Higher Nationals

Internal verification of assessment decisions – BTEC (RQF)

INTERNAL VERIFICATION – ASSESSMENT DECISIONS

Programme title HND in Computing (Software Engineering)

Assessor Mr. Nuhman Internal Verifier J. Piragan

Unit(s) Unit 01 - Programming

Assignment title Develop a system for Ayubo rent a car company

Student’s name Mr. Kamalendran Sathurcigan

List which assessment criteria Pass Merit Distinction
the Assessor has awarded.

INTERNAL VERIFIER CHECKLIST

Do the assessment criteria awarded match

those shown in the assignment brief? Y/N

Is the Pass/Merit/Distinction grade awarded

justified by the assessor’s comments on the Y/N
student work?
Has the work been assessed
Y/N
accurately?
Is the feedback to the student:
Give details:
• Constructive?
• Linked to relevant assessment criteria? Y/N
• Identifying opportunities for Y/N
improved performance? Y/N
• Agreeing actions? Y/N
Does the assessment decision need
Y/N
amending?

Assessor signature Date

Internal Verifier signature Date

Programme Leader signature (if required)
Date
 Confirm action completed
Remedial action taken

Give details:

Assessor signature Date

Internal Verifier
Date
signature
Programme Leader
Date
signature (if required)
 Higher Nationals - Summative Assignment Feedback Form
Student Name/ID Mr. Kamalendran Sathurcigan (BAT/A-006688)
Unit Title Unit 01 - Programming
Assignment Number 1 Assessor Mr. Nuhman
10/08/2020 Date Received 1st
Submission Date
submission
Date Received 2nd
Re-submission Date
submission
Assessor Feedback:

LO1. Define basic algorithms to carry out an operation and outline the process of programming an application.

Pass, Merit & Distinction Descripts P1 M1 D1

LO2. Explain the characteristics of procedural, object-orientated and event-driven programming, conduct an analysis of a suita
Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

Pass, Merit & Distinction Descripts P2 M2 D2

LO3. Implement basic algorithms in code using an IDE.

Pass, Merit & Distinction Descripts P3 M3 D3

LO4. Determine the debugging process and explain the importance of a coding standard.
Pass, Merit & Distinction Descripts P4 P5 M4 D4

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Resubmission Feedback:

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Internal Verifier’s Comments:

Signature & Date:

* Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external moderation has taken place and
grades decisions have been agreed at the assessment board.

Assignment Feedback
Formative Feedback: Assessor to Student

Action Plan

Summative feedback

Feedback: Student to Assessor

Mr.Nuhman sir was help me to do this assignment, very friendly and he taught us very well.
Through his lecturing I could understand lot of coding related parts.

Assessor Date
signature

Student [email protected] Date 10/08/2020

signature
Pearson Higher Nationals in
Computing
Unit 01: Programming
Assignment 01
General Guidelines
1. A Cover page or title page – You should always attach a title page to your assignment. Use
previous page as your cover sheet and be sure to fill the details correctly.
2. This entire brief should be attached in first before you start answering.
3. All the assignments should prepare using word processing software.
4. All the assignments should print in A4 sized paper, and make sure to only use one side printing.
5. Allow 1” margin on each side of the paper. But on the left side you will need to leave room for
binging.

Word Processing Rules

1. Use a font type that will make easy for your examiner to read. The font size should be 12 point,
and should be in the style of Time New Roman.
2. Use 1.5 line word-processing. Left justify all paragraphs.
3. Ensure that all headings are consistent in terms of size and font style.
4. Use footer function on the word processor to insert Your Name, Subject, Assignment No,
and Page Number on each page. This is useful if individual sheets become detached for any
reason.
5. Use word processing application spell check and grammar check function to help edit your
assignment.

Important Points:
1. Check carefully the hand in date and the instructions given with the assignment. Late
submissions will not be accepted.
2. Ensure that you give yourself enough time to complete the assignment by the due date.
3. Don’t leave things such as printing to the last minute – excuses of this nature will not be
accepted for failure to hand in the work on time.
4. You must take responsibility for managing your own time effectively.
5. If you are unable to hand in your assignment on time and have valid reasons such as illness,
you may apply (in writing) for an extension.
6. Failure to achieve at least a PASS grade will result in a REFERRAL grade being given.
7. Non-submission of work without valid reasons will lead to an automatic REFERRAL. You will
then be asked to complete an alternative assignment.
8. Take great care that if you use other people’s work or ideas in your assignment, you properly
reference them, using the HARVARD referencing system, in you text and any bibliography,
otherwise you may be guilty of plagiarism.
9. If you are caught plagiarising you could have your grade reduced to A REFERRAL or at worst
you could be excluded from the course.
Student Declaration

I hereby, declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and to present
it as my own without attributing the sources in the correct way. I further understand what it means
to copy another’s work.

1. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft.

2. I understand the plagiarism and copying policy of the Edexcel UK.
3. I know what the consequences will be if I plagiaries or copy another’s work in any of the
assignments for this program.
4. I declare therefore that all work presented by me for every aspects of my program, will be my
own, and where I have made use of another’s work, I will attribute the source in the correct
way.
5. I acknowledge that the attachment of this document signed or not, constitutes a binding
agreement between myself and Edexcel UK.
6. I understand that my assignment will not be considered as submitted if this document is not
attached to the attached.

Student’s Signature: Date:

[email protected] 10/08/2020
Higher National Diploma in Computing
Assignment Brief
Student Name /ID Number Mr. Kamalendran Sathurcigan (BAT/A-006688)

Unit Number and Title Unit 01: Programming

Academic Year 2020/21

Unit Tutor Mr.Nuhman

Assignment Title Design & Implement a GUI based system using a suitable
Integrated Development Environment

Issue Date 19/03/2020

Submission Date 10/08/2020

IV Name & Date

Submission Format

This submission will have 3 components

1. Written Report

This submission is in the form of an individual written report. This should be written in a concise, formal
business style using single spacing and font size 12. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs
and subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced using the
Harvard referencing system. Please also provide a bibliography using the Harvard referencing system. (The
recommended word count is 1,500–2,000 words for the report excluding annexures)

2. Implemented System (Software)

The student should submit a GUI based system developed using an IDE. The system should connect with a
backend database and should have at least 5 different forms and suitable functionality including insert, edit
and delete of main entities and transaction processing.

3. Presentation
With the submitted system student should do a presentation to demonstrate the system that was
developed. Time allocated is 10 to 15 min. Student may use 5 to 10 PowerPoint slides while doing the
presentation, but live demonstration of the system is required. Evaluator will also check the ability to modify
and debug the system using the IDE.
Unit Learning Outcomes:

LO1. Define basic algorithms to carry out an operation and outline the process of
programming an application.

LO2. Explain the characteristics of procedural, object-orientated and event-driven

programming, conduct an analysis of a suitable Integrated Development
Environment (IDE).

LO3. Implement basic algorithms in code using an IDE.

LO4. Determine the debugging process and explain the importance of a coding
standard
Assignment Brief and Guidance:

Activity 1

Searching on an array/list is to find a given element on the array and return whether it is found
or not and return its position if found. Linear search and binary search are two popular
searching algorithms on arrays.

1.1 Define what an algorithm is and outline the characteristics of a good algorithm. Develop
algorithms for linear search and binary search using Pseudo code.

1.2 Describe the steps involved in the process of writing and executing a program. Take an
array of 10 or more elements and dry run the above two algorithms. Show the outputs at
the end of each iteration and the final output.

1.3 Define what Big-O notation is and explain its role in evaluating efficiencies of algorithms.
Write the Python program code for the above two algorithms and critically evaluate their
efficiencies using Big-O notation.

Activity 2

2.1 Define what is meant by a Programming Paradigm. Explain the main characteristics of
Procedural, Object oriented and Event-driven paradigms and the relationships among
them.

2.2 Write small snippets of code as example for the above three programming paradigms using
a suitable programming language(s).

