Please read this disclaimer before proceeding:

This document is confidential and intended solely for the educational purpose of
RMK Group of Educational Institutions. If you have received this document
through email in error, please notify the system manager. This document
contains proprietary information and is intended only to the respective group /
learning community as intended. If you are not the addressee you should not
disseminate, distribute or copy through e-mail. Please notify the sender
immediately by e-mail if you have received this document by mistake and delete
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notified that disclosing, copying, distributing or taking any action in reliance on
the contents of this information is strictly prohibited.
20ME602- COMPUTER AIDED
DESIGN & MANUFACTURING
Department: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Batch/Year: 2020-2024
Created by:
P. RAMESH
K. PARTHEEBAN

Date: 14.01.2023
Table of Contents
SL.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO
1. Course Objectives
2. Pre Requisites
3. Syllabus
4. Course Outcomes
5. CO-PO/PSO Mapping
6. Lecture Plan
7. Activity Based Learning
8. Lecture Notes
9. Assignments
10. Part A Q&A
11. Part B Qs
12. Supportive Online Certification Course
13. Real time application in day to day life
and to Industry
14. Contents beyond syllabus
15. Assessments Schedule
16. Prescribed Text Books & Reference
Books
17. Mini Project suggestion
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Students Completing this course are expected to :

• Understand the advanced aspects of enabling computer aided

technologies used in design, manufacturing and rapid product
development

• Discuss the use of computers in mechanical component design

• Describe the application of computers in various aspects of

Manufacturing viz., Design, Proper planning, Manufacturing cost,
Layout & Material Handling system.

• Illustrate the advances in modern techniques of rapid prototyping

• Summarize the various CAD standards in exchange of data, graphics

and images
PRE REQUISITE CHART

Computer Aided
Design &
Manufacturing
(VI Semester)

Engineering CAD Lab

Graphics (III Semester)
(I) Semester)
 SYLLABUS
ME8691 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND L P T C
MANUFACTURING
3 0 0 3

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO CAD AND CAM 9

Product cycle - Design process- sequential and concurrent engineering-
Computer aided design – CAD system architecture- Computer graphics - 2D
and 3D transformations-homogeneous coordinates - Line drawing –
Clipping. Brief introduction to CAD and CAM – Manufacturing Planning,
Manufacturing control – CAD/CAM concepts – Lean Production and Just-In-
Time Production.

UNIT II GEOMETRIC MODELING 9

Wireframe Modeling-Representation of curves - Hermite curve- Bezier
curve- B-spline curves rational curves -Techniques for surface modeling -
Solid modeling techniques- CSG and B-rep. Assembly modeling- Top-down
Approach- Bottom-Up Approach

UNIT III CAD STANDARDS 9

Standards for computer graphics - Graphical Kernel System (GKS) -
standards for exchange images - Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) - Data
exchange standards - IGES, STEP etc. – communication standards.

UNIT IV CELLULAR MANUFACTURING AND FLEXIBLE

MANUFACTURING SYSTEM 9
Group Technology (GT), Part Families – Parts Classification and coding –
Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) – Production flow Analysis–
Cellular Manufacturing – Composite part concept – Types of Flexibility -
FMS – FMS Components – FMS Application & Benefits – FMS Planning and
Control.

UNIT V ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 9

Need - Development of RP systems – RP process chain - Impact of Rapid
Prototyping on Product Development. - STL file generation. Rapid
Prototyping system: Stereolithography (SLA)- Fused deposition Modelling
(FDM)- laminated object manufacturing (LOM)- Selective Laser Sintering
(SLS) - Working Principles, details of processes, products, materials,
advantages, limitations and applications.
COURSE OUTCOMES
After successful completion of the course, the students should be able to

