In this chapter, we shall deal with problems on geometrical construction which are

mostly based on plane geometry and which are very essential in the preparation of
engineering drawings. They are described as under:
(1) Bisecting a line (11) To construct squares
(2) To draw perpendiculars (12) To construct regular polygons
(3) To draw parallel lines (13) Special methods of drawing
(4) To divide a line regular polygons
(5) To divide a circle (14) Regular polygons inscribed in circles
(6) To bisect an angle (15) To draw regular figures using
(7) To trisect an angle T-square and set-squares
(8) To find the centre of an arc (16) To draw tangents
(9) To construct an ogee or (17) Lengths of arcs
reverse curve (18) Circles and lines in contact
(10) To construct equilateral triangles (19) Inscribed circles.

Problem 5-1. To bisect a given straight line (fig. 5-1).

(i) Let AB be the given line. With centre A and radius greater than half AB, draw
arcs on both sides of AB.
C

900 E

A E B A B

D 0
FIG. 5-·J FIG. 5-2
70 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

(ii) With centre B and the same radius, draw arcs intersecting the previous arcs
at C and D.
(iii) Draw a line joining C and D and cutting AB at E.
Then AE = EB = 21 AB.
Further, CD bisects AB at right angles.
Problem 5-2. To bisect a given arc (fig. 5-2).
Let AB be the arc drawn with centre O. Adopt the same method as shown in
problem 5-1. The bisector CD, if produced, will pass through the centre 0.

YA;"
Problem 5-3. To draw a perpendicular to a given line from a point within it.

C D
A B A
FIG. 5-3 FIG. 5-4 FIG. 5-5
Method l (fig. 5-3):
(a) When the point is near the middle of the line.
Let AB be the given line and P the point in it.
(i) With Pas centre and any convenient radius R1 , draw an arc cutting AB at
C and D.
(ii) With any radius R2 greater than R1 and centres C and D, draw arcs
intersecting each other at 0.
(iii) Draw a line joining P and 0.
Then PO is the required perpendicular.
(b) When the point is near an end of the line.
Let AB be the given line and P the point in it.
Method ii (fig. 5-4):
With any point O as centre and radius equal to OP, draw an arc greater
(i)
than the semi-circle, cutting AB at C.
(ii) Draw a line joining C and 0, and produce it to cut the arc at Q. Draw
a line joining P and Q.
Then PQ is the required perpendicular.
Method Ill (fig. 5-5):
(i) With P as centre and any convenient radius, draw an arc cutting AB at C.
(ii) With the same radius cut (from the arc) two equal divisions CD and DE.
(iii) Again with the same radius and centres D and E, draw arcs intersecting
each other at Q. Draw a line joining P and Q.
Then PQ is the required perpendicular.
Art. 5-2] Geometrical Construction 71

Problem 5-4. To draw a perpendicular to a given line from a point outside it.
(a) When the point is nearer the centre than the end of the line (fig. 5-6).
Let AB be the given line and P the point.
(i) With centre P and any convenient radius, draw an arc cutting AB at C and D.
(ii) With any radius greater than half CD and centres C and D, draw the arcs
intersecting each other at £.
(iii) Draw a line joining P and E and cutting AB at Q.
Then PQ is the required perpendicular.

C
A B A

F D
Fie. 5-6 FIG. 5-7
(b) When the point is nearer the end than the centre of the line (fig. 5-7).
Let AB be the given line and P the point.
(i) With centre A and radius equal to AP, draw an arc ff cutting AB or
AB-produced, at C.
(ii) With centre C and radius equal to CP, draw an arc cutting ff at D.
(iii) Draw a line joining P and D and intersecting AB at Q.
Then PQ is the required perpendicular.
This book is accompanied by a computer CD, which contains an audiovisual
animation presented for better visualization and understanding of the
subject. are requested to refer Presentation module 4 for the
following problem.
Problem 5-5. To draw perpendicular to a given line from a point outside it (fig. 5-8).
E E

P• p

A
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
FIG. 5-8
72 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

When the point is nearer the centre than the end of the line.
Let AB be the given line and P the point.
(i) Using compass and with P as centre draw an arc of any radius R1
cutting the line AB at points C and 0.
(ii) With points C and O as centres, and with a larger radius R2 (> R1 ),
draw arcs to cut on the side of the line AB in which perpendicular is
to draw. The arcs intersect in point E.
(iii) Now join points E and P. (If required) Line EP may be extended to meet
the line AB at point Q. Line EPQ will be perpendicular to line AB.
(iv) Verify the an angle AQP or BQP using a protractor. The angle AQP or
BQP is the required perpendicular.

Y£
.. ~ ~
5-6. To draw a line through a given point, parallel to a given straight line
(fig. 5-9).
Let AB be the given line and P the point.
(i) With centre P and any convenient radius, draw an arc CO cutting
AB at E.
(ii) With centre E and the same radius, draw an arc cutting AB at F.
(iii) With centre E and radius equal to FP, draw an arc to cut CO at Q.
(iv) Draw a straight line through P and Q. Then this is the required line.

A
A
FIG. 5-9 FIG. 5-10
5-7. To draw a fine parallel to and at a given distance from a given
straight line (fig. 5-10).
Let AB be the given line and R the given distance.
(i) Mark points P and Q on AB, as far apart as convenient.
(ii) With P and Q as centres and radius equal to R, draw arcs on the same side
of AB.
(iii) Draw the line CO, just touching the two arcs. CD is the required line.
Art. 5-4 J Geometrical Construction 73

This book is accompanied by a computer CD, which contains an audiovisual

animation presented for better visualization and understanding of the
subject. Readers are requested to refer Presentation module 5 for the
following problem.
Problem 5-8. To divide a given straight line into any number of equal parts (fig. 5-11 ).
C
7'

2'
1'

A...__ _..,__ __,_2_ __,3~--~4---~5----6--_.,.7 8

FIG. 5-11
Let AB be the given line to be divided into say, seven equal parts.
(i) Draw the line AB of given length.
(ii) Draw another line AC making an angle of less than 30° with AB.
(iii) With the help of dividers mark 7 equal parts of any suitable length on line AC
and mark them by points 1 ', 2', 3', 4', 5', 6' and 7' as shown.
(iv) Join the last point 7' with point B of the line AB.
(v) Now, from each of the other marked points 6', 5' 4', 3', 2' and 1 ', draw lines
parallel to 7'8 cutting the line AB at 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively.
(vi) Now the line AB has been divided into 7 equal parts. You can verify this by
measuring the lengths.
Problem 5-9. To divide a given straight line into unequal parts (fig. 5-12).
Let AB be the given line to be divided into unequal parts say l, i, ~, ~ and ~·
(i) Draw a line AB of given length, say, 120 mm.
(ii) Erect perpendicular AD and BC at the ends A and B. Complete rectangular
ABCD.
(iii) Join diagonals AC and BO intersecting at £.
(iv) Draw perpendicular from £ on AB as shown.
1
(v) Then AF = AB.
2
(vi) Join D and F. The line FD intersects the diagonal AC at G. Drop perpendicular
1
from G to AB. Then AH =
3 AB. 1
(vii) Similarly make construction in figure, for obtaining - AB, ..:!. AB and ..! AB as
4 5 6
shown.
74 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

D C

AJ=fAB

FIG. 5-12

This book is accompanied by a computer CD, which contains an audiovisual

animation presented for better visualization and understanding of the
subject. Readers are requested to refer Presentation module 6 for the
following problem.
Problem 5-10. To divide a circle of a given radius into N equal parts 5-'13).