2.3 Critically evaluate the code samples that you have above in relation to their structure and
the unique characteristics.
Activity 3 and Activity 4 are based on the following Scenario.

Ayubo Drive is the transport arm of Ayubo Leisure (Pvt) Ltd, an emerging travel & tour
company in Sri Lanka. It owns a fleet of vehicles ranging from cars, SUVs to vans.

The vehicles that it owns are hired or rented with or without a driver. The tariffs are based on
the vehicle type. Some of the vehicle types that it operates are, small car, sedan car, SVUs, Jeep
(WD), 7-seater van and Commuter van. New vehicle types are to be added in the future.

Vehicle rent and hire options are described below.

1. Rent (With or without driver) – For each type of vehicle rates are given per day, per week
and per month. Rate for a driver also given per day. Depending on the rent period the total
rent amount needs to be calculated. For example: if a vehicle is rented for 10 days with a
driver, total amount to be calculated as follows:

Total rent = weeklyRent x 1 + dailyRent x 3 + dailyDriverCost x 10

2. Hire (with driver only) – These are based on packages such as airport drop, airport pickup,
100km per day package, 200km per day package etc. Standard rates are defined for a
package type of a vehicle type if that is applicable for that type of vehicle. For each package
maximum km limit and maximum number of hours are also defined. Extra km rate is also
defined which is applicable if they run beyond the allocated km limit for the tour. For day
tours if they exceed max hour limit, a waiting charge is applicable for extra hours. Driver
overnight rate and vehicle night park rate also defined which is applicable for each night
when the vehicle is hired for 2 or more days.

Activity 3

3.1 Design suable algorithms for vehicle tariff calculation for rents and hires.
Ideally 3 functions should be developed for this purpose as follows:

Function 1: Rent calculation.

Return the total rent_value when vehicle_no, rented_date, return_date, with_driver
parameters are sent in. with_driver parameter is set to true or false depending whether the
vehicle is rented with or without driver.

Function 2: Day tour - hire calculation.

Calculate total hire_value when vehicle_no, package_type, start_time, end_time,
start_km_reading, end_km_reading parameters are sent in. Should return base_hire_charge,
waiting_charge and extra_km_charge as output parameters.
Function 3: Long tour - hire calculation.
Calculate total hire_value when vehicle_no, package_type, start_date, end_date,
start_km_reading, end_km_reading parameters are sent in. Should return base_hire_charge,
overnight_stay_charge and extra_km_charge as output parameters.

3.2 Implement the above algorithms using visual studio IDE (using C#.net) and design the
suitable database structure for keeping the tariffs for vehicle types and different packages
which must be used for implementing the above functions.

3.3 Analyze the features of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and explain how
those features help in application development. Evaluate the use of the Visual Studio IDE
for your application development contrasted with not using an IDE.

Activity 4

4.1 Design and build a small system to calculate vehicle hire amounts and record them in a
database for customer billing and management reporting for Ayubo drive. This includes the
completing the database design started in 3.2 and implementing one or more GUIs for
vehicle, vehicle type, and package add/edit/delete functions. It essentially requires an
interface for hire calculation and recording function described above. Generating customer
reports and customer invoices are not required for this course work.

4.2 What is debugging an application? Explain the features available in Visual studio IDE for
debugging your code more easily. Evaluate how you used the debugging process to develop
more secure, robust application with examples.

4.3 Explain the coding standards you have used in your application development. Critically
evaluate why a coding standard is necessary for the team as well as for the individual.
Grading Rubric

Grading Criteria Achieved Feedback

LO1 Define basic algorithms to carry out an operation

and outline the process of programming an
application.

P1 Provide a definition of what an algorithm is and outline

the process in building an application.

M1 Determine the steps taken from writing code to

execution.

D1 Examine the implementation of an algorithm in a suitable

language. Evaluate the relationship between the written
algorithm and the code variant
LO2 Explain the characteristics of procedural, object
orientated and event-driven programming, conduct an
analysis of a suitable Integrated Development
Environment (IDE)

P2 Give explanations of what procedural, object orientated,

and event driven paradigms are; their characteristics and the
relationship between them.

M2 Analyze the common features that a developer has

access to in an IDE.

D2 Critically evaluate the source code of an application

which implements the programming paradigms, in terms of
the code structure and characteristics.

LO3 Implement basic algorithms in code using an IDE.

P3 Write a program that implements an algorithm using an
IDE.

M3 Use the IDE to manage the development process of the

program.

D3 Evaluate the use of an IDE for development of

applications contrasted with not using an IDE.

LO4 Determine the debugging process and explain

the importance of a coding standard

P4 Explain the debugging process and explain the

debugging facilities available in the IDE.

P5 Outline the coding standard you have used in your code.

M4 Evaluate how the debugging process can be used to
help develop more secure, robust applications.

D4 Critically evaluate why a coding standard is necessary in

a team as well as for the individual.
Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to express my first gratitude to Esoft and all its employees for being
the source of the life of many students by giving degree as external. I am happy that my
software engineer dream will being fulfilled by Esoft. I express my gratitude to my parents,
colleagues, especially Esoft lecturers for this. And I am happy for Esoft gives a way of
obtaining a British degree in Sri Lanka.

As specially taught the Programming course and helped to solve all doubts in relation to the
lesson of the students also helped to make the programming assignment systematic through his
help, and he helped what he can also, for Nuhman sir I extend my sincere gratitude.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 1

Table of Content
Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................... 1

Table of Content......................................................................................................................... 2

Table of Figures ......................................................................................................................... 7

Table of Tables......................................................................................................................... 10

Activity 01................................................................................................................................ 11

1.1 Define the algorithm, outline the characteristics of a good algorithm and develop
algorithms for Linear search and Binary search using Pseudo code. .................................. 11

1.1.1 Algorithm ................................................................................................................ 11

1.1.2 Characteristics of a good algorithm ........................................................................ 11

1.1.3 Outline of the Algorithm ......................................................................................... 11

1.1.4 Algorithms for Linear search using Pseudo code ................................................... 12

1.1.4.1 Linear Search ................................................................................................... 12

1.1.4.2 Features of Linear Search Algorithm ............................................................... 12

1.1.4.2 Pseudo code for Linear search ......................................................................... 13

1.1.5 Algorithms for Binary search using Pseudo code ................................................... 14

1.1.5.1 Binary Search ................................................................................................... 14

1.1.5.2 Features of Binary Search ................................................................................ 15

1.1.5.3 Pseudo code for Binary search ......................................................................... 15

1.2 Dry run table .................................................................................................................. 17

1.2.1 Dry run table for Linear search ............................................................................... 17

1.2.1.1 Explanation for the Dry run table of Linear search, through run time of Python
...................................................................................................................................... 18

1.2.2 Dry run table for Binary search ............................................................................... 20

1.2.2.1 Explanation for the Dry run table of Linear search, through run time of Python
...................................................................................................................................... 21

1.3 Big O Notation ............................................................................................................... 23

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 2

 1.3.1 Big O Notation for Linear Search ........................................................................... 23

1.3.2 Big O Notation for Binary Search ........................................................................... 24

Activity 02................................................................................................................................ 25

2.1 Programming Paradigm ................................................................................................. 25

2.1.1 Good characteristics of Programming paradigm .................................................... 25

2.2 Examples and Explanations for Programming paradigms ............................................. 28

2.2.1 Procedural programming......................................................................................... 28

2.2.2 Object-Oriented Programming ................................................................................ 28

2.2.3 Event-Driven Programming .................................................................................... 29

2.3 Relation between the Programming paradigms ............................................................. 30

2.3.1 Comparing between the programming paradigms .................................................. 31

Activity 03................................................................................................................................ 32

3.1 Algorithms for Rent & Hire Payment Calculations ....................................................... 32

3.1.1 Rent Payment Calculation ....................................................................................... 32

3.1.2 Hire Payment Calculation ....................................................................................... 34