Highest
CO No. Course Outcomes Cognitive
Level

Explain the 2D and 3D transformations,

CO 1 clipping algorithm, Manufacturing models and K2
Metrics
Explain the fundamentals of parametric
CO 2 K3
curves, surfaces and Solids
Summarize the different types of Standard
CO 3 K3
systems used in CAD
Summarize the different types of techniques
CO 4 K3
used in Cellular Manufacturing and FMS
Apply the Additive manufacturing concepts in
CO 5 K3
developing the rapid prototypes
CO 6 Apply the design to real time applications. K3
 CO-PO/PSO Mapping

POs PO PO PO PO
CO PO1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9
4 10 11 12
COs

C303.1 CO1 3 3 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

C303.2 CO2 3 3 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

C303.3 CO3 3 3 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

C303.4 CO4 3 3 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

C303.5 CO5 2 2 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

C303.6 CO6 3 3 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium)

3: Substantial (High)
 ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

UNIT -II
Activity : Drawing on CREO for the following convert
the curve to solid .

Output/ Result:
 UNIT 2 : Geometric Modeling
Representation of curves
• Hermite Curve- Bezier curve
• B-spline curves-rational curves
• Techniques for surface modelling
• Surface patch , Coons and bicubic patches
• Bezier and B-spline surfaces
• Solid modelling techniques
• CSG and B-rep

Representation of curves
Types of Curve Equations
Explicit (non-parametric)
Y = f(X), Z = g(X)
Implicit (non-parametric)
f(X,Y,Z) = 0
Parametric
X = X(t), Y = Y(t), Z = Z(t)

Figure: Différence between synthetic and analytique curves

Basic Concepts :

C 0 - Zero-order parametric continuity - the two curves sections

must have the same coordinate position at the boundary point.
C 1 - First-order parametric continuity - tangent lines of the
coordinate functions for two successive curve sections are
equal at their joining point.
C 2 - second-order parametric continuity - both the first and
second parametric derivatives of the two curve sections
are the same at the intersection

Interpolating and approximating curve:

Convex hull
The convex hull property ensures that a parametric curve will never pass
outside of the convex hull formed by the four control vertices.
Hermite Curve:

Hermite curves are designed by using two control points and tangent
segments at each control point
Bezier Curve

A Bezier Curve is obtained by a defining polygon.

First and last points on the curve are coincident with the first and last
points of the polygon.
Degree of polynomial is one less than the number of points
Tangent vectors at the ends of the curve have the same directions as the
respective spans
The curve is contained within the convex hull of the defining polygon.
Properties Bezier curve
The Bezier curve starts at P0 and ends at Pn; this is known as ‘endpoint
interpolation’ property.
The Bezier curve is a straight line when all the control points of a curve are
collinear.
The beginning of the Bezier curve is tangent to the first portion of the
Bezier polygon.
• A Bezier curve can be divided at any point into two sub curves, each of
which is also a Bezier curve.
• A few curves that look like simple, such as the circle, cannot be expressed
accurately by a Bezier; via four piece cubic Bezier curve can similar a circle,
with a maximum radial error of less than one part in a thousand (Fig.1)

Each quadratic Bezier curve is become a cubic Bezier curve, and more
commonly, each degree ‘n’ Bezier curve is also a degree ‘m’ curve for any m
> n.
• Bezier curves have the different diminishing property. A Bezier curves
does not ‘ripple’ more than the polygon of its control points, and may
actually ‘ripple’ less than that.
Bezier curve is similar with respect to t and (1-t). This represents that the
sequence of
control points defining the curve can be changes without modify of the
curve shape.
Bezier curve shape can be edited by either modifying one or more vertices
of its
polygon or by keeping the polygon unchanged or simplifying multiple
coinciden points at a vertex (Fig .2)
B-spline Curve

It provide local control of the curve shape.

It also provide the ability to add control points without increasing the
degree of the curve.
• B-spline curves have the ability to interpolate or approximate a set
of given data points.
The B-spline curve defined by n+1 control points Pi is given by

Ni,k(u)'s are B-spline basis functions of degree p.

