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Topic8 Cooling Loads2021

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18 views4 pages

Topic8 Cooling Loads2021

Uploaded by

gdwilliams3
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Topic 8

ME 414/514 HVAC Systems – Topic 8 – Cooling Loads

Heating loads – a steady state analysis, the worst case loads used, system may be
slightly oversized
Cooling load – transient analysis must be used – worst case steady state loads can
substantially oversize the system

Heat gain – the rate at which heat is transferred to or generated within a space
Cooling load – the rate at which the heat gain must be removed from the space to
maintain indoor design conditions

Heat gain and cooling load are not the same! Furnishings and the building mass absorb
radiant energy and release heat to the surroundings so there are unsteady effects.

Recall some of your differential equations to appreciate why the cooling load is transient:

The governing partial differential equation for one-


dimensional heat transfer in this wall is:

∂ 2 t 1 ∂t
=
∂x 2 α ∂θ

The BCs: At x =0:

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
ℎ𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴(𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) + 𝑄𝑄̇𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟_𝑜𝑜 = −𝑘𝑘 � 𝑥𝑥=0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
At x = L: ℎ𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴(𝑡𝑡𝐿𝐿 − 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) + 𝑄𝑄̇𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟_𝑖𝑖 = −𝑘𝑘 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕� 𝑥𝑥=𝐿𝐿
The IC: at θ = 0, t = to

These boundary conditions are transient and non-linear due to the radiation term. If this
equation could be solved, the temperature profile in the wall would be known, and the
heat transfer rate could be predicted. This is a very difficult solution because of the BCs.
Several alternatives to the solution of this differential equation have been developed by
ASHRAE. Read the Abstract at the beginning of Chapter 9 of textbook for an excellent
overview.

1. The Transfer Function Method (TFM) used by eQuest simulation program


2. The Heat Balance Method (HBM) used by EnergyPlus simulation program
3. The Radiant Time Series Method (RTS)
4. The CLTD/CLF Method

1
Topic 8

The last method is no longer being actively supported by ASHRAE. Because it has only
recently been replaced, you may still meet engineers who use the CLTD/CLF method. In
ME414/514 we will learn to use the CLTD/CLF method since it is the only method that
lends itself to hand calculations. This will enable us to learn about the physical concepts
of cooling loads. In this class we will only use the CLTD/CLF method. You can read
more about the other methods in Chapter 9 of the textbook.

Cooling Design Conditions

Outdoor design conditions are reported as the ASHRAE recommended outdoor


temperatures at 0.4%, 1% and 2.5% values. Your HCB app has these values. The
percent value represents the percent of time the listed temperatures were met or exceeded
during the cooling season (June – September). In Boise, Idaho, a typical year will have
88 hours (1% of 8760 hours in one year) at 96°F dry bulb or higher, and 219 hours at
94°F or higher.

The summer wind speed is assumed to be 7.5 mph.

The hourly outdoor temperature oscillates between the outdoor design temperature and a
minimum temperature calculated by subtracting the daily range from the outdoor design
temperature.

To (h) = To,max – DR ∙ X

To = design outside dry bulb temperature


DR = the daily range for the hottest month from climatic tables
X = percentage of the daily range, see Table 9.3 in the textbook

Example graphs of To(h) are presented in Figure 9.1 of the textbook.

For indoor design conditions, ASHRAE suggests 75°F with φ = 50%. Thermal comfort
conditions must be satisfied (Topic 4).

CLTD/CLF Method
This is a simplified method base on the Transfer Function Method. Cooling loads are
directly computed for any hour of the day using expressions for cooling loads due to:

1. Transmission loads (walls, roof, windows, …) 𝑄𝑄̇𝑡𝑡 = 𝑈𝑈 ∙ 𝐴𝐴 ∙ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑡𝑡)

2. Fenestration solar heating loads (windows) 𝑄𝑄̇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴𝐴 ∙ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ∙ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑡𝑡)

3. Internal heat gains 𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖 = 𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑡𝑡)

CLTD = Cooling Load Temperature Difference


CLF = Cooling Load Factor

2
Topic 8

CLTD and CLF values are tabulated for every hour of the day. Therefore, hourly
estimates of the load for each cooling element may be determined. The peak load for
each cooling element will occur at different times of the day. The total peak load for
sizing the cooling system is determined by summing the components for each hour of the
day. This will be less than summing the peaks of each cooling element.

CLTD – Walls and Roofs

CLTD values can be found for flat roofs and sunlit walls in the HCB app. These tables
have been constructed based on ‘standard’ indoor and outdoor conditions.

‘Standard’ Outdoor Conditions


• July 21 at 36 deg N latitude
• No exterior shading
• Ground reflectance of 0.2
• Clear sky
• Outside surface of roofs and walls with a ratio of the absorptance to the film
coefficient (α/ho) of 0.30
• Outside air maximum dry bulb temperature of 95ºF (35 C) with a daily range of
21ºF (12 C)

‘Standard’ Indoor Conditions


• Room dry bulb temperature constant at 78ºF (26 C)
• Inside film coefficient for still air

If the design conditions are different than these standard conditions, the CLTD must be
corrected:

CLTDcorr = CLTDtab + (78 – Ti) + (Tom – 85)

Ti = actual indoor design temperature


Tom = To – DR/2
To = outside design db temperature
DR = daily range
85 = the mystery constant = 95 – 21/2

To use the tables in the HCB app, you need to know the type of roof (13 types) or wall (7
types) that is the closest match to the structure you are analyzing. We will do examples
in class.

3
Topic 8

Fenestration

The cooling load due to fenestration heat gains are made up of two parts and must be
calculated separately.

Transmission load: Use the CLTD values for glass on the CD


Solar heat gain: Use the CLF and SHGF values for glass on the CD

Shading is accommodated by either using the CLF values for interior shading for glass
(the glass has drapes on the inside).

The shading coefficient (SC) is a property of the window glass. The table below shows
SC values for several types of glazing.

Internal (Sensible) Heat Gains

The HCB app has CLF tables for people, appliances, and lights. 𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is the
instantaneous heat flow from the internal source. For example, a 60 W light bulb will
have 𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 60W.

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