Scribd
Upload
38 views

Multiple Xing

Multiplexing, also known as muxing, is the process of combining multiple signals into a single transmission medium.

Uploaded by

abdulkareemakanbi734
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views

Multiple Xing

Multiplexing, also known as muxing, is the process of combining multiple signals into a single transmission medium.

Uploaded by

abdulkareemakanbi734
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

Multiplexing
• Multiplexing means combining multiple
streams of information for transmission over a
shared medium.
• Demultiplexing performs the reverse function:
split a combined stream arriving from a shared
medium into the original information streams.
Types of Multiplexing
• Frequency Division Multiplexing.
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing.
• Time Division Multiplexing.
• Statistical Time Division Multiplexing.
• Code Division Multiplexing.
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
• It is the basis for broadcast radio.
• Several stations can transmit simultaneously without
interfering with each other provided they use separate
carrier frequencies ( separate channels).
• In data communications FDM is implemented by
sending multiple carrier waves over the same copper
wire.
• At the receiver’s end, demultiplexing is performed by
filtering out the frequencies other than the one
carrying the expected transmission.
• Any of the modulation methods discussed before can
be used to carry bits within a channel.
• Rather than a single frequency, each channel is
assigned a contiguous range of frequencies.
• Channels are separated from each other by guard
bands to make sure there is no interference
among the channels.
• Why is a range of frequencies assigned rather
than a single frequency?
– Sender can do FDM within its channel to increase the
data rate. For example, it can split its channel into K
subchannels and transmit 1/K of the data over each
subchannel. This will result in a K-fold increase of the
data rate.
– Spread spectrum: Transmit the same information over
K separate subchannels. If there is interference in one
of the subchannels, the receiver can tune in one of
the other subchannels.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• In optical transmissions, FDM is known as
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM).
• With light different frequencies correspond to
different colors.
• Several transmissions can be send over the
same fiber by using different light colors, and
combining into a single light stream.
• Prisms are used as multiplexors and
demultiplexors.
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• It means dividing the available transmission
time into time slots, and allocating a different
slot to each transmitter.
• One method for transmitters to take turns is
to transmit in round-robin order.
Synchronous TDM
• No gaps between items.
• Uses round-robin.
TDM in the telephone system
• An extra bit is inserted at the beginning of
each frame. The extra bit alternated between
zero and one.
• Used by the demultiplexor to detect a
synchronization error.
Hierarchical TDM.
• A DS-1 (or T1) phone channel can transmit 24
conversation simultaneously. Data rate =
1.544Mbps.
• A DS-2 (or T2) channel multiplexes 4 DS-1
channels. Data rate = 6.312 Mbps.
• A DS-3 (or T3) channel multiplexes 7 DS-2
channels. Data rate = 44.736 Mbps.
• A DS-4 (or T4) channel multiplexes 6 DS-3
channels. Data rate = 274.176 Mbps.
Unfilled slots in TDM
• In TDM every possible sender has a reserved
time slot, whether it needs it or not.
• This may lead to underutilization of the
transmission channel.
The solution to unfilled slots:
Statistical TDM
• Select items for transmission in round-robin
order.
• But if a sender’s data is not ready, skip that
sender and move to the next one.
• All slots will be filled as long as some sender
has some data ready to send.
• But now each slot must also contains an
identifier to indicate who is the receiver.
Inverse multiplexing
Code division multiplexing (CDM)
• Used in the cellular phone system and in some
satellite communications.
• Each sender is assigned a unique binary code: its
chip sequence (with -1 representing 0).
• Chip sequences for different senders are
orthogonal vectors.
• A one is sent as a chip sequence. A zero is send
as the oposite of the chip sequence.
• Lower delay than TDM in high utilization
networks.

You might also like