The form of a B-spline curve is very similar to that of a Bézier curve.
Unlike a Bézier
curve, a B-spline curve involves more information, namely: a set of
n+1 control points, a
knot vector of m+1 knots, and a degree p.
• Given n + 1 control points P0, P1, ..., Pn and a knot vector U = { u0,
u1, ..., um }, the Bspline
curve of degree p defined by these control points and knot vector.
• The knot points divide a B-spline curve into curve segments, each of
which is defined on a knot span.
m = n + p + 1.
The degree of a Bézier basis function depends on the number of
control points.
• To change the shape of a B-spline curve, one can modify one or
more of these
control parameters: the positions of control points, the positions of
knots, and the degree of the curve
The degree of a Bezier basis function depends on the number of
control points.
• To change the shape of a B-spline curve, one can modify one or
more of these
control parameters: the positions of control points, the positions of
knots, and the degree of the curve.
• If the knot vector does not have any particular structure, the
generated curve will
not touch the first and last legs of the control polyline as shown in the
left figure below.
• This type of B-spline curves is called open B-spline curves.

Properties of B-Spline Curve:

The first property ensures that the relationship between the curve and
its
defining control points is invariant under affine transformations.
The second property guarantees that the curve segment lies
completely
within the convex hull of Pi.
The third property indicates that each segment of a B-spline
curve is influenced by only k control points or each control point
affects only
only k curve segments, as shown in Figure 1.
It is useful to notice that the Bernstein polynomial,
has the same first two properties mentioned above.
Surface modelling

Surface modeling is the next stage of wireframe modeling. In wireframe

modeling models are unable to represent complex surfaces of objects
like car, ship, aeroplane, wings, castings etc. only a surface profile of
these objects.
A surface model represents the skin of an object. These skins have no
thickness or material type. Surface models define the surface properties,
as well as the edges of objects. These are often capable of clearly
representing the solid from the manufacturing.
However, no information regarding the interior of the solid model would
be available which could be relevant for generating the NC cutter data.
Further the calculation of properties such as mass and inertia etc would
be difficult.
Surface modeling facilities would be available as part of the modeling
technique and would be used when such surface is present in the
product for design.
For example this method is used mode for specific non-analytical
surfaces, called sculptures surfaces such as those used for modeling the
car bodies and ship-hulls. There are a number of mathematical
techniques available for handling these surfaces such as Bezier and B-
splines.
Advantage:
1. Eliminates much ambiguity and non-uniqueness present in
wireframe models by hiding lines not seen
2. Renders the model for better visualization and presentation, objects
appear more realistic
3. Provides the surface geometry for CAM, NC machine
4. Provides the geometry needed by the manufacturing engineer for
mold and die design
5. This can be used to design and analysis complex free-formed
surfaces of ship hulls, aero plane fuselages and bodies
6. Surface properties such as roughness, color and reflectivity can be
assigned and demonstrated
Disadvantages:
1. Provides no information about the inside of an object
2. Curved surfaces need a fine mesh to be accurate
3. Provides wrong results if mesh is too coarse
4. Complicated computation, depending on the number of surfaces
Solid modelling techniques

Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)

Constructive solid geometry (CSG) is a method used in solid modeling

for creating
3D models in CAD. Constructive solid geometry permits a modeler to
make a
complex surface by applying Boolean operators to join objects. The
simplest solid
objects utilized for the demonstration are called primitives. Classically
they are the
items of simple shape like prisms, pyramids, spheres and cylinders

• A CSG tree is defined as an inverted ordered binary tree

whose leaf nodes are primitives and interior nodes are
regularized set operations.
 The creation of a balanced, unbalanced, or a perfect CSG tree
depends solely on the user and how he/she decomposes a solid into
its primitives
The general rule to create balanced trees is to start to build
the model from an almost central position and branch out in two
opposite directions or vice versa.
Another useful rule is that symmetric objects can lead to perfect trees
if they are decomposed properly.
 A balanced tress is defines as a tree whose left and right sub trees
have almost an equal number of nodes.
A perfect tree is one whose nL-nR is equal to zero.
nL = nR = n – 1
n number of primitives
(n-1) number of Boolean operations
(2n-1) number of nodes