R
B

Fie. 5-13
Given a circle of radius R, to divide it into 12 equal parts along its circumference,
the geometric construction procedure is as follows.
(i) Draw two diagonals AB and CD at right angles to each other cutting the
circle at A, B and C, D.
Art. 5-7] Geometrical Construction 75

(ii) With A as centre, and radius equal to the given radius of the circle, draw
arcs cutting the circle at 2 and 7.
(iii) Similarly, with B as centre, and with the given circle radius, draw arcs to
cut the circle at 3 and 6.
(iv) Similarly, from points C and D as centre, and with the given radius of circle,
draw arcs to cut the circle at 1, 4 and 5, 8 respectively.
(v) Thus dividing it at the cuts are the required twelve equal parts of the circle.

··'r~
/,~
Problem 5-11. To bisect a given angle (fig. 5-14).
Let ABC be the given angle. A
A
(i) With B as centre and any
radius, draw an arc cutting
AB at D and BC at £.
(ii) With centres D and E and
the same or any convenient
radius, draw arcs intersec- B E C B E C
ting each other at F. FIG. 5-14
(iii) Draw a line joining B and F. BF bisects the angle ABC, i.e. L ABF = L FBC.
Problem 5-12. To draw a line inclined to a given line at an angle equal to a
given angle (fig. 5--15).
Let PQ be the given line and AOB the R
given angle. A

(i)

(ii)
With O as centre and any radius,
draw an arc cutting OA at C
and OB at D.
With the same radius and centre P,
draw an arc ff cutting PQ at F.
p F Q
L
O
FIG. 5--l 5
D B

(iii) With F as centre and radius equal to CD, draw an arc cutting the arc ff at G.
(iv) From P, draw a line passing through G. This is the required line.

This book is accompanied by a computer CD, which contains an audiovisual

animation presented for better visualization and understanding of the
subject. Readers are requested to refer Presentation module 7 for the
following problem. A

Problem 5-13. To trisect a given right angle (fig. 5-16).

D
Let ABC be the given right angle.
(i) With centre B and any radius, draw an arc cutting
AB at D and BC at £.
(ii) With the same radius and centres D and £, draw arcs E C
cutting the arc DE at points Q and P. FIG. 5-16
76 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

(iii) Draw lines joining B with P and Q. BP and BQ trisect the right angle ABC.

Thus, L. ABP = L. PBQ = L. QBC = -} L. ABC.

Problem 5-14. To find the centre of a given arc (fig. 5-1 7).
Let AB be the given arc.
(i) In AB, draw two chords CD and ff of any lengths.
(ii) Draw perpendicular bisectors of CD and ff intersecting
each other at 0. Then O is the required centre.
A 0
Problem 5-15. To draw an arc of a given radius, touching FIG. 5-17
a given straight line and passing through a given point (fig. 5-18).
Let AB be the given line, P the point and R the radius.
(i) Draw a line CD parallel to and at a distance equal to R from AB (Problem 5-7).
(ii) With P as centre and radius equal to R, draw an arc cutting CD at 0.
(iii) With O as centre, draw the required arc.
C
p

D Q

A B A p B
FIG. 5-18 FIG. 5.·J 9
Problem 5-16. To draw an arc of a given radius touching two given straight lines
at right angles to each other (fig. 5-19).
Let AB and AC be the given lines and R the given radius.
(i) With centre A and radius equal to R, draw arcs cutting AB at P and AC at Q.
(ii) With P and Q as centres and the same radius, draw arcs intersecting each
other at 0.
(iii) With O as centre and radius equal to R, draw the required arc.
Problem 5-17. To draw an arc of a given radius touching two given straight
lines which make any angle between them (fig. 5-20 and fig. 5-21 ).
C
C
F

Q
Q F
a:

A B A B
FIG. 5-20 FIG. 5-21
Art. 5-8] Geometrical Construction 77

Let AB and AC be the given lines and R the given radius.

(i) Draw a line PQ parallel to and at a distance equal to R from AB.
(ii) Similarly, draw a line ff parallel to and at a distance equal to R from AC,
intersecting PQ at 0.
(iii) With O as centre and radius equal to R, draw the required arc.
5-18. To draw an arc of a given radius touching a given arc and a given
straight line.
Case !: (fig. 5-22): Let AB be the given line, CD the given arc drawn with centre
0 and radius equal to R1 , and R2 the given radius.
(i) With O as centre and radius equal to (R1 - R2 ), draw an arc ff.
(ii) Draw a line parallel to and at a distance equal to R2 from AB and intersecting
ff at a point P.
(iii) With P as centre and radius equal to R2 , draw the required arc.

FIG. 5-22 FIG. 5-23

Case II: (fig. 5-23): Let AB be the given line, CD the given arc drawn with centre
0 and radius equal to R1 , and R2 the given radius.
(i) With O as centre and radius equal to (R 1 + R2 }, draw an arc ff.
(ii) Draw a line parallel to and at a distance equal to R2 from AB and intersecting
ff at a point P.
(iii) With P as centre and radius equal to R2 , draw the required arc.
Problem 5-19. To dravv an arc of a given radius touching
two given arcs.
Let AB be the given arc drawn with centre O and D
radius equal to R1 ; CD the arc drawn with centre P
and radius equal to R2 , and R3 the given radius.
Case I (fig. 5-24): E
C
(i) With O as centre and radius equal to (R1 + R3 ), B
draw an arc ff. ~
-'"x
-:5)
(ii) With O as centre and radius equal to (R 2 + R3 ), <V
draw an arc intersecting ff at a point Q. R1 ____:,, 0

(iii) With Q as centre and radius equal to R3 , draw the A

required arc. FIG. 5-24
78 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

Case II (fig. 5-25):

(i) With O as centre and radius equal to (R1 - R3 ), draw an arc ff.
(ii) With P as centre and radius equal to (R2 + R3 ), draw an arc intersecting ff
at a point Q.
(iii) With Q as centre and radius equal to R3 , draw the required arc.

