Sleep

Sleep- a behavior
Snoring is not a normal phenomena
2 activities when a brain is awake (in wakefullness) , it is involved in:
a. Alpha activity > synchronous EEG activity: relaxed state e.g.
sititng quietly and not doing any mentally demanding task. All
neurons firing at the same time cuz r on the same wavelength
 hertz= how many waves formed within one second

b. Beta activity >

 Desynchronous: When neurons are firing at diff timings. Irregular,

low amplitude wavelengths.

 Happens when actively thinking ab something and alert.

Stages of sleep

Two main stages

Non REM (3 stages) REM (1 stage)
Stage 1  Transition from Dreams happen
(slow wave wakefulness to sleep during REM
sleep)  Hypnogogic.  Dreaming

hallucination happen stimulates

during this stage. activity just
 Hypnic jerks (the feeling like in beta
of falling and suddenly activity
wake up) due to not when awake
practising proper sleep and using
hygiene practice or have brain areas
had a stressful day, after a related to
long day, this is a way for speech,
the brain to shut down, movement,
anxious ppl have it more). etc just as
 Restless leg syndrome would be
 during sleep due to a lack used during
of potassium wakefulness.
 High amplitudes  When
 theta activity: woken, will
 Delta activity: 3.5- wake up
7.5 (slower than fresh and
Alpha in will be able
wakefulness) to recall
 Measurement: dreams in
seconds detail.
 Sleep spindles  Thetha
 Very light sleep waves
 Neocortex activity would  Beta waves
be synchronized  Body loses
muscular
tone> body
is
scientifically
paralyzed >
sleep
praralysis;
except ppl
waving or
making
movement
in dreams.
 Easy to wake
up when
called, wake
up fresh and
alert, recall
dream in
 great detail

Sleep paralysis:
a. Spinal and
cranial
nerves are
inhibited
(responsible
for
respiration +
eye
movement)
b. Very active
brain >
increased
cerebral
blood flow
and oxygen
intake.

When awake
Light > displayed
on visual cortex >
activates
extrastriate
(which issues
command)
Primary visual
cortex: active
when awake
Prefrontal cortex:
also shutdown/
 relaxing
Extrastriate
(shutdown):
Decision-making
command given
based on visual
info
Prefrontal cortex:
Perception of
sensory info
during
wakefulness +
dreaming during
sleep; active
when lucid
dreaming
Stage 2: a. Theta activity
(slow wave b. K-complexes: help u
sleep) remain asleep while in
this stage despite a
noise.
 happens along w/

theta activity; is a
stark line w/ an
amplitude.
 Measurement: in

minutes
 Once in a minutes
 Sudden sharp

waveforms
c. Spindles: help u remain
asleep while in this stage
 despite a noise.
 Measurement:

minutes
 More spindles

when asleep, better

scores on IQ test:
cuz the brain is
exerting more
effort to keep to
asleep thru
antioxidation of
waste u absorb
during sleep. That
waste molecule
starts to attach
itself to healthy
molecules/neurons.
Sleep gets rid of it.
 Lack of sleep is

detrimental
 When woken, feel like u
haven't slept.
Stage 3: Groggy when woken up.
(deep sleep)  High amplitude delta activity

 Dreams that u don’t

remember despite
remembering having
multiple dreams fall in
any of these 3 Non REM
sleep stages.
Duration of the sleep cycle: 90 mins to 110 minutes
 Sleep and Learning

Declarative memory allows us to consciously recollect events and facts.

It is generally indexed by our ability to explicitly recall or recognize
those events or facts. Nondeclarative memory, in contrast, is accessed
without consciousness or implicitly through performance rather than
recollection.
 Implicit memory is a type of LTM

Effects of nap/sleep on memory consolidation

 Particiapnts were asked to take a nap after a memorization task

(actually experienced sleep)

REM sleep Slow wave No nap
sleep
Better Same Performed
memory performanc worse than
consolidation e both they did
> performed before + before.
significantly after nap
better at the
task after
nap
 REM sleep stage helps consolidate memory the best
 Second experiment: werent ask to take a nap but some
partucipants took it, but woke participants up when they were in
their slow wave phase of sleep.
No nap Nap
Performance Improved
on performance
declarative + on declarative
non task
declarative (recollection,
 was the learning,
same before memorizing
+ after e.g. for an
exam, but no
effects on a
nondeclarative
(unconsciously
done) tasks.

Neural control of sleep/ arousal

 Neuromodulator: knight that supports the functions of
neurotransmitters
o Adenosine is one
o Adenosine= sleep promoting; controls sleep
o Adenosine can only induce sleep when glycogen is reservoir

is depleted.
o Glycogen is stored in astrocytes, and provides brain with

energy during a hard task.

o A decrease in glycogen, means an increase in adenosine

(sleep: inhibitory effect of neural activity), so you sleep in

order to replenish your store of glycogen. It is restocked
during slow-wave sleep.
o Remaining awake even after glycogen depletion and

adenosine production > inhibits neural activity > sleep

deprivation cog and affective effects.