Scribd
Upload
8 views

ENGG2230 Fall 2024 - Module 6

Uploaded by

gx4h99vshg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

ENGG2230 Fall 2024 - Module 6

Uploaded by

gx4h99vshg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

ENGG*2230

Fluid Mechanics
Module 6: External flow and
boundary layer theory
Internal vs. External Flow
◼ External (unbounded)
flows exhibit viscous flow
near the body but flow
becomes inviscid further
away
◼ Internal (bounded) flows
are constrained by walls –
viscous effects grow, meet
in centre, eventually
permeate entire flow
(Autodesk, 2013)
Applications
Aerodynamics
(airplanes, rockets,
Hydrodynamics (ships,
projectiles)
submarines, torpedoes)

Transportation
(automobiles, trucks, cycles)

Wind engineering
(buildings, bridges, water
towers, wind turbines)

Ocean (coastal) engineering (buoys,


breakwaters, pilings, cables, moored
instruments)
Some Typical Problems
◼ For a building, what is the velocity profile over
the roof (smoke, odour removal)?
◼ For a wind turbine, what will the wind speed
be at the location of the blades?
◼ For a river, what will be the shear stress on
the bed that might lead to erosion?
◼ For a vehicle, what energy must be expended
to overcome the drag forces?
Module 6, Part 1
◼ External Flow
❑ Boundary Layers
❑ Displacement Thickness
❑ Laminar Flat Plate Flow
Boundary Layers
◼ By definition a boundary layer is a region
where the flow is affected by a (solid)
boundary
◼ Flow near boundary is affected by viscous
effects – Reynolds number very important
◼ Flow far away from the boundary often
inviscid
Growth of a Boundary Layer

(White: Fig. 7.3)


Flow over a Flat Plate

(White: Fig. 7.1b)


Boundary Layer Thickness
◼ Boundary thickness, 𝛿, defined where velocity, u,
reaches 99% of the external velocity U
𝛿 5.0
◼ For laminar: 103 < Rex < 106 ≈
𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 1/2

◼ For turbulent: 106 < Rex 𝛿 0.16


≈
𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑥 1/7

◼ Where Rex is the local Reynolds number:


❑ Rex = (ρ·U·x)/μ
Displacement Effect

(White: Fig. 7.4)


Displacement Thickness, 𝛿*
◼ Displacement thickness is the small but finite
displacement of the outer streamlines

◼ Satisfying conservation of mass between the


inlet and outlet, the outer streamlines deflect
outward by a distance 𝛿*(x) – the displacement
thickness:
𝛿
𝑢
𝛿 ∗ (𝑥) =න 1− 𝑑𝑦
0 𝑈
The Flat-Plate Boundary Layer
◼ Prandtl's two boundary layer equations for
two-dimensional incompressible flow:
❑ Can represent either laminar or turbulent flow
Module 6, Part 2
◼ External Flow
❑ Drag Forces
Flat-Plate Drag Coefficient

Analog to
Moody
diagram for
pipe flow

(White: Fig. 7.6)


1935 test at Langley Research Centre
Flow Separation (2 ft. Smoke Flow Tunnel)
https://youtu.be/gcQWXl7D-
5M?si=8AsiSzf1zSQY6GSM

◼ Flow separation causes flow theory to


breakdown on curved surfaces
◼ Rely on experimental results and correlations for
drag on 2-D and 3-D bodies and lift on airfoils
◼ Separation can cause significant drag
❑ Laminar flow often has larger drag coefficients due to
larger wakes
◼ Drag has two components:
❑ Friction along the surface
❑ Pressure change due to separation
Pressure & Friction Drag
◼ Pressure Drag, CD, press:
❑ Caused by the difference between the high pressure
in front of the stagnation region and the low pressure
in the rear separated region
❑ Often exceeds friction drag
◼ Friction Drag, CD, frict:
❑ The integrated shear stress over the surface of the
body
CD = CD, press + CD, frict

◼ Values for CD often tabulated based on


experimental work
Drag Coefficient Fdrag
CD =
1
 V 2  A
2
◼ Defined by using a characteristic area (A):
❑ Frontal area: body seen from stream, for thick,
stubby bodies
◼ spheres, cars, missiles, etc.

❑ Planform area: body as seen from above, for


wide, flat bodies
◼ airplane wings

❑ Wetted area: body in contact with water


◼ customary for ships
Reynolds Number
◼ Reynolds number based on free-stream
velocity and a characteristic length:

 V  L
Re L =

Flow Past a Cylinder

Theoretical
inviscid pressure
distribution on a
circular cylinder

(White: 7.13)
Golf balls have dimples to induce a
Flow Separation turbulent boundary layer and lower drag

Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

80o 120o

(White: Fig. 7.14)


Streamlining and Drag
◼ Want to avoid sharp corners – causes flow
separation and thus high drag
◼ Streamlining will reduce pressure drag
❑ For example:
◼ rectangle has high drag
◼ blunting nose reduces drag by 45%
◼ streamlining the rear edge reduces drag by another 85%
◼ Friction drag becomes more significant as
body becomes longer
Streamlining

(White: Fig. 7.15)


Drag Coefficients of Smooth Bodies

(White: Fig. 7.16)


Drag of 2-D Bodies

(White: Table 7.2)


Drag of 2-D Bodies

(White: Table 7.2)


Drag of 3-D Bodies

(White: Table 7.3)


Drag of 3-D Bodies

(White: Table 7.3)


Drag – good or bad?
◼ Most of the time we want to reduce drag…
❑ Cars, trucks, planes, ships, etc.
◼ But sometimes drag is good!
Aerodynamics of Autos
CD = 0.15

(White: Fig. 7.17)


Neat adaptations in nature!

A tree, for example,


has a flexible
structure that allows it
to reconfigure in high
winds (reduces drag
and damage)

You might also like