FIG. 5-25 FIG. 5-26

Case Ill (fig. 5-26):

(i) With O as centre and radius equal to (R 3 - R1 ), draw an arc ff.
(ii) With P as centre and radius equal to (R 3 - R2 ), draw an arc intersecting ff at
a point Q.
(iii) With Q as centre and radius equal to R3 , draw the required arc.
Problem 5-20. To draw an arc passing through
points not in a straight fine (fig. 5-2 7).
Let A, B and C be the given points.
(i) Draw lines joining B with A and C.
(ii) Draw perpendicular bisectors of AB and BC intersecting
each other at a point 0.
(iii) With O as centre and radius equal to QA or OB or A
OC, draw the required arc. FIG. 5-27

Problem 5-21. To draw a continuous curve of circular arcs through any

number of given points not in a straight fine (fig.

FIG. 5-28
Art. 5-9] Geometrical Construction 79

Let A, B, C, D and E be the given points.

(i) Draw lines joining A with B, B with C, C with D etc.
(ii) Draw perpendicular bisectors of AB and BC intersecting at 0.
(iii) With O as centre and radius equal to OA, draw an arc ABC.
(iv) Draw a line joining O and C.
(v) Draw the perpendicular bisector of CD intersecting OC or OC produced, at P.
(vi) With P as centre and radius equal to PC, draw an arc CD.
(vii) Repeat the same construction. Note that the centre of the arc is at the
intersection of the perpendicular bisector and the line, or the line-produced,
joining the previous centre with the last point of the previous arc.

An ogee curve or a reverse curve is a combination of two same curves in which

the second curve has a reverse shape to that of the first curve. In other words,
any curve or line or mould consist of a continuous double curve with the upper
part convex and lower part concave, to some extent having shape of "5".
This book is accompanied by a computer CD, which contains an audiovisual
animation presented for better visualization and understanding of the
subject. Readers are requested to refer Presentation module 8 for the
following problem.
Problem 5-22. To draw an ogee shaped arc tangent between two parallel lines
(fig. 5-29).
,Q
A B
OGEECURVE
s

C D
R
Ogee shaped arc tangent to two parallel lines
FIG. 5-29

(i) Let AB and CD be the two given parallel lines which are to be connected
by an ogee curve.
(ii) Join points B and C. Bisect the line BC and obtain its centre point T.
(iii) Bisect line segment BT and draw the bisector line PQ. Similarly, bisect
segment CT and draw the bisector line RS.
(iv) From point B, draw a perpendicular line to cut the bisector line PQ at E.
80 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

(v) Similarly, from point C, draw a perpendicular line to cut the bisector line
RS at F.
(vi) Points E and F are the centre points of the ogee curve. With £ as centre
draw an arc BT. With F as centre draw another arc CT. Arc BTC is the
required ogee curve.

Problem 5-23. To construct an equilateral triangle, given the length of the side
(fig. 5-30 and fig. 5-3·J).
(a) With T-square and set-square only (fig. 5-30).
(i) With the T-square, draw a line AB of given length.
(ii) With 30°-60° set-square and T-square, draw a line through A making
60° angle with AB.
(iii) Similarly, through B, draw a line making the same angle with AB and
intersecting the first line at C.
Then ABC is the required triangle.

FIG. 5-30 FIG. 5-31

(b) With the aid of a compass (fig. 5-31 ).

(i) With centres A and B and radius equal to AB, draw arcs intersecting
each other at C.
(ii) Draw lines joining C with A and B.
Then ABC is the required triangle.
Problem 5-24. To construct an equilateral triangle of a given altitude (fig. 5-32
and fig. 5-33).
(a) With T-square and set-square only (fig. 5-32).
(i) With the T-square, draw a line AB of any length.
(ii) From a point P in AB, draw with a set-square, the vertical PQ equal
to the given altitude.
Art. 5-11] Geometrical Construction 81

(iii) With T-square and 30°-60° set-square, draw lines through Q on both
sides of and making 30° angles with PQ and cutting AB in R and T.
Then QRT is the required triangle.
(b) With the aid of a compass (fig. 5-33).
(i) Draw a line AB of any length.
(ii) At any point P in AB, draw the perpendicular PQ equal to the given
altitude (Problem 5-3).
(iii) With centre Q and any radius, draw an arc intersecting PQ at C.
(iv) With centre C and the same radius, draw arcs cutting the first arc at E
and F.
(v) Draw bisectors of CE and CF to intersect AB at R and T respectively.
Then QRT is the required triangle.
Q Q

A R p A R
FIG. 5-32 FIG. 5-33

Problem 5-25. To construct a square, length of a side given (fig. 5-34 and
fig. 5-35).
(a) With T-square and set-square only (fig. 5-34).
(i) With the T-square, draw a line AB equal to the given length.
(ii) At A and B, draw verticals AE and BF.
(iii) From point A draw a line inclined at 45° to AB, cutting BF at C.
(iv) From point B draw a line inclined at 45° to AB, cutting AE at 0.
(v) Draw a line joining C with 0.
Then ABCO is the required square.
F DE
C IC

A B A B
F1c. 5-34 Fie. 5-35
82 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

(b) With the aid of a compass (fig. 5-35).

(i) Draw a line AB equal to the given length.
(ii) At A, draw a line AE perpendicular to AB. (Refer problem 5-3, Method Ill,
fig. 5-5).
(iii) With centre A and radius AB, draw an arc cutting AE at D.
(iv) With centres B and D and the same radius, draw arcs intersecting at C.
(v) Draw lines joining C with B and D.
Then ABCD is the required square.

This book is accompanied by a computer CD, which contains an audiovisual

animation presented for better visualization and understanding of the
subject. Readers are requested to refer Presentation module 9 for the
following problem.
5-26. To construct a regular polygon, given the length of its side.
Let the number of sides of the polygon be seven (i.e. heptagon).
Method I: (fig. 5-36 and fig. 5-3 7):
(i) Draw a line AB equal to the given length.
(ii) With centre A and radius AB, draw a semi-circle BP.
(iii) With a divider, divide the semi-circle into seven equal parts (same as the
number of sides). Number the division-points as 1, 2, etc. starting from P.
(iv) Draw a line joining A with the second division-point 2.
E E

2 C

FIG. 5-36 FIG. 5-3 7

(a) Inscribe circle method (fig. 5-36).
(i) Draw perpendicular bisectors of A2 and AB intersecting each other at 0.
(ii) With centre O and radius OA, describe a circle.
(iii) With radius AB and starting from B, cut the circle at points, C, D ..... 2.
(iv) Draw lines BC, CD etc. thus completing the required heptagon.
Art. 5-121 Geometrical Construction 83

(b) Arc method (fig. 5-3 7).