Advantages of Solid Modeling:

• Memory required will be less.
• Creation of fully valid geometrical solid model.
• Complex shapes may be developed with the available set of
primitives.
• Less skill is enough.
• Easy to construct out of primitives and Boolean operations.
Limitations of Solid Modeling:
New computational effort and time are essential wherever
the model is to be shown in the screen.
• Getting fillet, chamfer and taper in the model is very
difficult.
Boundary Representation ( B- rep)

Boundary representation is one of the two most popular

and widely used schemes to create solid models of physical
objects.
A B-rep model or boundary model is based on the
topological notion that a physical object is bounded by a
set of faces.
These faces are regions or subsets of closed and orientable
surfaces.
A closed surface is one that is continuous without breaks.
• An orientable surface is one in which it is possible to
distinguish two sides by using the direction of the surface
normal to point to the inside or outside of the solid model
under construction.
Each face is bounded by edges and each edge is bounded
by vertices.
Thus, topologically, a boundary model of an object is
comprised of faces, edges, and vertices of the object linked
together in such a way as to ensure the topological
consistency of the model.
Vertex (V) : It is a unique point (an ordered triplet) in space
Edge (E): It is finite, non-self intersecting, directed space curve
bounded by two vertices that are not necessarily distinct
Face (F) : It is defined as a finite connected, non-self-intersecting,
region of a closed oriented
surface bounded by one or mor e loops
Loop (L) : It is an ordered alternating sequence of vertices and edges
Genus (G) : It is the topological name for the number of handles or
through holes in an object
Body/Shell(B) : It is a set of faces that bound a single connected
closed volume. A minimumbody is a point
Advantages of B-rep:
1. It is traditionally a popular modeling method related closely to
traditional drafting.
2. It is very suitable tool to build quite extraordinary shapes like
aircraft and automobiles,
that are difficult to build using primitives .
3. It is comparatively simple to convert a B-rep model into a
wireframe model because its boundary
deception is similar to the wireframe definitions.
4. In applications B-rep algorithms are reliable and competitive to
CSG based algorithms .
Limitations of B-Rep:
1. It requires large storage memory space as it stores the explicit
definitions of the model boundaries.
2. Sometimes geometrically valid solids are not possible.
3. Approximate B-rep is not suitable for manufacturing applications.
Assembly Modeling

Assembly modeling is a technology and method used by computer-

aided design and product visualization computer software systems to
handle multiple files that represent components within a product.

Assembly modeling allows the integration of design and

manufacturing to production planning and control.

In an assembly model, components are brought together to define a

larger, more complex product representation.

Assembly modeling is a tool that allows and facilitates the

collaboration among designers, analysis people, manufacturing
people, and others, to insure their assembly works together.

This enables individuals in different disciplines to work concurrently,

resulting in faster and less costly delivery of products to market.

Constructing an assembly begins with bringing in a base component,

selected because of its central role.

Each component brought in needs to be

oriented and located relative to other components in
the assembly.

Geometric relations (constraints) are used between elements of

components.
Assembly Modeling
Assemblies modelling in parametric CAD systems often use
Bottom-up Design and Top-down Design strategies. There
is also the method which is the combination of these two
methods.
Bottom-up Assembly : is the most preferred approach for creating
assembly models.
Top-down Assembly: Adopting the top-down design approach
gives the user the distinctive advantage of using the geometry of
one component to define the geometry of the other.