3.1.2.1 Day Tour Hire Payment Calculation ................................................................ 34

3.1.2.2 Long Tour Hire Payment Calculation .............................................................. 35

3.2 Code for Rent & Hire payments calculations with database structure .......................... 37

3.2.1 Database structure of Ayubo Company .................................................................. 37

3.2.2 Rent Payment Calculation ....................................................................................... 38

3.2.3 Hire Payment Calculation ....................................................................................... 40

3.2.3.1 Hire Day Tour Calculation ............................................................................... 42

3.2.3.2 Hire Long Tour Calculation ............................................................................. 42

3.3 IDE Types and Facilities ................................................................................................ 43

3.3.1 IDE .......................................................................................................................... 43

3.3.2 Features of IDE ....................................................................................................... 43

3.3.2.1 Syntax Highlighting ......................................................................................... 43

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 3

 3.3.2.2 Autocomplete ................................................................................................... 44

3.3.2.3 Building executables ........................................................................................ 45

3.3.2.4 Debugging ........................................................................................................ 46

3.3.3 Benefits of IDE ....................................................................................................... 47

3.3.3.1 Differences between programming languages with IDE and non-IDE

programming languages ............................................................................................... 47

3.3.4 Types of IDE ........................................................................................................... 48

3.3.4.1 Multi-Language IDEs ...................................................................................... 48

3.3.4.2 IDEs for Mobile Development ......................................................................... 49

3.3.4.3 HTML IDEs ..................................................................................................... 49

3.3.4.4 Cloud-Based IDEs............................................................................................ 49

3.3.4.5 IDEs Specific to Microsoft or Apple ............................................................... 49

3.3.4.6 IDEs for Specific Languages ........................................................................... 50

Activity 04................................................................................................................................ 51

4.1 System for Ayubo Company .......................................................................................... 51

4.1.1 Customer ................................................................................................................. 51

4.1.1.1 Customer Form ................................................................................................ 51

4.1.1.2 Customer Table in Database ............................................................................ 52

4.1.2 Login Form ............................................................................................................. 53

4.1.3 Menu Form .............................................................................................................. 54

4.1.4 Driver ...................................................................................................................... 54

4.1.4.1 Driver Form...................................................................................................... 54

4.1.4.2 Driver Table of Database ................................................................................. 55

4.1.5 Vehicle .................................................................................................................... 56

4.1.5.1 Vehicle Related Forms ..................................................................................... 56

4.1.5.2 Vehicle Related Tables of Database ................................................................ 56

4.1.6 Rent Activity ........................................................................................................... 57

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 4

 4.1.6.1 Rent Related Forms .......................................................................................... 57

4.1.6.2 Rent Related Tables of Database ..................................................................... 57

4.1.7 Hire Activity ........................................................................................................... 58

4.1.7.1 Hire Related Forms .......................................................................................... 58

4.1.7.2 Hire Related Tables of Database ...................................................................... 59

4.1.8 Tour and Rate .......................................................................................................... 60

4.1.8.1 Tour and Rate Related Forms .......................................................................... 60

4.1.8.2 Tour and Rate Related Tables of Database ...................................................... 60

4.1.9 Application Execution............................................................................................. 61

4.1.9.1 Main Function .................................................................................................. 61

4.1.9.2 Insert Function ................................................................................................. 62

4.1.9.3 Update Function ............................................................................................... 63

4.1.9.4 Delete Function ................................................................................................ 65

4.2 Debug ............................................................................................................................. 66

4.2.1 Debug Explanation with examples ......................................................................... 66

4.2.1 Benefits of Debugging ............................................................................................ 70

4.3 Code standard ................................................................................................................. 71

4.3.1 Types of Code Standard .......................................................................................... 71

4.3.1.1 Class Organization ........................................................................................... 71

4.3.1.2 Guidelines ........................................................................................................ 72

4.3.1.3 Naming Conventions........................................................................................ 72

4.3.2 Benefits of Code Standard ...................................................................................... 73

4.3.2.1 Individual ......................................................................................................... 73

4.3.2.2 Team................................................................................................................. 73

4.3.3 Importance of Code Standard ................................................................................. 73

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 74

Self-criticism ............................................................................................................................ 75

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 5

Gantt chart ................................................................................................................................ 76

References ................................................................................................................................ 77

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 6

Table of Figures
Figure 1 Linear search code ..................................................................................................... 13
Figure 2 Pseudocode for Linear Search ................................................................................... 13
Figure 3 List for Linear search ................................................................................................. 14
Figure 4 Binary Search code .................................................................................................... 15
Figure 5 Pseudocode for Binary Search ................................................................................... 15
Figure 6 List for the Linear search ........................................................................................... 17
Figure 7 First step of Linear search program ........................................................................... 18
Figure 8 Searching data selection in linear search ................................................................... 19
Figure 9 Final output for the Linear search.............................................................................. 19
Figure 10 Step 1 for the Binary Search .................................................................................... 21
Figure 11 Second step of the user in Binary Search ................................................................ 21
Figure 12 Final step of the user in Binary Search .................................................................... 22
Figure 13 Another step of the user in Binary Search ............................................................... 22
Figure 14 List for Linear search ............................................................................................... 23
Figure 15 Graph for Linear search ........................................................................................... 23
Figure 16 List of Binary Search ............................................................................................... 24
Figure 17 Big O Notation for Binary Search ........................................................................... 24
Figure 18 Example Procedural Programming .......................................................................... 28
Figure 19 Example for OOP Technique .................................................................................. 28
Figure 20 Example for Event-Driven Programming................................................................ 29
Figure 21 Change Event Function ........................................................................................... 29
Figure 22 Relationship between the Programming paradigms ................................................ 30
Figure 23 Event-Driven Programming .................................................................................... 30
Figure 24 Pseudocode for Rent Payment ................................................................................. 32
Figure 25Rent payment Pseudocode explanation .................................................................... 33
Figure 26 Pseudocode for Hire Payment Day Tour Calculation ............................................. 34
Figure 27 Explanation about Day Tour Hire Payment pseudocode ......................................... 35
Figure 28 Pseudocode for Long Tour Hire Payment calculation ............................................. 35
Figure 29 Explanation for Long Tour Hire Payment Calculation Pseudocode ....................... 36
Figure 30 Ayubo Database ....................................................................................................... 37
Figure 31 Rent Payment ........................................................................................................... 38
Figure 32 Code for Gathering data from other Tables ............................................................. 39

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 7

Figure 33 Number of days, weeks, months calculation ........................................................... 39
Figure 34 Driver charge calculation......................................................................................... 40
Figure 35 Hire Payment ........................................................................................................... 40
Figure 36 Join query for Hire payment .................................................................................... 41
Figure 37 Figure 31 km & Time calculation............................................................................ 41
Figure 38 Day Tour Calculation .............................................................................................. 42
Figure 39 Long Tour Calculation............................................................................................. 42
Figure 40 Example for IDE syntax highlighting ...................................................................... 43
Figure 41 Example for IDE Autocomplete .............................................................................. 44
Figure 42 Example for IDE Building executable ..................................................................... 45
Figure 43 Example for IDE debugging .................................................................................... 46
Figure 44 Customer Registration interface .............................................................................. 51
Figure 45 Table of Customer ................................................................................................... 52
Figure 46 Login form ............................................................................................................... 53
Figure 47 Successful login ....................................................................................................... 53
Figure 48 Main menu ............................................................................................................... 54
Figure 49 Driver form .............................................................................................................. 54
Figure 50 Table of Driver ........................................................................................................ 55
Figure 51 Vehicle details ......................................................................................................... 56
Figure 52 Table of Vehicle related forms ................................................................................ 56
Figure 53 Rent Information...................................................................................................... 57
Figure 54 Table of Rent related forms ..................................................................................... 57
Figure 55 Hire information ...................................................................................................... 58
Figure 56 Table of Hire related forms ..................................................................................... 59
Figure 57 Tour and Rate .......................................................................................................... 60
Figure 58 Tables of Rate & Tour forms ................................................................................... 60
Figure 59 Main function .......................................................................................................... 61
Figure 60 Insert Function ......................................................................................................... 62
Figure 61 Insert function works in background ....................................................................... 63
Figure 62 Update Function ...................................................................................................... 64
Figure 63 Update Function works in background .................................................................... 64
Figure 64 Delete Function........................................................................................................ 65
Figure 65 Delete function works in background ...................................................................... 66
Figure 66 Debugging step 1 ..................................................................................................... 67