(i) With centre B and radius AB, draw an arc cutting the line A6-produced
at C.
(ii) With centre C and the same radius, draw an arc cutting the line
AS-produced at D.
(iii) Find points E and F in the same manner.
(iv) Draw lines BC, CD etc. and complete the heptagon.
Method II: General for drawing any polygon (fig. 5-38):
(i) Draw a line AB equal to the given length.
(ii) At B, draw a line BP perpendicular and equal to AB.
(iii) Draw a line joining A with P.
(iv) With centre B and radius AB, draw the quadrant AP.
(v) Draw the perpendicular bisector of AB to intersect the straight line AP
in 4 and the arc AP in 6.
(a) A square of a side equal to AB can be inscribed in the circle drawn with
centre 4 and radius A4.
(b) A regular hexagon of a side equal to AB can be inscribed in the circle
drawn with centre 6 and radius A6.
(c) The mid-point 5 of the line 4-6 is the centre of the circle of the radius
AS in which a regular pentagon of a side equal to AB can be inscribed.
(d) To locate centre 7 for the regular heptagon of side AB, step-off a division 6-7
equal to the division 5-6.
(i) With centre 7 and radius equal to A7, draw a circle.
(ii) Starting from B, cut it in seven equal divisions with radius equal to AB.
(iii) Draw lines BC, CD etc. and complete the heptagon.
Regular polygons of any number of sides can be drawn by this method.
E

X'

FIG.
*5-38 FIG. 5-39 FIG. 5-40
84 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

(i) On AB as diameter, describe a semi-circle.

(ii) With either A or B as centre and AB as radius, describe an arc on the same
side as the semi-circle.
(iii) Draw a perpendicular bisector of AB cutting the semi-circle at point 4 and the
arc at point 6.
(iv) Obtain points 5, 7, 8 etc. as explained in method II.
Fig. 5-40 shows a square, a regular pentagon, a regular hexagon and a regular
octagon, all constructed on AB as a common side.

This book is accompanied by a computer CD, which contains an audiovisual

animation presented for better visualization and understanding of the
subject. Readers are requested to refer Presentation module ·10 for the
following problem.
Problem 5-27. To construct a pentagon, length of a side given.
Method I: (fig. 5-41 ): Q

(i) Draw a line AB equal to the given length.

(ii) With centre A and radius AB, describe
a circle-1.
(iii) With centre B and the same radius,
describe a circle-2 cuttting circle-1 at
C and D.
(iv) With centre C and the same radius, draw
an arc to cut circle-1 and circle-2 at f 2
and f respectively.
(v) Draw a perpendicular bisector of the
E F
line AB to cut the arc ff at G.
FIG. 5-41
(vi) Draw a line EC and produce it to cut Q
circle-2 at P.
(vii) Draw a line FG and produce it to cut
circle-1 at R.
(viii) With P and Ras centres and AB as radius,
draw arcs intersecting each other at Q.
(ix) Draw lines BP, PQ, QR and RA, thus
completing the pentagon.
Method II: (fig. 5-42):
(i) Draw a line AB equal to the given length. B E
(ii) Bisect AB in a point C.
(iii) Draw a line BD perpendicular and equal 1
to AB. Fie. 5-42
Art. 5-13] Geometrical Construction 85

(iv) With centre C and radius CD, draw an arc to intersect the line AB-produced at E.
(v) Then AE is the length of the diagonal of the pentagon.
(vi) Therefore, with centre A and radius AB, draw an arc intersecting the arc
drawn with centre B and radius AE at R.
(vii) Again with centre A and radius AE, draw an arc intersecting the arc drawn
with centre B and radius AB at P.
(viii) With centres A and B and radius AE, draw arcs intersecting each other
at Q.
(ix) Draw lines BP, PQ, QR and RA, thus completing the pentagon.
Problem 5-28. To construct a hexagon, length of a side given (fig. 5-43 and
fig. 5-44).
(a) With T-square and 30°-60° set-square only (fig. 5-43).
(i) Draw a line AB equal to the given length.
(ii) From A, draw lines A1 and A2 making 60° and 120° angles respectively
with AB.
(iii) From B, draw lines 83 and 84 making 60° and 120° angles respectively
with AB.
(iv) From O the point of intersection of A1 and 83, draw a line parallel
to AB and intersecting A2 at F and 84 at C.
(v) From F, draw a line parallel to BC and intersecting 83 at E.
(vi) From C, draw a line parallel to AF and intersecting A1 at D.
(vii) Draw a line joining E and D.
Then ABCDEF is the required hexagon.

F C

FIG. 5-43 FlG. 5-44

(b) With the aid of a compass (fig. 5-44).
(i) With Point O as centre, draw a circle of radius equal to the given side
length of the required polygon.
(ii) Draw a horizontal line passing through the centre of the circle and
cutting the circle at opposite ends, say at points F and C. Mark the
centre of circle as 0.
86 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

(iii) Starting with either F or C as centre and side as length, go on marking

the points on the circumference, A, B, D and E.
(iv) Join points A-B-C-0-E-F. You will get the required Hexagon (6 sided polygon).
This book is accompanied by a computer CD, which contains an audiovisual
animation presented for better visualization and understanding of the
subject. Readers are requested to refer Presentation module 11 for the
following problem.
Problem 5-29. To inscribe a regular octagon in a
given square (fig. 5-45).
(i) Draw the given square ABCD.
7 4
(ii) Draw diagonals AC and BO intersecting each
other at 0.
(iii) With centre A and radius AO, draw an arc
8 3
cutting AB at 2 and AD at 7.
(iv) Similarly, with centres B, C and D and the
same radius, draw arcs and obtain points 1, 2
3, 4 etc. as shown. FIG. 5-45
Draw lines 2-3, 4-5, 6-7 and 8-1, thus completing the octagon.

p
Problem 5-30. To inscribe a regular polygon of any
number of sides, say 5, in a given circle (fig. 5-46).
(i) With centre 0, draw the given circle.
(ii) Draw a diameter AB and divide it into five
equal parts (same number of parts as the
number of sides) and number them as shown.
(iii) With centres A and B and radius AB, draw
arcs intersecting each other at P.
(iv) Draw a line P2 and produce it to meet the
circle at C. Then AC is the length of the
side of the pentagon.
(v) Starting from C, step-off on the circle, divisions
CD, DE etc., equal to AC.
(vi) Draw lines CO, DE etc., thus completing the FIG. 5-46
C
pentagon.
Problem 5-31. To inscribe a square in a given circle
(fig. 5-47).
(i) With centre 0, draw the given circle.
(ii) Draw diameters AB and CD perpendicular to
each other.
(iii) Draw lines AC, CB, BO and DA, thus completing D
the square. FIG. 5-47
Art. 5-14] Geometrical Construction 87

Problem 5-32. To inscribe a regular pentagon in a given circle (fig. 5-48).