Bottom-up Assembly Approach

• The individual parts a created independently, inserted into the
assembly, and located and oriented (using the mating
conditions) as required by the design.
• The bottom-up-approach is the preferred technique if the parts
have already been created (off the shelf).
• this is a logical, traditional, and most common approach. The
individual parts a created independently, inserted into the
assembly, and located and oriented (using the mating
conditions) as required by the design.
• The components (parts) are created first and then added to the
assembly file. This technique is particularly useful when parts
already exist from previous designs and are being re-used.
Advantages of Bottom-Up Assembly
• The bottom-up-approach is the preferred technique if the parts
have already been created (off the shelf).
• It allows the designer to focus on the individual parts.
• It also makes it easier to maintain the
relationships and regeneration behavior of parts than in
the top-down approach.
 Assembly Modeling
Top-down Assembly Approach
• In this approach, the assembly file is created first with
an assembly layout sketch.
• The parts are made in the assembly file or the concept
drawing of the parts are inserted and finalized in the
assembly file.
• The final geometry of the parts have not been defined
before bringing them into the assembly file.
• This design approach is highly preferred, while working
on a conceptual design or a tool design where the
reference of previously created parts is required to
develop a new part.
• Top-Down Design (Modeling) – In this approach, the
assembly file is created first with an assembly layout
sketch.
• The parts are made in the assembly file or the concept
drawing of the parts are inserted and finalized in the
assembly file.
• In other words, the final geometry of the parts have not
been defined before bringing them into the assembly
file. The approach is ideal for large assemblies.
Advantages Top-Up Assembly Approach
• If we change the layout sketch the assembly and its parts
are automatically updated the changes.
• Assembly layout sketch does not have to be master plan
for a design.
 UNIT 2: PART- A
K
S.No. Question & Answers CO
Level
What are the limitations of Hermite
Curves
Hermite curve is limited to 3rd degree
polynomial therefore the curve is quite stiff
Hard to guess behavior between 2 defined
points for arbitrary end point slopes.
Hermite curves are designed using two
control points and tangent segments at each
control point.
It can be seen from the Action script demo
1. CO2 K1
that it is difficult to determine how long to
make a tangent handle in order to produce a
desired shape

State advantages of Bezier Curve

Very Simple 3 points uniquely determine a
parabola. It’s easy to calculate points. The
numerical algorithm is stable. (i.e. given
reasonable input, the algorithm won’t blow up.)
2 CO2 K1
 UNIT 2: PART- A
K
S.No. Question & Answers CO
Level
Classification of wireframe entities.

3 CO2 K1

Differentiate between analytical curves,

approximated curves and interpolated curves.
Analytic Curves are points, lines, arcs and
circles, fillets and chamfers, and conics
(ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas)

4 CO2 K1
 UNIT 2: PART- A
K
S.No. Question & Answers CO
Level
Classification of wireframe entities.

3 CO2 K1

Differentiate between analytical curves,

approximated curves and interpolated curves.
Analytic Curves are points, lines, arcs and
circles, fillets and chamfers, and conics
(ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas)

4 CO2 K1
 UNIT 2: PART- A

K
S.No. Question & Answers CO Leve
l
Comparison of CSG and B-rep.

5. CO2 K1

Why B-rep modelling approach is widely

followed than CSG approach

Boundary representation is more flexible and

6. has a much richer operation set. CO2 K1
In addition to the Boolean operations, B-rep
has extrusion (or sweeping), chamfer,
blending, drafting, shelling, tweaking and
other operations which make use of these.
What are the advantages and disadvantages
of wire frame modelling
Advantages of Wireframe model:
1. Simple to construct
2. Designer needs little training
3. System needs little memory
7. 4. Take less manipulation time CO2 K1
5. Retrieving and editing can be done easy
6. Consumes less time
7. Best suitable for manipulations as
orthographic isometric and perspective views.
 UNIT 2: PART- A

K
S.No. Question & Answers CO Leve
l
State the disadvantages of Wireframe model:
1. Image causes confusion
2. Cannot get required information from this
model
3. Hidden line removal features not available
8 4. Not possible for volume and mass CO2 K1
calculation, NC programming cross sectioning
etc
5. Not suitable to represent complex solids

Define Geometric modelling.

