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Chapter_1

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revengedragon1302
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Geographic Information System

Chapter 1 – GIS overview


TRƯƠNG QUỐC ĐỊNH
GIS – A complete system

▪ Capture
Desktop GIS ▪ Create
▪ Store
▪ Manage
▪ Share
Web GIS
▪ Visualize
▪ Analyze
Mobile GIS
GIS – A complete system

▪ Different from
✓Information Systems / DBMS
✓Traditional Computer Aided Drafting (CAD)
✓Graphic design programs
✓Remote sensing programs
▪ The Keys
✓An “image” associated with attribute information
✓Spatially (geographically) referenced
A GIS is an organized collection
of
▪ Hardware
▪ GIS (and other) Software
▪ Peoples
▪ Data
▪ Methods
Hardware in a Present-Day GIS

▪ Desktop Computers
▪ Servers
▪ Mobile Devices
▪ Peripheral Devices
✓ Digitizing Board
✓ Printers
✓ Scanners
✓ Digital Cameras
✓ GPS
✓ Backup Devices
Software in a Present-Day GIS

▪ The operating system(s) on the PC, & the server.


▪ Software helps to query, edit, run and display GIS
data.
▪ Software that interacts with / augments the GIS
software
✓Global Positioning System Software
✓Remote Sensing Software
✓Graphic Production Software (e.g. Photoshop, Paintshop)
✓Software that creates 3d objects (Sketchup)
✓Software that is designed for statistical analysis (SAS)
✓Computer-Aided Drafting/Design Software (CADD)
Software in a Present-Day GIS

▪ The GIS Software (commercial and open


source)
✓Caliper Corporation – Maptitude (data analysis)
✓Manifold – Manifold System 8.00 (a desktop
application, an objects library for programmers
and an Internet Map Server for web applications)
✓Clark Labs – Idrisi
✓...
Peoples
▪ User of Geographic Information System.
▪ Main component for the successful GIS.
Data
▪ The most important and expensive component.
▪ A combination of graphic and tabular data.
▪ Types
▪ Raster
▪ Vector
Methods
▪ A well-designed plan and business operation
rules.
▪ Vary with different organizations.
What is GIS?

GIS (Geographic Information System):


computer information system that can input,
store, manipulate, analyze, and display
geographically referenced (spatial) data to
support decision making processes.
What is GIS?
A GIS is a computer-based system that provides
the following four sets of capabilities to handle
georeferenced data:
◦ Data capture and preparation
◦ Data management, including storage and maintenance
◦ Data manipulation and analysis
◦ Data presentation
Data capture and preparation

The early stage in which data about the study


phenomenon is collected and prepared to be
entered into the system.
Data management

This phase requires a decision to be made on


how best to represent data
◦ Spatial properties
◦ Various attributes values
Data manipulation and
Analysis
The middle stage in which collected data is
carefully reviewed, and, for instance,
attempts are made to discover patterns.
GIS handles two types of data
◦ Spatial data
◦ Gets visualized in the graphic interface as map features
◦ Non-spatial attribute data
◦ Provide information about features
Data presentation

The final stage in which the results of earlier


analysis are presented in an appropriate way.
The real world and
representations of it
Definition of a map
A map is a graphic form, normally to scale, of spatial
abstraction of features on, or in relation to, the surface
of the Earth.
Topographic map: A reference tool, showing the
outlines of selected natural and man-made features of
the Earth.
Thematic map: A tool to communicate geographical
concepts such as: the distribution of population
densities, climate, movement of goods, land use etc.
GIS Data Sources

▪ Digitized and Scanned Maps


✓purchased, donated, free (Internet)
✓created by user
▪ Data Bases – Tables of data
▪ GPS – Global Positioning System
✓accurate locations
▪ Field Sampling of Attributes
▪ Remote Sensing & Aerial Photography
Conventional Information Systems

Answer the following questions:


✓ Who?
✓ What?
✓ When?
✓ Why?
✓ How?
GIS answers the following

▪ Location: What is at...?


▪ Condition: Where is it?
▪ Trends: What has changed since...?
▪ Patterns: What spatial patterns exist?
▪ Modeling: What if…?
Data Data Data
◦ Location Data
How Many? – What Kind? – Where?

◦ Scale of Data
Global to Local

◦ Data Presentation
Words, Charts, Graphs, Tables, Maps, Photos
Databases
◦ Not easy to interpret
Visualizing Data
A picture is worth a thousand words
GIS Data
Raster Images
◦ “pixels”
◦ a location and value
◦ satellite images and aerial photos

Vector
◦ Features: points, lines & polygons
◦ Attributes: size, type, length, etc.
“Layers” of GIS Information

Municipalities
“Layers” of GIS Information
Census Tracts
“Layers” of GIS Information

Lakes and Rivers


“Layers” of GIS Information

Schools
Maps and Databases are Interactive
GIS Connects Graphics to Data
GIS Turns Data into Information
A picture is worth a thousand words
GIS applications
Urban management
Land resources
Environment
Transportation
Commercial applications
Public services
E-Government
Tourism information system
…
Urban management
Urban applications involve the use of computers
to carry out functions of urban government and
management agencies.
Series of city case studies have been conducted
in late 1960s and early 1970s in U.S., as well as
other countries.
Mainly for Demonstrating simple GIS
capabilities for urban government for planning
using social statistics for small areas:
◦ crime analysis
◦ simple record-keeping
Small town management
Project management
Land resources
Land information system (LIS) is a primary
GIS application field.
The purpose is to effectively record, monitor
and manage land parcels.
This typically integrates with daily
management work of land management.
The operation of the LIS often imposes legal
implications.
Land infrastructure
Environment

What is there?
Where is something?
How much is something?
What if …?
Understanding the limits
Data availability
Errors in attribute data and classification
Real scientific model - poorly developed spatial
models may generate processing errors, or simply
wrong answers.
Representations of continuous variables
Time - It is always difficult for current GIS to
present and model the multitemporal information.
Flood monitoring
Water resources management
Forecast
Transportation

Transportation planning
Route selection
Traffic control
Construction and maintenance
Transportation planning
Shipping route
Route selection
Commercial applications
Public services
Public announcement and information sharing
Public consultation
Management
◦ Emergency service
◦ Crowd control
◦ Anti-crime actions
◦ Public health
Emergency service
Public health alert
E-government

Daily operation
Socio-economic development
Statistics
Government services
Crime analysis
Natural disaster reduction
Tourism Information System
An ideal platform tools required to generate a
better understanding, and can serve the needs
of tourists.
▪ Measure distance, find hotels, restaurant and
even navigate to their respective links.
▪ Information plays a vital role to tourists in
planning their travel from one place to another,
and success of tourism industry.
Web-based GIS architecture

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