(i) With centre 0, draw the given circle.
(ii) Draw diameters AB and CD perpendicular to each other.
(iii) Bisect AO in a point P. With centre P and radius PC, draw an arc cutting OB
in Q.
(iv) With centre C and radius CQ, draw an arc cutting the circle in E and f.
(v) With centres f and f and the same radius, draw arcs cutting the circle in C
and H respectively.
(vi) Draw lines Cf, EC, CH, HF and FC, thus completing the required pentagon.

(i)
FIG. 5-48 FIG. 5-49
Problem 5-33. To inscribe a regular hexagon in a given circle (fig. 5-49).
Apply the same method as shown in Problem 5-28(b).
Note: (a) When two sides of the hexagon are required to be horizontal the starting point
for stepping-off equal divisions should be on an end of the horizontal diameter.
. (b) If they are to be vertical, the starting point should be on an end of the vertical
diameter.
In either case, to avoid inaccuracy, the points should be joined with the aid of
T-square and 30°-60° set-square.
Problem 5-34. To inscribe a regular heptagon in a
circle (fig.
(i) With centre 0, draw the given circle.
(ii) Draw a diameter AB. With centre A and radius 4
AO, draw an arc cutting the circle at E and f.
(iii) Draw a line ff, cutting AO in C.
Then EC or FC is the length of the side of the
3
heptagon.
Therefore, from any point on the circle, say A, step-off
divisions equal to EC, around the circle. Join the
division-points and obtain the heptagon. FIG. 5-50
88 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

Problem 5-35. To inscribe a regular octagon C

in a given circle (fig. 5-51 ).
(i) With centre 0, draw the given circle.
(ii) Draw diameters AB and CO at right angles
to each other.
(iii) Draw diameters ff and CH bisecting
angles AOC and COB.
(iv) Draw lines AE, EC etc. and complete
the octagon.
D
FIG. 5-51

Problem 5-36. To describe an equilateral triangle G

about a given circle (fig. 5-52).
(i) With centre 0, draw the given circle.
(ii) Draw a vertical radius QA.
(iii) Draw radii OB and OC with a 30°-60°
set-square, such that LAOB = LAOC = 120°.
(iv) At A, B and C, draw tangents to the circle,
i.e. a horizontal line ff through A, and lines
FG and GE through B and C respectively with E
a 30°-60° set-square. FIG. 5-52
Then EFG is the required triangle. E.------,,,..-c,.....,,::--_--,F
Problem 5-37. To draw a square about a given
circle (fig. 5-53).
(i) With centre 0, describe the given circle.
0
(ii) Draw diameters AB and CO at right angles A1------+-----1 B
to each other as shown.
(iii) At A and B, draw vertical lines, and at C and
0, draw horizontal lines intersecting at E, F,
G and H.
H D G
EFGH is the required square. FIG. 5-53
Problem 5-38. To describe a regular hexagon about a given circle (fig. 5-54).
(i) With centre 0, draw the given circle.
(ii) Draw horizontal diameter AB, and diameters CO and ff making 60° angle with AB.
(iii) Draw tangents at all the six ends, i.e. verticals at A and B, and lines with
a 30°-60° set-square at the remaining points intersecting at 1, 2, ..... 6.
A hexagon with two sides horizontal can be drawn by drawing a vertical
diameter AB and the other lines as shown in fig. 5-55.
Art. 5-16] Geometrical Construction 89

2 3

7 D 6

Fie. 5-54 Fie. 5-55 F1c. 5-56

Problem 5-39. To describe a regular octagon about a given circle (fig. 5-56).
(i) With centre 0, describe the given circle.
(ii) Draw a horizontal diameter AB, a vertical diameter CD and diameters ff
and CH at 45° to the first two.
(iii) Draw tangents at the eight points A, B..... H intersecting one another at
1, 2 ..... 8. Then 1, 2 ..... 8 is the required octagon.

Problem 5-40. (fig. 5-57): To draw a tangen,t to

a given circle at any point on it. '
(i) With centre 0, draw the given circle and mark
a point P on it.
(ii) Draw a line joining O and P.
(iii) Produce OP to Q so that PQ = OP.
(iv) With centres O and Q and with any convenient
radius, draw arcs intersecting each other at R.
(v) Draw a line through P and R. Then this FIC. 5-57
line is the required tangent.
Problem 5-41. (fig. 5-58): Ti:J draw a tangent to
a given circle from any point outside it.
(i) With centre 0, draw the given circle.
(ii) Mark a point P outside it.
(iii) Draw a line joining O and P.
(iv) With OP as diameter, draw a semi-circle
cutting the given circle at R and R1 .
(v) Draw a line through P and R. Then this
line is the required tangent. The line through
P and R1 is the other tangent which can be
drawn from the same point. Fie. 5-58
90 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

Problem 5-42. (fig. 5-59): To draw a tangent E

to a given arc of inaccessible centre at any point
R *
on it.
Let AB be the given arc and P the point on it.
A
(i) With centre P and any radius, draw arcs cutting
the arc AB at C and D. Draw EF, the bisector
F B
of the arc CD. It will pass through P.
(ii) Through P, draw a line RS perpendicular to ff. FIG. 5-59
RS is the required tangent.
Problem 5-43. (fig. 5-60): To draw a tangent to a
given circle and parallel to a given line. B
The circle with centre O and the line AB are given.
(i) From 0, draw a line perpendicular to AB and
cutting the circle at a point P or Q. A
(ii) Through P or Q, draw the required tangent
CD or C1 D 1 (problem 5-40).
Problem 5-44. To draw a common tangent to two
circles of equal radii (fig. 5-61 ).
Draw the given circles with centres O and P.
(a) External tangents (fig. 5-61): 5-60
(i) Draw a line joining O and P.
(ii) At O and P, erect perpendiculars to OP on the same side of it and
intersecting the circles at A and 8.
(iii) Draw a line through A and 8. This line is the required tangent. A 1 8 1 is
the other tangent.

