ¿
2 2
co s θ si n θ
Tt will have the least value when (a tan θ – b cot
θ) = 0
b
i.e., When tan2 θ =
a
and the least value of Tt = √(a+b)2 = a + b.
§-42. Ratio of any triangle PQR inscribed in
ellipse
2 2
x y
2
+ 2 = 1 and that of triangle formed by
a b
corresponding points on the auxiliary circle
is b/a.
Solution: Let the three points on the ellipse be P
(a. cos α, b. sin α), Q (a. cos β, b. sin β) and R (a.
cos γ, b. sin γ).
Then corresponding points on auxiliary circle are
A (a. cos α, a. sin α), B (a. cos β, a. sin β) and C
(a. cos γ, a. sin γ).

| |
a cos α b sin α 1
1
a cos β b sin β 1
2
Area of ∆ PQR a cos γ b sin γ 1
Now =

| |
Area of ∆ ABC a cos α a sin α 1
1
a cos β a sin β 1
2
a cos γ a sin γ 1

| |
a cos α b sin α 1
ab a cos β b sin β 1
Area of ∆ PQR a cos γ b sin γ 1
or =

| |
Area of ∆ ABC a cos α a sin α 1
2
a a cos β a sin β 1
a cos γ a sin γ 1
Area of ∆ PQR b
or = .
Area of ∆ ABC a