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 8

Figure 67 Error message .......................................................................................................... 67
Figure 68 Error Fixing ............................................................................................................. 68
Figure 69 Error on Column Name ........................................................................................... 68
Figure 70 Error message for Wrong data type ......................................................................... 69
Figure 71 Manual Debugging .................................................................................................. 70
Figure 72 Class Organization ................................................................................................... 71
Figure 73 Guidelines ................................................................................................................ 72
Figure 74 Naming Convention ................................................................................................. 72

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 9

Table of Tables
Table 1 Good characteristics of Algorithm .............................................................................. 11
Table 2 Dry run Table for Linear Search ................................................................................. 17
Table 3 Dry run Table Binary Search ...................................................................................... 20
Table 4 Some programming paradigms ................................................................................... 28
Table 5 Comparing between the programming paradigms ...................................................... 31
Table 6 Differences between the IDE programming language and non-IDE programming
language ................................................................................................................................... 47
Table 7 Gantt chart ................................................................................................................... 76

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 10

Activity 01

1.1 Define the algorithm, outline the characteristics of a good algorithm and
develop algorithms for Linear search and Binary search using Pseudo code.

1.1.1 Algorithm

An algorithm is a Collection of organized plans to play out a particular task. This can be simple
process of adding two numbers, or complex operation like control a huge database. In computer
programming, algorithms are regularly made as functions. These functions work in as little
programs that can be referenced by a bigger program.
(Algorithm, 2013)

1.1.2 Characteristics of a good algorithm

Every algorithm has five characteristics. Those are follows.

Table 1 Good characteristics of Algorithm

1. Input One or more inputs required for just run the algorithm.
2. Output After the process the algorithm must provide one or more outputs.
3. Definiteness Algorithm's each step must be defined without any doubts.
4. Effectiveness If human can able to guess the Exact value of the step-in algorithm,
the meaning of this, which works correctly.
5. Termination After finite number of steps, algorithm can be stop.
If which has algorithm these characteristics, that will Considered as perfect algorithm in the
programming.

1.1.3 Outline of the Algorithm

Step 01 - Define the Problem

First, find the scope for creating the function. According to the scope, the algorithm will written
as plan. After writing the algorithm, that will be check in rough.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 11

Step 02 – Analyzing the algorithm
After writing the algorithm, that will be check as the every data of related to the scope. If any
data was missed in algorithm which will add into the algorithm and algorithm will be revised.

Step 03 – Algorithm converting

After check the algorithm correctness, which will be convert into programming language of
the programmer wants. This is the final step of this activity. Because the intension of writing
an algorithm for a function is getting an idea about the specific function. The final structure of
the code is based on this algorithm.

1.1.4 Algorithms for Linear search using Pseudo code

1.1.4.1 Linear Search

Linear search is the most basic and normal search algorithm. Search in order from start point
to endpoint until find the wanted value or element, this activity is the Linear search. This
compares the component to be searched to all the for each component present in the list and
when the component is matched successfully, that returns the index of the matched component
in the list, else that return (– 1). Can utilize the Linear Search on unsorted or unordered lists,
when there are less components in a list.

1.1.4.2 Features of Linear Search Algorithm

1. This is utilized for unsorted small list of components.

2. This has a time problem of O (n), i.e. that the number of time elements depends linearly,
which is not bad, at the same time this is not good.

3. Utilize this search algorithm is very easy.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 12

1.1.4.2 Pseudo code for Linear search

Figure 1 Linear search code

This a programming for currency converting system. How the Linear search utilize in this
system details showed on above picture. This function was developed based on the below
pseudocode. The explanation for the pseudocode is given below.

Two parameters passed here for run this program those are ‘mylist’ and ‘choice’. Mylist is the
list for this program and choice is get value from user answering question in this program
running time. After get this value following action will run.

Figure 2 Pseudocode for Linear Search

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Like this, program run on step by step. For this, utilized list is given below.

Figure 3 List for Linear search

These details utilized for run this program. In here, every library is considered as one data. I.e.
the currency type and its value taking by the for-loop and assign into temp variable. Through
this which is compare to the input given from the user.

1.1.5 Algorithms for Binary search using Pseudo code

1.1.5.1 Binary Search

Binary search is utilized in sorted or ordered list. Following steps are in binary search.

1. Firstly, compare mid element of the list to search element.

2. If this applies, return the code of mid element.

3. If the mid element doesn't match with searched element, check the search element value is
less or greater than mid elements value.

4. If the search element value greater than mid element value, then consider the right-side
elements in the mid element. After this, find the mid element of right side then compare
mid element value to search element value. Likewise re-do the first step.

5. If the search element value less than mid element value, then consider the left-side elements
in the mid element. After this, find the mid element of left side then compare mid element
value to search element value. Likewise re-do the first step.

If large number of elements in sorted or ordered list, Binary search is useful to find search
element. Main condition for utilize the binary search, the list/array must sort or ordered.

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1.1.5.2 Features of Binary Search

1. This is best search algorithm to search on huge sorted list.

2. This has O (log n) time problem, which is a good time problem.

3. Utilize this search algorithm is very easy.

(search, 2020)

1.1.5.3 Pseudo code for Binary search

Figure 4 Binary Search code

This code is part of program for finding the index number is registered or not. And the
explanation for this, given below using Pseudocode.

Figure 5 Pseudocode for Binary Search

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Through these steps, the searching data will find by shorting the list. I.e. firstly, the list will
break on mid then the mid-point is compared with the searching data to find which is less then
mid-point or greater than. If that is less than mid-point, the right-side data of mid are omitted
or left side data of mid are omitted. Through this, the searching data's position will find.

The algorithm is simple structure of the code. But that’s not an actual code. Because when
developing a function the code need to satisfy the scope of the function. So the code little
bit change from the algorithm but basically, the code will be developed from the
algorithm.

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 1.2 Dry run table
Dry run is a type of testing activity. Which is affect the percentage of failures. This help to
satisfy the programmer wants i.e. can identify the code are working properly through this.

1.2.1 Dry run table for Linear search

Figure 6 List for the Linear search

In here, currency type is compared with the searching data, after this the specific value will
assign to currency type. Dry run table is design based on this, which follows.

Mylist is show on above picture.

Search data – KWD (currencyType)
Table 2 Dry run Table for Linear Search

Len value
Length
Steps Length Search data = Result Mylist
value
Search data
Step 1 Len[0] USD KWD False -
Step 2 Len[1] CAD KWD False -
Step 3 Len[2] AUD KWD False -
Step 4 Len[3] INR KWD False -
Step 5 Len[4] EUR KWD False -
Step 6 Len[5] JPY KWD False -
Step 7 Len[6] SGD KWD False -
Step 8 Len[7] CHF KWD False -
Step 9 Len[8] KWD KWD True True

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According to this Dry run table of Linear search, the first step is, the function will check if the
searching data ‘KWD’ is equal to first data of the list ‘USD’, the result will true then function
return the currency value of searching data. If the searching data not equal to first data, function
will check the next data. Likewise function will compare the searching data to each data of the
list. When the data will equal, the function will return the currency value of the searching data.

1.2.1.1 Explanation for the Dry run table of Linear search, through run time of Python

Step 01 - Initialization of the Function

When run the Linear search python code, one run time interface will show. My linear search
program design is showing on below picture.

Figure 7 First step of Linear search program

Here, the user needs to decide an option, to continue the program. If the user selects first one,
who will type the number 1 on the currently cursor point. That option has only searching
function, but the second option includes searching function and small calculation part. In here,
linear searching method is used for finding a data from the List. So, let’s take like the user
chooses the first option because the dry run table show the searching part only. After pressing
the number 1, what are differences happening details show on below picture.