FIG. 5-61 FIG. 5-62

(b) Internal tangents (fig. 5-62):

(i) Draw a line joining O and P.
(ii) Bisect OP in R. Draw a semi-circle with OR as diameter to cut the circle
at A.
(iii) With centre R and radius RA, draw an arc to intersect the other circle on
the other side of OP at B.
(iv) Draw a line through A and 8. This line is the required tangent.
The other tangent through A 1 and 8 1 can also be similarly drawn.
Art. 5-17] Geometrical Construction 91

Problem 5-45. To draw a common tangent to two given circles of unequal

radii (fig. 5-63 and fig. 5-64).
Draw the given circles with centres
0 and P, and radii R1 and R2 respectively,
of which R1 is greater than R2 •
(a) External tangents (fig. 5-63):
(i) Draw a line joining centres
0 and P.
(ii) With centre O and radius
equal to (R1 - R2 ), draw
a circle.
(iii) From P, draw a tangent PT
FIG. 5-63
to this circle (Problem 5-41 ).
(iv) Draw a line OT and produce it to cut the outer circle at A.
(v) Through P, draw a line PB parallel to OA, on the same side of OP
and cutting the circle at B.
(vi) Draw a line through A and B. Then this line is the required tangent.
The other similar tangent will
pass through A 1 and 8 1 .
(b) Internal tangents (fig. 5-64):
(i) Draw a line joining the
centres O and P.
(ii) With centre O and radius
equal to (R 1 + R2 ), draw
a circle.
(iii) From P, draw a line PT
tangent to this circle.
(iv) Draw a line OT cutting
the circle at A. F!G. 5-64
(v) Through P, draw a line PB parallel to OA, on the other side of OP
and cutting the circle at B.
(vi) Draw a line through A and B. Then this line is the required tangent.
The second tangent will pass through A 1 and 8 1 .

Problem 5-46. To determine the length of a given arc (fig. 5-65).

Let AB be the given arc drawn with centre 0.
(i) At A, draw a tangent to the arc.
(ii) Draw the chord AB and produce it beyond A to a point C such that AC =~ AB.
(iii) With centre C and radius equal to CB, describe an arc cutting the tangent at D.
(iv) Then the length AD is approximately equal to the length of the arc AB.
This method is satisfactory for arcs which subtend at the centre, angles smaller than 60°.
92 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

A 2 C
Fie. 5-65 Fie. 5-66
Problem 5-47. To determine the length of the circumference of a given circle (fig. 5-66).
Let the circle with centre O be given.
(i) Draw a- diameter AB.
(ii) At A, draw a tangent AC equal to 3 times AB.
(iii) Draw a radius OD making an angle of 30° with OB.
(iv) From D, draw a line DE perpendicular to OB.
(v) Draw a line joining E and C. Then EC is approximately equal in length to the
circumference of the circle.

Problem 5-48. To draw a circle passing through

a given point and tangent to a given fine at a given
point on it (fig. 5-6 7).
A point P and a line AB with a point Q in it are
given. At Q, draw a line perpendicular to AB. B
(i) Draw a line joining P and Q.
(ii) Draw a perpendicular bisector of PQ to
intersect the perpendicular from Q at 0.
(iii) With centre O and radius OP or OQ, draw
the required circle. A
Fie. 5-67
Problem 5-49. To draw a circle passing
through a given point and touching a given
circle at a given point on it (fig. 5-68). P'

A point P, a circle with centre A and a

point Q on the circle are given.
(i) Draw a line joining P and Q.
(ii) Draw a perpendicular bisector of PQ,
to intersect the line through A and
Q at 0.
(iii) With centre O and radius OP, draw
the required circle.
The required circle includes the given circle
when the point is in a position such as P'. Fie. 5-68
Art. 5-181 Geometrical Construction 93

Problem 5-50. To draw a circle to

touch a given line and a given circle
at a given point on it (fig. 5-69).
A line AB, a circle with centre C
and a point Pon the circle are given.
From P, draw a tangent to the
circle intersecting AB in 0.
(a) Draw a bisector of L POB,
to intersect the line through
C and P at 0. With centre
0 and radius OP, draw the
required circle. FIG. 5-69
(b) Draw a bisector of L POA to meet the line through C and P at O'.
Then O' is the centre of another circle which will include the given circle
within it.
Problem 5-51. To draw a circle to touch a given circle and a given line at a
point on il (fig. 5-70).
O'
A circle with centre C and a line AB
with a point P in it are given.
Through C, draw a line perpendicular to
AB and cutting the circle in f or F.
(a) Draw a line joining P and F and
intersecting the circle at G.
At P, draw a perpendicular to AB p
intersecting the line through C and
FIG. 5-70
G at 0. With centre O and radius
OP, draw the required circle.
(b) Draw a line through P and f
and obtain centre O' for another
circle in the same manner. It will
include the given circle within it.
Problem 5-52. To draw a circle touching
two given circles, one of them at a given
point on it (fig. 5-71 ).
Circles with centres A and B, and a
point P on the circle A are given (fig. 5-71 ).
FIG. 5-71
(i) Draw a line joining A and P.
(ii) Through B, draw a line parallel to AP and intersecting the circle in C.
(iii) Draw a line PC and produce it (if necessary) to cut the circle (with centre B )
in 0.
(iv) Draw a line through O and B to intersect AP or AP-produced, at 0.
(v) With centre O and radius OP, draw the required circle.
94 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

Problem 5-53. To draw a circle touching two given circles, one of them at a
given point on it [fig. 5-72).
(i) Circles with centres A and B, and a point P on the circle A are given.
(1i) Draw a line joining centre A and the point P.
(iii) Through B, draw a line parallel to AP (if extended) and intersecting circle
B in C" and D'.
(iv) Join PC" and extend to intersect circle
Bat D".
(v) Draw a line through D" and B to intersect
the line AP at O".
(vi) Join PD' which intersect circle B at C'.
Join C'B and extend to intersect AP at O'.
Draw a circle with O' as centre and O'P
as radius. It is the circle (1).
(vii) Draw another circle with centre as O" and
the radius O"P. It is the circle (2).
Circle-(1) which includes one of the given
circles, and circle-(2) which includes both of them FIG. 5-72
(fig. 5-72).