The geometric modeling concerned with

computer compatible mathematical
description of geometry of an object. The
mathematical description should be such that
9 the image of the object can be displayed and CO2 K1
manipulated in computer terminal,
modification on the geometry can be done
easily and the image can be stored in
computer memory retrieve back to display in
computer screen for review, analysis or
alternation.
What is a Spline
A spline is a parametric curve defined by
control points. The term spline dates from
engineering drawing, where a spline was a
10 CO2 K1
piece of flexible wood used to draw smooth
curves. The control points are adjusted by the
user to control the shape of the curve
 UNIT 2: PART- B Questions

K
S.No. Question & Answers
CO Level

1. Explain Bezier curves. Discuss its important

properties K2 CO2

2. Discuss the formulation involved in Hermite

curve K2 CO2
Explain the midpoint for Hermite curve with two
3. points as (1,1) and (6,5) and the tangent
vectors as (0,4) & (4,0) K2 CO2
4. Discuss the formulation of B-Splines in detail K2 CO2
Explain a Bezier curve for the following control
5. points: (1,3), (4,5), (5,7) & (8,4) calculate the
points at u = 0.4 & u = 0.6 K2 CO2

6.
Explain synthetic curve in detail K2 CO2

7.
Summarize about Coons surface K2 CO2

8
Explain Hermite Bi-cubic surface formulation K2 CO2

9
Discuss short notes on surface patch K2 CO2

10 Discuss surface modeling. Discuss the various

types of it K2 CO2
 UNIT 2: PART- B Questions

S.No. Question & Answers K

CO Level

11. Discuss the formulation involved in Bezier

surface K2 CO2

12.
Explain B-Spline surface K2 CO2

13. Explain the various schemes in solid modeling

with examples K2 CO2
Summarize short notes on constructive solid
14.
geometry (CSG) with examples K2 CO2

15. Discuss boundary representation (B-Rep) with

examples K2 CO2

16. Discuss the formulation involved in Bezier

surface K2 CO2
UNIT 2: Assignment Questions

S.N
Question & Answers K
o.
CO Level
Explain the midpoint for Hermite curve with two
1 points as (1,1) and (6,5) and the tangent
vectors as (0,4) & (4,0) K2 CO2
Explain a Bezier curve for the following control
2 points : (1,3) , (4,5), (5,7) & (8,4) calculate the
points at u = 0.4 & u = 0.6 K2 CO2
Summarize short notes on constructive solid
3
geometry (CSG) with examples K2 CO2

4 Discuss boundary representation (B-Rep) with

examples K2 CO2
 SUPPORTIVE ONLINE
CERTIFICATION COURSES

COURSERA:
Geometric Modelling

https://www.coursera.org/learn/interactive-computer-
graphics

NPTEL:
1. Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/102/112102101/
 REAL TIME APPLICATIONS IN DAY TODAY LIFE AND TO
INDUSTRY
Link :
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~jrkumar/download/ME761A/Lecture
%204%20Geometric%20Modelling.pdf

The computer compatible mathematical description of the geometry of the

object is called as geometric modeling.
• The CAD software allows the mathematical description of the object to be
displayed as the image on the monitor of the computer.
• A geometric model contains description of the modelled object’s shape. Since
geometric shapes are described by surfaces, curves are used to construct them.
• Computer geometric modelling uses curves to control the object’s surfaces as
they are easy to manipulate. The curves may be constructed using analytic
functions, a set of points, or other curves and surfaces.
 Thank you

Disclaimer:

This document is confidential and intended solely for the educational purpose of RMK Group of
Educational Institutions. If you have received this document through email in error, please notify the
system manager. This document contains proprietary information and is intended only to the
respective group / learning community as intended. If you are not the addressee you should not
disseminate, distribute or copy through e-mail. Please notify the sender immediately by e-mail if you
have received this document by mistake and delete this document from your system. If you are not
the intended recipient you are notified that disclosing, copying, distributing or taking any action in
reliance on the contents of this information is strictly prohibited.