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Step 02 – User insert the number based on his selection

Figure 8 Searching data selection in linear search

At the cursor point, user needs to add of the currency types’ name in short form and uppercase.
On the dry run table of linear search, the searching data is ‘KWD’. So let’s see what will happen
if the user also choose the same type of currency, this information is show on below picture.

Step 03 - User insert the specific data of what does the user want

Figure 9 Final output for the Linear search

Final Step – Function provide the data to the User

The searching data is ‘KWD’ but the output is ‘RS. 545.0’. Reason for this activity is, firstly
the system searches the data (currency type) through the Linear search method. After, the
currency value is assigned to the output. Because, the list has every data as library. That’s why,
when system find the currency type, then automatically assigned the currency value to output.

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 1.2.2 Dry run table for Binary search

mylist = [101,195,113,224,345,116,207,115,196,240,145,342,242,234,123]
Search data - 145
Table 3 Dry run Table Binary Search

Mid Mid Mid

data data data
Low High Mid Mid Search
Steps = > < Result List
index index index value data
search search search
data data data
[101,195,113,224,
345,116,207,115,
Initial 0 14 - - 145 - - - -
196,240,145,342,
242,234,123]
[101,113,115,116,
123,145,195,196,
Sort 0 14 - - 145 - - - -
207,224,234,240,
242,342,345]
[101,113,115,116,
123,145,195,196,
Step 1 0 14 7 196 145 False True False -
207,224,234,240,
242,342,345]
[101,113,115,116,
Step 2 0 6 3 116 145 False False True -
123,145,195]
Step 3 4 6 5 145 145 True False False True [123,145,195]

According to this dry run table of binary search, when the user enter the data into the provided
area, that data will assign as searching data. Firstly, the list’ data will arrange into the
Ascending order. Then the function find the mid data of the list, after the function will compare
if the mid data is equal to searching data. If the data are equal, the function will print the data’
course detail. If the both data not equal, the function will check if the mid data is bigger than
searching data or lower than searching data.

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According to these condition function decides which part will avoid from the list. Then function
will do this activity again until the searching data is equal to mid data of the list. I.e. after avoid
the data of the list, the list will short, then again the function compare if the mid data is equal
to searching data.

1.2.2.1 Explanation for the Dry run table of Linear search, through run time of Python

Step 01 – Initialization of the Function

Figure 10 Step 1 for the Binary Search

This picture gives the information about if the user uses this program, what can do. This
function used for find the users’ index number was registered in any universities or not. But
here the Binary searching method is utilized for find the data. And here also there are two
options gives for the users. First one is just finding if his index number registered in any
universities. Another one is, if his index number already registered in any universities, can get
information about course details for him.

Step 02 – User insert the number based on his selection

Figure 11 Second step of the user in Binary Search

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This picture shows, if the user selects the option (1), what will happen. In dry run table, the
data searching activity is show on above. That’s why shown here the user selects option as (1).
After entering the value of option, the index typing place will show. In dry run table, the
searching data is 145. So, if the user enters his index number as 145, below picture shows what
will happen.

Final step - The function provide the output based on the input

Figure 12 Final step of the user in Binary Search

If the user decided to select the second option, the below picture shows what will happen.

Figure 13 Another step of the user in Binary Search

This picture shows what happen if the index number of users will system find. I.e., after finding
his index number then which course was assigned for the index number that will return as
output.

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1.3 Big O Notation
The Big O notation is defining an algorithms' upper bound, which limits a function just from
above only. For instance, consider the thing of Insertion Sort. This will take linear time in the
special case and quadratic time in worst case. Time complexity of insertion sort is can called
safely O(n^2). And O(n^2) is also cover the linear time. And this is used to find which
searching method is fastest in the whole system.

1.3.1 Big O Notation for Linear Search

Linear search is relatively slow than binary search. Linear search like a traditional method.
Because the searching will happen in any kind of data stored lists. But one of advantages of
this method is which can use for unordered list also.

Figure 14 List for Linear search

This is picture show on of the examples for list of linear search. This is used for above currency
converting function. When the user enter the currency type, the function will check with this
list’ data, which has inserted in any order. The function will check continually till the data
should be same. That’s why this method takes much time for find the data.

Figure 15 Graph for Linear search

This picture shows graph of the problem handling, using linear search.

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1.3.2 Big O Notation for Binary Search

Binary search is better than linear search while think about the time complexity. Because in
linear search the data will compare between each data but binary search can easy to reduce the
data count through compare with the mid value data.

Below picture shows the one of list which is used for above binary search function.

Figure 16 List of Binary Search

According this picture, the comparing will execute by function between the searching data and
mid data. Thorough this method, the function count of executions of comparing is lower than
linear search that’s why this searching method is faster than linear search.

Figure 17 Big O Notation for Binary Search

This picture shows the details of the how is the binary search will work in proper manner
through the graph.

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Activity 02

2.1 Programming Paradigm

A 'way' or style of programming, is Programming paradigm. Some Programming languages
are easy to write in some programming paradigm, but not others. This is not a permanent thing
which can change based on each person's needs.

2.1.1 Good characteristics of Programming paradigm

1. Procedural:
Procedural Programming might be the principal programming paradigm that a new
programmer will learn. Basically, procedural code is the logical steps for give instruction
to the device about how to finish a task. This paradigm utilizes a linear methodology top to
down and treats data and procedures as two unique entities.

 Features of procedural programming

i. Predefined functions - is, high-level programming language has already defined
functions. When need the predefined function then can get the accessibility by call
the function.
ii. Local Variable - This can utilize in one function. Anything can be assigned into local
variable (like other functions or fields).
iii. Global Variable - This is upgrade version from local variable. i.e., local variable can
only use in specific function but global variable can use in whole project.
iv. Modularity - Modularity is when two disparate systems have two unique jobs
needing to be done yet are assembled to finish up a bigger task first. Each gathering
of systems at that point would have its own task completed in a steady progression
until all undertakings are finished.
v. Parameter Passing – This feature utilized to get data from outside of the function to
do the specific task.

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  Advantages of procedural programming
i. Procedural programming is the best way for general programming.
ii. The source code is short, so which can utilize for target the different CPU.
iii. In different parts of programming, the code can be utilized repeatedly without take
duplication.
iv. Memory demand can be reduced by procedural programming technique.

 Disadvantages of procedural programming

i. While using procedural programming, write the programming code is difficult.
ii. Mostly, procedural programming is not reusing. If there is a need for use the procedural
programming in another application, need to re-create the code.
iii. Difficult to communicate with real world objects.

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 2. Object-Oriented Programming:
OOP is a type of approach in programming. Joining is mainly considered here. i.e., already
one program has some important codes. When need to solve a problem, that time the current
program connects with oldest program and use their codes to solve the problem. This
technique is making the code short.

 Advantages of Object-Oriented Programming

i. Due to mitigation and incorporation, OOP simplifies administration.
ii. OOP represents the real world which is make this easy to understand.
iii. Though the object fully inside of program, which can usable in other programs again.

 Disadvantages of Object-Oriented Programming

i. Object-oriented programs are slow and use large amount of memory.
ii. Over-centralization
iii. If the main program unfortunately deleted, then other jointly created programs also
will affected.

3. Event-Driven:
Event-driven programming is a type of programming paradigm. This mainly based on
events. i.e., After pressing the button, the program will run, these type programs, written
by utilizing this method.

4. Some other programming paradigms follows.

Imperative Programming with an express succession of orders that update state.
Declarative Programming by indicating the outcome you need, not how to get that.
Structured Programming with clean, without- Allocation, in-build control structures.
Function-Level Without any variables, programming
Flow-Driven This a process of communicate with each predefined channel in programming.
Logic This function is utilized to check the statement is matched to the expectation or not.
Through this, logical things will check
Constraint Programming by indicating a lot of constraints. An engine finds the values that meet the
constraints.
Aspect-Oriented programming utilizes cross-cutting concern openly.

