1.

Mở đầu – Introduction

Dẫn dắt Loại biểu đồ Động từ đi kèm Tân ngữ mô tả

The diagram / table / figure / shows / represents / depicts / the comparison of…

The given illustration / graph / enumerates / illustrates / the differences…

chart / flow chart / presents/ gives / provides /
The supplied the changes…
picture/ presentation/ delineates/ outlines/ describes
The presented the number of…
pie chart / bar graph/ / delineates/ expresses/
The shown column graph / line denotes/ compares/ shows information on…

The provided graph / table data/ contrast / indicates / figures / data on…
data / information / gives data on / gives the proportion of…
pictorial/ process information on/ presents
the amount of…
diagram/ map/ pie chart information about/ shows data
and table/ bar graph and about/ demonstrates/ sketch information on…

pie chart out/ summarises… data about…

comparative data…

the trend of…

the percentages of…

the ratio of…

how the…

Ví dụ:

 The given pie charts represent the proportion of male and female employees in 6
broad categories, dividing into manual and non-manual occupations in Australia,
between 2010 and 2015.

 The line graph delineates the proportion of male and female employees in three
different sectors in Australia between 2010 and 2015.
  The supplied bar graph compares the number of male and female graduates in
three developing countries while the table data presents the overall literacy rate
in these countries.

Phần tổng quan

 In general

 In common

 Generally speaking

 Overall

 It is obvious

 As is observed

 As a general trend

 As can be seen

 As an overall trend

 As is presented

 It can be clearly seen that

 At the first glance, it is clear

 At the onset, it is clear that

 A glance at the graphs reveals that…

Ví dụ:

 As is observed, the figures for imprisonment in the five mentioned countries

show no overall pattern, rather shows the considerable fluctuations from country
to country

 Generally speaking, citizens in the USA had a far better living standard than that
of remaining countries.

 As can be seen, the highest number of passengers used the London Underground
station at 8:00 in the morning and at 6:00 in the evening.
  At a first glance, it is clear that more percentages of native university pupils
violated regulations and rules than the foreign students did during this period.

 Overall, the leisure hours enjoyed by males, regardless of their employment

status, was much higher than that of women.

câu mở đầu của phần thân bài, các từ vựng sau có thể sử dụng:

 As is presented in the diagram(s)/ graph(s)/ pie chart(s)/ table…

 As (is) shown in the illustration…

 As can be seen in the…

 As the diagrams suggest…

 According to the…

 Categorically speaking…

 Getting back to the details…

 Now, turning to the details…

 The table data clearly shows that…

 It is interesting to note that…

 It is apparently seen that…

 It is conspicuous that…

 It is explicitly observed that…

 It is obvious…

 It is clear from the data…

 It is worth noticing that…

 It is crystal clear/ lucid that…

 It can be clearly observed that…

 It could be plainly seen that…

 It could be noticed that…

 We can see that…

Từ vựng mô tả xu hướng

 Các danh từ, động từ thường dùng:

 Xu hướng Dạng động từ Dạng danh từ

Tăng – Increase rise / increase / go up / uplift / a rise / an increase / an

rocket(ed) / climb / upsurge / soar/ upward trend / a growth / a
shot up/ improve/ jump/ leap/ move leap / a jump / an
upward/ skyrocket/ soar/ surge. improvement/ a climb.

Giảm – Decrease fall / decrease / decline / plummet / a fall / a decrease / a

plunge / drop / reduce / collapse / reduction / a downward
deteriorate/ dip / dive / go down / trends /a downward
take a nosedive / slum / slide / go tendency / a decline/ a drop /
into free-fall. a slide / a collapse / a
downfall.

Ổn định – Stay unchanged / level out / remain a steadiness/ a plateau / a

Steadiness constant / remain steady / plateau / stability/ a static
remain the same / remain stable /
remain static

Tăng đều – an upward trend / an upward

tendency / a ceiling trend

Giảm đều – a downward trend / a

downward tendency / a
descending trend

Chững lại/phẳng level(ed) off / remain(ed) constant / No change, a flat, a plateau.

remain(ed) unchanged / remain(ed)
stable / prevail(ed) consistency /
plateaued / reach(ed) a plateau /
stay(ed) uniform /immutable /
level(ed) out/ stabilise/ remain(ed)
the same.
Ví dụ:


o The expenditure of the office remained constant for the last 6 months but
the profit rose by almost 25%.

o There was a 15% drop in the ratio of student enrollment in this University.

o The population of the country remained almost the same as it was 2 years
ago.

 Từ vựng bổ trợ cho các danh từ, động từ biểu hiện xu thế:

Mức độ Dạng trạng từ Dạng tính từ

Rapid dramatically / rapidly / sharply / dramatic / rapid / sharp / quick /

change quickly / hurriedly / speedily / hurried / speedy / swift /
swiftly / significantly/ significant / considerable /
considerably / substantially / substantial / noticeable.
noticeably.