Problem 5-54. To inscribe a circle in given C

triangle (fig. 5-73).
Let ABC be the triangle.
(i) Bisect any two angles by lines intersecting
each other at 0.
(ii) Draw a perpendicular from O to any one
side of the triangle, meeting it at P.
(iii) With centre O and radius OP, describe
the required circle.
Problem 5-55. To draw a circle touching three
lines inclined to each other but not forming a triangle
(fig. 5-74).
Let AB, BC and AD be the given lines.
(i) Draw bisectors of the two angles intersecting A
each other at 0.
(ii) From 0, draw a perpendicular to any one
line intersecting it at P.
(iii) With centre O and radius OP, draw the
required circle. F1c. 5-74
Art. 5-19] Geometrical Construction 95

Problem 5-56. To inscribe a circle in a regular D

polygon of any number of sides, say a pentagon
(fig. 5-75).
Let ABCDE be the pentagon. E C
(i) Bisect any two angles by lines intersecting
each other at 0.
(ii) From 0, draw a perpendicular to any
one side of the pentagon cutting it at P.
(iii) With centre O and radius OP, draw
the required circle. FIG. 5-75
Problem 5-57. To draw in a regular polygon
the same number of equal circles as the sides
of the polygon, each circle touching one side
of the polygon and two of the other circles
(fig. 5-76).
(i) Let ABCD be the given square.
(ii) Draw bisectors of all the angles of
the square. They will meet at 0, thus
dividing the square into four equal
triangles.
In each triangle inscribe a circle FIG. 5-76
(Problem 5-54). Each circle will touch a side D
of the square and two other circles as required.
Fig. 5-77 shows five equal circles inscribed
in a regular pentagon in the same manner. E C
Problem 5-58. To draw in a regular polygon,
the same number of equal circles as the sides
of the polygon, each circle touching two adjacent
sides of the polygon and two of the other
circles (fig. 5-78).
Let ABCDEF be the given hexagon.
FIG. 5-77
(i) Draw the perpendicular bisectors of
all sides of the hexagon. They will
meet at O and will divide the hexagon
into six equal quadrilaterals.
(ii) Inscribe a circle in each quadrilateral
as shown in case of A1 02 and as
explained below.
F C
(iii) Bisect any two adjacent angles with
bisectors intersecting each other at P.
(iv) From P, draw a perpendicular to any
one side of the quadrilateral, meeting
it at Q. With centre P and radius
PQ, draw one of the required circles.
(v) Draw other circles in the same manner. FIG. 5-78
96 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

'"'''""'"'"'"" 5-59. To draw in a given regular

hexagon, three equal circles, each touching
one side and two other circles (fig. 5-79).
(i) Draw the given hexagon.
(ii) Draw perpendicular bisectors of its
two alternate sides, to intersect each
other at O and to meet the middle
side produced on both sides at 1 and 2.
(iii) Inscribe a circle in triangle O 1 2. Q 2
Similarly, draw the other two required FIG. 5-79
circles.
Problem 5-60. To draw in a given circle, C
any number of equal circles, say four, each
touching the given circle and tvvo of the other
circles (fig. 5-80).
(i) Divide the given circle into four equal
parts by diameters AB and CO.
(ii) Draw a tangent to the circle at 0.
Draw lines bisecting LAOD and L.BOD
and meeting the tangent at 1 and 2.
(iii) Inscribe a circle in the triangle O 1 2.
D
Draw the other circles in the same manner. FIG. 5-80
The centres for the remaining circles may
also be determined by drawing a circle with
centre O and radius OP to cut the diameters
at the required points.
Problem 5-61. To draw outside a given
regular polygon, the same number of equal
circles as the sides of the polygon, each circle
one side and two of the other circles
5-81 ).
(i) Let ABCOE be the given pentagon.
(ii) Draw bisectors of two adjacent angles,
say LA and LB, and produce them
outside the pentagon.
(iii) Draw a circle touching the
extended bisectors and the side AB
(Problem 5-55). Obtain the other four FIG. 5-81
required circles in the same manner.
Problem 5-62. To draw outside a given circle any number of equal circles, say
each touching the given circle and two other circles (fig. 5-82).
(i) Draw the given circle and describe a regular hexagon about it.
(ii) Draw the required six equal circles outside the hexagon as shown in the
previous problem.
Art. 5-19] Geometrical Construction 97

E A A N B
FIG. 5-82 FIG. 5-83
Problem 5-63. To draw a circle touching two converging lines and passing through
a given point between them (fig. 5-83).
(i) Lines AB and CD, and the point P are given.
(ii) Produce lines AB and CD to intersect at a point E. Draw the bisector ff of LAEC.
(iii) Mark any point Q on ff and from it draw a perpendicular QR on AB.
(iv) With Q as centre and QR as radius draw a circle which will touch the line
CD also.
(v) Draw a line joining P with E, cutting the circle at a point C.
(vi) Draw the line QC.
(vii) From P, draw a line parallel to QC intersecting ff at a point 0.
(viii) From 0, draw a perpendicular ON to either AB or CD.
(ix) With O as centre and ON as radius, draw the required circle.
Problem 5-64. To draw two circles touching each other and two converging lines,
the smaller circle being of given radius (fig. 5-84).
(i) Lines AB and CD and radius R of the ~ D
smaller circle are given.
(ii) Produce lines AB and CD to intersect o F
at a point E. Draw the bisector ff of C O' Q'l'
L.AEC.
(iii) Draw a line parallel to and at distance R E A S' P S B
from AB to intersect ff in a point Q. FIG. 5-84
(iv) Draw the perpendicular QP on the line AB.
(v) With Q as centre and QP as radius, draw the smaller circle.
(vi) Mark points T and N at which the circle cuts ff.
(vii) Draw the line joining T with P. Draw a line NS parallel to TP intersecting AB
in the point S.
From S, draw the perpendicular to AB cutting ff in the point 0. With O as centre
and OS as radius, draw the required circle.
O' is the centre of smaller circle, obtained in the same manner, touching the two
given lines and the given circle.
98 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