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Reflective Programming by controlling the program components themselves.
Array Programming with powerful array operators that normally make loops pointless.
Table 4 Some programming paradigms
(Paradigms, 2020)

2.2 Examples and Explanations for Programming paradigms

2.2.1 Procedural programming

Figure 18 Example Procedural Programming

This method is utilized for likewise an activity done by an order. I.e. the system run the code
in step by step which mean after finish the above step, next step will be executed. In here,
When the ‘If condition’ started the application will check the input. This application's output
is based on input. For this, codes are given here. After finishing these steps, application will
return the output.

2.2.2 Object-Oriented Programming

Figure 19 Example for OOP Technique

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This picture shows OOP usage in C# application. I.e. the project has a class which name is
‘common code’, there is some important codes written inside. Through the OOP technique, the
common code class assign into ‘com’ object. Utilizing this method common code class
functions can be used in other classes.

2.2.3 Event-Driven Programming

Figure 20 Example for Event-Driven Programming

This picture shows how the Event-Driven programming use in C# application. I.e. in above
picture, underlined part is the command for when the program need to run. In here,
‘LoadTable_CellClick’ function will run automatically when click any cell on the specific table
on application running time. If this function must work like this, need to do follows.

Figure 21 Change Event Function

Through this, after change the event function the application will run like as stated above. And
first underlined part also an example for Event-Driven programming.

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2.3 Relation between the Programming paradigms

Figure 22 Relationship between the Programming paradigms

This picture is one of the evidence for the relationship between the programming paradigms.
In above picture shows, how the procedural programming, object-oriented programming and
event-driven programming methods were work altogether in the same function.

In here, firstly, the 'con' created as object which means the SqlConnection is created as object
which name is 'con'. This an example for object-oriented programming. After this
loadTableFun function creation this function will be called in form_load function. I.e. when
the form will run, this loadTableFun function will be executed. This is an example for event-
driven programming. When the function will run, each line of code will executed in order. This
is an example for procedural-programming. Likewise each programming paradigms work for
one function in altogether. This the one of the example to show the relationship between the
programming paradigms.

Figure 23 Event-Driven Programming

This picture shows how the class was called in one of the event-driven function. Through this,
when the form will run, the called function also will run.

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 2.3.1 Comparing between the programming paradigms

Table 5 Comparing between the programming paradigms

Procedural programming Object-oriented programming Event-Driven programming

paradigm paradigm paradigm

This programming paradigm is But this is used for creating object, This is the main for visualized
work as code written order. and call another function to work application functions. Because
at called area. through this the programmer
decides how the application going
to run.

The programming paradigms has differences between there. However, when create function,
these things are need to add collaborate. Because one programming paradigm can’t work in
proper without others help.

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Activity 03

3.1 Algorithms for Rent & Hire Payment Calculations

3.1.1 Rent Payment Calculation

Rent payment basically depends on Rent type. Which means, if the customer select rent type
is with driver, rent payment will include the diver charge, otherwise only vehicle rent will
consider here. This activity how will be done by the system, is given below as algorithm.

Figure 24 Pseudocode for Rent Payment

According to this picture, if the system needs to run, vehicle_no, rented_date, return_date,
with_driver data should be passed to here. After passing these data, total_days can calculate
through the difference between return_date and rented_date. This total_days value assign to
the days variable. After these activities, the number of rented months, weeks, days calculation
need do. That’s why if condition used above.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 32

After this calculation, rent for month, rent for week, rent for days will calculate through the
multiplication between the rates and number of days, weeks, months. Finally, the driver charge
will calculate based on the customer selection. Which means, if the customer took the vehicle
with driver for rent, the driver charge will addition with basic charge and get the total rent
payment. But the customer selected without driver then total rent payment is equal to the basic
charge because the driver charge won’t interfere this calculation. This details fully explained
pseudocode is given below.

Figure 25Rent payment Pseudocode explanation

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3.1.2 Hire Payment Calculation

3.1.2.1 Day Tour Hire Payment Calculation

Figure 26 Pseudocode for Hire Payment Day Tour Calculation

Based on this pseudocode, if this function needs to work correctly, need to pass the vehicle_no,
package_type, start_time, end_time, start_km_reading, end_km_reading data. Through these
data base_hire_charge, waiting_charge, extra_km_charge will calculate. Additionally
hire_other_charges calculation showed on this picture. That calculation depends on the hire
days. This condition used for calculate the other charges which means overNight,
night_parking charges. Basic data for this calculation is retrieve from database. The explained
pseudocode is given below.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 34

 Figure 27 Explanation about Day Tour Hire Payment pseudocode

3.1.2.2 Long Tour Hire Payment Calculation

Figure 28 Pseudocode for Long Tour Hire Payment calculation

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According this pseudocode, if this function needs to work properly, need to pass vehicle_no,
package_type, start_date, end_date, start_km_reading, end_km_reading data. After passed this
data, the net days count and net total km count will be calculated from the start_date, end_date,
start_km_reading, end_km_reading data. After this calculation, the function check if the
total_km bigger than max_km, if this true, extra_km charge will be calculated. Then again, the
function will check if the total_days bigger than 2, if this condition is true, the
overnight_stay_chargewill be calculated. These triple charges altogether into hire total charge,
will claim from the customer. The explained pseudocode is given below.

Figure 29 Explanation for Long Tour Hire Payment Calculation Pseudocode

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 36

3.2 Code for Rent & Hire payments calculations with database structure

3.2.1 Database structure of Ayubo Company

Figure 30 Ayubo Database

The database of the Ayubo Company is shown on above picture. This is main resource of the
company. Because this company fully depended this database for their business. There are the
privileges of storing the data of vehicle, vehicle types, hire packages, rent payment, driver, tour
types, hire other charges and rates, will gave to the specific forms. Through this, the rent
calculations and hire calculations will be executed. Once the data was inserted to this database,
when the user need that data can retrieve from here.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 37

3.2.2 Rent Payment Calculation

How the rent payment will calculate through this application is show on below picture.

Figure 31 Rent Payment

This is interface for the rent payment calculation, the user only can see this design of this
interface. After the user fill this form, the calculation code of rent is executed in the background
of this form. In here, Customer name, rent type, number of days and rent id will come from
tables of customer, rent type and rent. I.e. this data will automatically fill here. But the basic
amount, driver charge and total rent charge will fill here based on the calculation codes. In this
form, the user needs to select the rent id, after just press the button then the data should
automatically fill here. The user switches the payment type based on how the customer going
to pay. Only these activities the user will do here.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 38

 Figure 32 Code for Gathering data from other Tables

This picture shows the data assign to the variables, by get that from other tables.

Figure 33 Number of days, weeks, months calculation

This picture shows how the total number of days convert into day, week and month. After the
converting, that data should be multiplied by the rate (charge) of month, week and day. Through
this, the basic charge of rent will be calculated. In last of this picture, the yellow boxes show
the day, week and month counts assigned variables and blue boxes show the assigned variables
of rate (charge) of day, week and month.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 39

 Figure 34 Driver charge calculation

Here, the option of rent is show on the above picture. I.e. if the customer get vehicle for rent
with driver, when returned the vehicle, who need to pay for vehicle and driver. But, if the
customer chose without driver for get vehicle, the customer needs to pay only for vehicle.
Information of this condition how handled here is shown here. So, if the customer chose with-
driver option, the driver charge will be calculated like (charge per day × number of days). The
total rent payment is calculated through addition between basic charge and driver charge. If the
customer chose without driver, his total rent charge will equal to basic charge.

3.2.3 Hire Payment Calculation

Figure 35 Hire Payment

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 40

This is the interface of the hire payment calculation. The user only needs to add the start
reading, end reading, start time and end time only other details will fill automatically based on
the hire id. This form designed like this. Because the user already entered the other details in
other forms. Information related of how these details come here is show on below picture.