Moderate moderately / gradually / moderate / gradual / progressive /

change progressively / sequentially. sequential.

Steady steadily/ ceaselessly steady/ ceaseless.

change

Slight slightly / slowly / mildly / slight / slow / mild / tedious.

change tediously.

Ví dụ:


o The economic inflation of the country increased sharply by 20% in 2008.

o The population of the country dramatically increased in the last decade.

o The price of the oil moderately increased during the last quarter but as a
consequence, the price of daily necessity rapidly went up.
  Từ vựng mô tả mức độ của sự thay đổi:

Mức độ Tính từ Trạng từ

Great change / Huge difference Overwhelming Overwhelmingly

Substantial Substantially

Enormously
Enormous

Big change / Big difference Significant Significantly

Considerably
Considerable

Medium change / Moderate Somewhat Somewhat

difference: Moderately
Moderate

Minor change / Small Fractional Fractionally

difference Marginal Marginally

Slightly
Slight

Từ vựng mô tả tỷ lệ

 Phần trăm:

o 25 percent decrease

o dropped by 10 per cent

o reached to 75%

o 5 times higher
 o stood exactly at 43%

o Tripled, doubled…

 Phân số

o 4% = A tiny fraction.

o 24% = Almost a quarter.

o 25% Exactly a quarter.

o 26% = Roughly one quarter.

o 32% Nearly one-third, nearly a third.

o 49% = Around a half, just under a half.

o 50% Exactly a half.

o 51% = Just over a half.

o 73% = Nearly three quarters.

o 77% = Approximately three quarters, more than three-quarters.

o 79% = Well over three quarters.

 Tỷ trọng

o 2% = A tiny portion, a very small proportion.

o 4% = An insignificant minority, an insignificant proportion.

o 16% = A small minority, a small portion.

o 70% = A large proportion.

o 72% = A significant majority, A significant proportion.89% = A very large

proportion.

o 89% = A very large proportion.

 Từ đồng nghĩa với xấp xỉ

o Approximately

o Nearly

o Roughly

o Almost
 o About

o Around

o More or less

o Just over

o Just under

o Just around

o Just about

o Just below

o A little more than

o A little less than.

 Ngoài ra, thêm một số cụm từ nên dùng khi gặp các dạng bài này:


o Proportions/ The proportion of

o Percentages/ The percentage of

o A large number of people

o Over a quarter of people

o Account for/Take up (v)

Từ vựng so sánh, tương phản

Có thể mở đầu các câu so sánh bằng những từ vựng này:

 Similarly, In a similar fashion, In the same way, Same as, As much as, Meanwhile.

 However, On the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast.

Các cấu trúc ngữ pháp nổi tiếng của dạng so sánh hơn, so sánh nhất sẽ đi kèm các
tính từ.

 Các tính từ ngắn (dưới 2 âm tiết) sẽ có dạng: adj-er (so sánh hơn) / adj-est (so
sánh nhất)

 Các tính từ dài (trên 2 âm tiết) sẽ có dạng: more adj (so sánh hơn) / the most adj
(so sánh nhất)

Để so sánh giữa các đối tượng, các từ vựng chỉ mức độ sau thường được dùng:
  Ít hơn: less than, not much as…

 Nhiều hơn: more than, a bigger amount of… than…

 Ngang bằng: equal to…

Từ nối

Từ nối sẽ luôn là một điểm cộng khiến bài viết có bạn hấp dẫn hơn, có nhịp hơn và liên
kết chặt chẽ với nhau hơn. Luôn chuẩn bị cho mình những từ nối sử dụng được trong
nhiều ngữ cảnh:

 … Identical to/ Identical with …

 … Equal to with …

 … Exactly the same …

 … The same as …

 … Precisely the same …

 … Absolutely the same …

 … just the same as …

 … Almost the same as …

 … Nearly the same as …

 … Practically the same as …

 … Almost identical/ similar …

 … About the same as …

Giới từ

Một thành phần nữa cũng rất quan trọng để diễn đạt chính xác số liệu, thời gian, địa
điểm, đó là giới từ.

 “at” cho những điểm cụ thể, hoặc thời gian cụ thể. VD: sale started at $20; at
the moment

 “on” khi nói về thứ hoặc thứ ngày tháng đầy đủ

o On the wall

o On Monday; on July 4th, on 21st January 2015

 “in” chỉ nơi chốn – chỉ tháng, năm, thế kỷ, thời kỳ dài
 o In Vietnam, in America

o In June, in the nineties, in the 19th century, in autumn…

Hãy xem các ví dụ sau đây để thấy sự khác biệt:

 It started at…, The sale started at $20…, It peaked at…

 It reached at/to…, It reached the lowest point /nadir at…

 It increased to 80 from 58. It decreased from 10 to 3.

 There was a drop of six units. It dropped by 3 units.

 It declined by 15%. There was a 10% drop in the next three years.