5
1. Draw a line 125 mm long and quadrisect it.
2. Draw a line AB 80 mm long and divide it into five parts, one of them 20
mm long and the remaining each 15 mm long, by the method of bisection.
3. With centre O and radius equal to 50 mm, draw two arcs of any lengths on
opposite sides of 0. Bisect the two arcs and produce the bisectors till they meet.
4. Draw a line AB 75 mm long. At B, erect a perpendicular BC 100 mm long.
Draw a line joining A and C, and measure its length. Construct a square on
each line as a side.
5. Draw a line PQ 100 mm long. At any point O in it near its centre, erect a
perpendicular OA 65 mm long. Through A, draw a line parallel to PQ.
6. Mark any point 0. Draw a line AB, such that its shortest distance from
0 is 50 mm.
8. Draw a line AB 75 mm long. Mark a point C, 65 mm from A and 90 mm
from B. Join C with A and B. Through the points A, B and C, draw lines
(i) perpendicular and (ii) parallel to their opposite lines.
7. Construct a rectangle of sides 65 mm and 40 mm long.
9. Construct a square of 75 mm side. Draw the diagonals intersecting at 0. From 0,
draw lines perpendicular to the sides of the square.
10. Draw a circle of 50 mm radius. Divide it (i) into 8 equal parts by continued
bisection and (ii) into 12 equal parts by bisection of a line and trisection of
a right angle methods.
11. Draw two lines AB and AC making an angle of 75°. Draw a circle of 25 mm
radius touching them.
12. Construct a right angle PQR. Describe a circle of 20 mm radius touching the
sides PQ and QR.
13. Draw a line AB of any length. Mark a point O at a distance of 25 mm from
AB. With O as centre, draw a circle of 40 mm diameter. Describe another
circle (i) of 20 mm radius, touching the circle and AB; (ii) of 35 mm radius,
touching AB and the circle, and including the circle within it.
14. Draw two circles of 20 mm and 30 mm radii respectively with centres 65 mm
apart. (i) Describe a third circle of 50 mm radius touching the two circles
and (a) outside them; (b) including 20 mm circle; (c) including 30 mm
circle. (ii) Describe a circle of 75 mm radius, touching both circles and
including both of them within it.
15. Mark points A and B, 50 mm apart. Mark a third point 75 mm from both A and B.
Describe a circle passing through the three points.
16. Draw the machine handle shown in fig. 5-85. All dimensions are in millimetres.
I

J
FIG. 5-85
Exe. 5] Geometrical Construction 99

17. The distance between the centres of two circles of 65 mm and 90 mm diameters
is 120 mm. Draw an internal and an external common tangent to the two circles.
18. Draw a circle with centre O and radius equal to 30 mm. From a point P, 75 mm
from 0, draw a line joining P and 0, and produce it to cut the circle at Q. From
P and Q draw tangents to the circle.
19. Two shafts carry pulleys of 900 mm and 1350 mm diameters respectively. The
distance between their centres is 2 700 mm. Draw the arrangement showing the
two pulleys connected by (i) direct belt (ii) crossed belt. Take 1 mm = 20 mm.
20. An arc AB drawn with 50 mm radius subtends an angle of 45° at the centre.
Determine approximately the length of AB.
21. Determine the length of the circumference of a 75 mm diameter circle.
22. A point P is 25 mm from a line AB. Q is a point in AB and is 50 mm from P.
Draw a circle passing through P and touching AB at Q.
23. Construct an equilateral triangle ABC of 40 mm side. Construct a square, a
regular pentagon and a regular hexagon on its sides AB, BC and CA respectively.
24. The centre O of a circle of 30 mm diameter is 25 mm from a line AB. Draw a
circle (i) to touch the given circle and the line AB at a point P, 50 mm from O;
(ii) to touch AB and the given circle at a point Q, 20 mm from AB.
25. Two circles of 40 mm and 50 mm diameters have their centres 60 mm apart.
Draw a circle to touch both circles and (i) to include the bigger circle, the
point of contact on it being 75 mm from the centre of the other circle;
(ii) to include both the circles, the point of contact being the same as in (i).
26. Construct a regular pentagon of 30 mm side by three different methods.
27. On a line AB 40 mm long, construct a regular heptagon by two different methods.
28. Construct a regular octagon of 40 mm side. Inscribe another octagon with its
corners on the mid-points of the sides of the first octagon.
29. Construct the following regular polygons in circles of 100 mm diameter, using
a different method in each case: (i) Pentagon (ii) Heptagon.
30. Draw the following regular figures, the distance between their opposite sides
being 75 mm: (i) Square; (ii) Hexagon; (iii) Octagon.
31. Construct a regular octagon in a square of 75 mm side.
32. Describe a regular pentagon about a circle of 100 mm diameter.
33. Construct a triangle having sides 25 mm, 30 mm and 40 mm long. Draw three
circles, each touching one of the sides and the other two sides produced.
34. Inscribe a circle in a triangle having sides 50 mm, 65 mm and 75 mm long.
35. Construct a regular heptagon of 25 mm side and inscribe a circle in it.
36. Construct a regular hexagon of 40 mm side and draw in it, six equal circles,
each touching one side of the hexagon and two other circles.
37. Construct a square of 50 mm side and draw in it, four equal circles, each
touching two adjacent sides and two other circles.
38. In a regular octagon of 40 mm side, draw four equal circles, each touching one
side of the octagon and two other circles.
39. Draw a circle of 125 mm diameter and draw in it, five equal circles, each touching
the given circle and two other circles.
100 Engineering Drawing [Ch. 5

40. Construct a square of 25 mm side. Draw outside it four equal circles, each
touching a side of the square and two other circles.
41. Outside a circle of 25 mm diameter, draw five equal circles, each touching the
given circle and two other circles.
42. Two lines converge to a point making an angle of 30° between them. Draw three
circles to touch both these lines, the middle circle being of 25 mm radius and
touching the other two circles.
43. Two lines converge to a point making an angle of 30° between them. A point P
is between these lines 15 mm from one line and 25 mm from the other. Draw
a circle to touch both the lines and pass through P.
44. Draw a series of four circles, each touching the preceding circle and two
converging lines which make an angle of 25° between them. Take the radius
of the smallest circle as 10 mm.
45. A vertical straight line AB is at a distance of 90 mm from the centre of a circle
of 75 mm diameter. A straight line PQ passes through the centre of the circle and
makes an angle of 60° with the vertical. Draw circles having their centres on PQ
and to touch the straight line AB and the circle. Measure the radius of each circle.
46. Draw a semi-circle of 125 mm diameter and inscribe in it the largest equilateral
triangle having a corner at the centre. The semi-circle is the development of
a cone and the triangle that of a line on its surface. Draw the projections of
the cone resting on its base on the ground showing the line in both views.
47. Construct a lever as shown in fig. 5-86.

156

I
140.5

FIG. 5-86 FIG. 5-87

48. Construct a special spanner as shown in fig. 5-87.

[Hint: The method of drawing curve is shown on left-hand side. The same is to be
followed on the right-hand side. This curve is known as ogee (reverse) curve.]
49. Two shafts, 1200 mm apart are connected by flat belt. The flat belt pulleys
of 300 mm diameter and 600 mm diameter are fixed on the shafts. Draw the
arrangement and determine approximately length of the belt.
50. Draw plan-view of a hexagonal nut of 20 mm using standard dimensions.
51. (i) Draw a number '8' of height 105 mm and 15 mm thick.
(ii) Draw an alphabet 'S' of height 105 mm and 15 mm thick.