Figure 36 Join query for Hire payment

Following picture shows the km and time reading calculation details.

Figure 37 Figure 31 km & Time calculation

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 41

3.2.3.1 Hire Day Tour Calculation

Figure 38 Day Tour Calculation

If the customer chooses the day tour for take vehicle to hire, according this picture the
calculation will done in the background of the interface. If the customer exceeds the hire
package time limitations, will charge for extra hours and which add into the hire payment.

3.2.3.2 Hire Long Tour Calculation

Figure 39 Long Tour Calculation

According to the above picture, the day tour extra km charge, over-night charge and night
parking charges are how to calculate and how to add the charges into hire payment can
understand. Here, the condition for charge the customer for extra km charge is, the customer
need to exceed the km limit, which is based on the hire package. And, the over-night and night
parking charge is based on the hire days. I.e. if the customer take vehicle for hire over 2 days,
these charges will add into the hire payment.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 42

3.3 IDE Types and Facilities

3.3.1 IDE

IDE means Integrated Development Environment, which is an application to through this the
developer utilized for develop application. IDE is designed as each programming tasks
included. So, IDEs offer a central interface highlighting all the tools a programmer needs,
included the follows.
(Veracode, 2020)

3.3.2 Features of IDE

The important part of programming is writing code. For this some of the following features are
help to do this easy.
 Syntax highlighting
 Autocomplete
 Building executable
 Debugging

3.3.2.1 Syntax Highlighting

IDE knows the syntax of the programming languages. So, this shows the keywords
distinguishing from other words, by using color changing method. For an example, in C#, like
the Access modifiers, return type, etc. is shows in different colors for helps to show the
difference of syntax and other normal words to developer.

Figure 40 Example for IDE syntax highlighting

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 43

In the above picture shows how to distinguish the keywords from other words by the IDE. In
here, that syntaxes are covered by red line, which are the types of variables and another covered
by circle, which is the access modifier.

3.3.2.2 Autocomplete
IDE knows more programming languages. So, which will identify what will the programmer
going to type when begin of writing and suggest that to programmer. For an example the
programmer going write a code for create a new function in C#. That is 'public void
clean_fun()'. So, when the programmer going to start writing code, IDEs autocomplete function
will be activated and help the programmer to write. These details show on below picture.

Figure 41 Example for IDE Autocomplete

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3.3.2.3 Building executables
Each program has the need of the compilation process. Compilation process means, convert
action of the machine language (code) to can identified operating system. In C# language, the
visual studio is automatically compiling the code as work in windows. Because the visual
studio has the IDE function. This ability belongs to the IDE. One of the examples for how that
is happen is shown on below picture.

Figure 42 Example for IDE Building executable

When run the C# code, how that action will be executed by the visual studio is shown on above
picture.

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3.3.2.4 Debugging
In programming, the programmers can't avoid bugs and errors. So, this feature helps the
programmer to find which line has the error. At the point when a program doesn't run properly,
IDEs give debugging tools that permit developers to check at different factors and inspect their
code in a deliberate manner. For this, two examples in C# shown on single below picture.

Figure 43 Example for IDE debugging

Above picture shows the debugging feature of IDE is how to using in C#. This feature is help
for finding where the errors is. When the programmer or user run the program, these codes
automatically debug. In that case, if the code has any errors, system automatically find out the
errors and show an error message otherwise the programmer can manually check the error in
line wise. These details show on above picture.

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 3.3.3 Benefits of IDE

3.3.3.1 Differences between programming languages with IDE and non-IDE

programming languages

Table 6 Differences between the IDE programming language and non-IDE programming language

IDE Features If the programming Language has IDE If the programming Language hasn’t IDE
Syntax Highlighting When see the code again this is help for In here, difficult to identify the keywords
identify the keyword from other words. from the other words.
Autocomplete Programmer easy to find the key words But here, programmer need to know what
in programming language through this is actual keyword for the function.
feature. So, this is help to write the Because some programming languages
code. has case sensitive (upper case / lower
case). So, this is complex than that.
Debugging When run the code this s help to find In here, the error finding is difficult than
the errors and short out. that programming languages. This can
make hatred on programming to the
programmer.

Through this table can identify the IDEs benefits and importance. Other benefits of IDE are
given below.
 Faster setup - Without IDE interface, the developers need to spend much more time for
inbuilt the multiple development tools. If the developers continually working on the same
area, same type of skills used for that and same type of development tool is used here
with IDE application integration. So, there is no requirement for switching the
development tools.

 Faster development tasks - More tight incorporation of all development tasks improves
developer productivity. For instance, code can be parsed and syntax checked while being
altered, giving instant solution when syntax mistakes will present. There is no
requirement for switching the developers between the applications for finishing the tasks.
Basically, the IDEs tools and features help the developers to organize the resources, get
shortcuts and reduce the mistakes.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 47

Also, IDE streamline development through the providing the full knowledge.
 Continual learning - Keeping up to date and educated is another advantage. or an
example, the IDE's assistance topics are continually being updated, And just as new
examples, project templates, etc.

 Standardization - IDE standardize the development process of interface. So, this help
the developer to smoothly work accomplish with applications and finish the tasks
quickly.

3.3.4 Types of IDE

3.3.4.1 Multi-Language IDEs

Multi-language IDEs, for example, Eclipse, NetBeans, Komodo, Aptana and Geany, bolster
multiple programming languages.
 Eclipse - Cares C, C++, Python, Perl, PHP, Java, Ruby and then some. This free and open
source editor is the model for some development frameworks. Eclipse started as a Java
development environment and has prolonged through modules. Eclipse is overseen and
coordinated by the Eclipse.org Consortium.

 NetBeans - Cares Java, JavaScript, PHP, Python, Ruby, C, C++ and etc. This choice is
additionally free and open source. All the functions of the IDE are given by modules that
each give a well-defined function. Support for other programming languages can be
included by installing extra modules.

 Komodo IDE - Supports Perl, Python, Tcl, PHP, Ruby, Javascript and etc. This
enterprise-level tool has a more top price point.

 Aptana - Supports HTML, CSS, JavaScript, AJAX and others via plugins. This is a well-
known decision for web application development.

 Geany - Supports C, Java, PHP, HTML, Python, Perl, Pascal and some more. This is an
exceptionally adjustable environment with a huge arrangement of plugins.
(Veracode, 2020)

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3.3.4.2 IDEs for Mobile Development
For development of mobile including PhoneGab and Appcelerator's Titanium mobile, IDE is
helping.

3.3.4.3 HTML IDEs

There is some popular IDEs for developing HTML applications. For instance, HoWeSite,
FrontPage or DreamWeaver such as IDEs makes automate many tasks are involved in website
development.

3.3.4.4 Cloud-Based IDEs

Cloud-based IDEs are beginning to become mainstream. The abilities of these online IDEs are
expanding quickly, and most significant sellers will probably need to offer one to be
competitive. Cloud IDEs give developers access to their code from anyplace. For instance,
Nitrous is a cloud-based development environment platform that underpins Ruby, Python,
Node.js and then some. Cloud9 IDE supports in excess of 40 languages, including PHP, Ruby,
Python, JavaScript with Node.js, and Go. Heroku is a cloud-based development platform as a
service (PaaS), supporting a few programming languages.
(Veracode, 2020)

3.3.4.5 IDEs Specific to Microsoft or Apple

These IDEs help to who working in Microsoft or Apple environments
 Visual Studio - Cares Visual C++, C#, VB.NET, F# and others. Visual Studio is
Microsoft's IDE and is planned to make applications for the Microsoft platform.

 MonoDevelop - Cares Visual Basic, C#, C/C++and other .NET languages.

 Xcode - Cares the Objective-C and Swift languages, and Cocoa and Cocoa Touch APIs.
This IDE is just for making iOS and Mac applications and contains an iPhone/iPad
simulator and GUI builder.

 Espresso - Cares HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XML and PHP. This is a tool for Mac web
developers.

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 Coda - Supports PHP, JavaScript, CSS, HTML, AppleScript and Cocoa API. Coda bills
itself as "one-window development" for the Mac user.
(Veracode, 2020)

3.3.4.6 IDEs for Specific Languages

IDE fulfill to the programmer’s knowledge who working on single language. These include
Idle for Python, Jikes and Jcreator for Java, CodeLite and C-Free for C/C++, and RubyMine
for Ruby/Rails.

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Activity 04

4.1 System for Ayubo Company

According to the company’s need, the application was designed. Mainly this application was
designed based the main activities and main characters of this company. Some of the interfaces
of this application is given below.

4.1.1 Customer

4.1.1.1 Customer Form

Figure 44 Customer Registration interface

This picture shows the interface for the customer. Through this, customer can register his
details in the specific database of customer. When the customer gets hire a vehicle from this
company these details used for creating a payment bill. According to this picture, the customer
can save his details through click the insert button after finish the data filling.

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4.1.1.2 Customer Table in Database

Figure 45 Table of Customer

Above picture show the table for storing the customer details in the Ayubo company database.
This table connected with the customer form. Through the customer form, can insert the
customers' details into the customer table. First chart shows the customer table columns and
their data types. Second chart shows how the already inserted data stored into the table does.
The customer form was designed based on this customer table. There is no 'Allow Null' option
assign to any columns in customer table. So, through the customer form, all columns related
details should pass to here.

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4.1.2 Login Form

Figure 46 Login form

Already finish the registered persons can access this form. Only already registered persons
have the username and password. After fill the password and Username, through click the login
button can reach the menu form.

Figure 47 Successful login

If the customer put his correct username and Password, firstly, that person receive this popup
message. After this, customer can visit the menu form.

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4.1.3 Menu Form

Figure 48 Main menu

As well as the user can visit all forms through this menu form. Because every form
interconnected with this menu form.

4.1.4 Driver

4.1.4.1 Driver Form

Figure 49 Driver form

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Through this form, the user can maintain his employee’s details. If the company need the driver
details, can get the details from saved data.

4.1.4.2 Driver Table of Database

Figure 50 Table of Driver

Above picture show the table for storing the driver details in the Ayubo company database.
This table connected with the driver form. Through the driver form, can insert the drivers'
details into the driver table. First chart shows the driver table columns and their data types.
Second chart shows how the already inserted data stored into the table does. The driver form
was designed based on this driver table. There is no 'Allow Null' option assign to any columns
in driver table. So, through the customer form, all columns related details should pass to here.
Each table connected with their related tables for data transfer. Because some of the calculation
parts need different table details.

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4.1.5 Vehicle

4.1.5.1 Vehicle Related Forms

Figure 51 Vehicle details

There are three kind of forms show on same picture altogether. First is vehicle type, through
this form, the user can store what kind of vehicles does the company has. Second, vehicle this
form is used to save each vehicle unique information like vehicle no. Third, vehicle service this
form is important for manage the vehicle condition. So, these kinds of methods are used for
storing the vehicle's information here.

4.1.5.2 Vehicle Related Tables of Database

Figure 52 Table of Vehicle related forms

These are the vehicle related data storing tables in database. These tables designed based on
the company instruction. In here, each table shows their design structure and how the data does
store here. Same like customer table and driver table these tables connected with their forms.

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4.1.6 Rent Activity

4.1.6.1 Rent Related Forms

Figure 53 Rent Information

Above picture shows the rent, rent type, rent payment interfaces. Through these forms, can
store whole rent activity related information of the company. When the user wants these details
can retrieved from here and also can update or delete the information.

4.1.6.2 Rent Related Tables of Database

Figure 54 Table of Rent related forms

These are the rent related tables of the database for store the rent’ details. The form can insert
the details into the table and also retrieve details from here for update, delete and other purposes
through the connection. Here one of the columns of rent payment table has ‘Allow Null’ option.
Because of the customer can choose without driver for rent a vehicle that’s why this option
enabled for driver charge column.

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4.1.7 Hire Activity

4.1.7.1 Hire Related Forms

Figure 55 Hire information

In the above picture, four kind of interfaces are shown. First hire, through this form, the user
can save the hire duration and which hire package was chose by the customer also stored into
the database through this. Second other charges, if the customer cross the package limitations,
how to charge the customer to for that, and related details can save through this. Third hire
package, if the company need to add a special hire package, this form used for that. Fourth hire
payment, this form is used in when the customer returns the vehicle. So, these forms used to
control the whole hire activity.

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4.1.7.2 Hire Related Tables of Database

Figure 56 Table of Hire related forms

These are the hire related tables. These are connected with their forms, through this can modify
this data and also retrieve when the user needs this data.

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4.1.8 Tour and Rate

4.1.8.1 Tour and Rate Related Forms

Figure 57 Tour and Rate

Above picture shows the interfaces of tour type and rate. These forms are used to store details
related how much of km can travel and how much charged for a km. through these details, can
calculate the hire payment.

4.1.8.2 Tour and Rate Related Tables of Database

Figure 58 Tables of Rate & Tour forms

These are tables of rate and Tour, these used to store the new tour types and also data of how
to allocate the charge details. Through the forms can modify or insert the details to here.

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4.1.9 Application Execution

Purpose of this application is Ayubo Company to do their activity through this application. So,
this application needs to run without any mistakes. This application was designed as, the hire
and rent calculations automatically in a doable way by this application. Most important
activities of this company are data insert, update and delete. These functions how will done by
this application, details are given below.

4.1.9.1 Main Function

Figure 59 Main function

The main function (Common_fun) is shown on above picture. According this code, the insert,
update and delete functions will work. I.e. the enum function (fun_type) will change based on
the user pressing button. If the user press insert button, that detail will pass as parameter to the
main function. That help to show proper message to the user. Another parameter is passing to
the main function. That is SQL. This SQL has information of what kind of function going to
execute inside. So, the main function will react based the SQL. Then the SQL parameter assign
into sql. After that database connection will get into assign to the ’con’ variable. Then the data
transmission can do between the interfaces and database through open the connection. While
the connection open, the sql sent to the database as Sql Command. Through this the query will
executed. If any rows affected by that query, messagebox shows the success message,

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otherwise error message or already defined message will show. These are functions of main
function.

4.1.9.2 Insert Function

This function used in when the user needs to save a detail in his company database through
application, for this the user needs to do like shown on the below picture.

Figure 60 Insert Function

Above picture shows one of the examples for the insert function. Other forms also will work
like this. If the user need insert any this, firstly need fill all text boxes on the form, after through
pressing the insert button, can save the data into the specific form’ table. In here, one of the
vehicle type insertion is shown. How this function is run in background is show on below
picture.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 62

 Figure 61 Insert function works in background

According this picture, how the insert function will work on the background of the application
is shown on above picture. The insert function is one of the parts of this main function
(common_fun). Because the same main function is used for insert, update and delete functions
through the ‘enum’ function. The enum function will switch the main function to do insert or
update or delete function, which is based on user action. If the user press insert button, what
function was written in the background of the insert button which will run. In that case, the
vehicleType_class was called here. Through this function, the vehicleType_class functions can
be access here. But specifically, the Save_fun function access was provided to this button.
Inside of this Save_fun function, the query for insert data to the vehicle type table was written.
That query passed to the main code’ parameter ‘sql’. Through this, insert function will work.

4.1.9.3 Update Function

The update function also same like the insert function. The enum function switch the main
function based the user pressing button. So, inside of the button, the code will change but not

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in massively. The query will only change for update. So, the total function will change into
update.

Figure 62 Update Function

This picture shows, how the user will feel the data update. Through this the user can see the
data changed. But the background function is shown on following picture.

Figure 63 Update Function works in background

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In this picture, the red color arrows show, how the function called from other places. Through
this connection, update function will run.

4.1.9.4 Delete Function

Delete function also done by the main function. The triple functions will work based on the
query. If the query written for delete, the delete function will execute. Or if the query written
for insert, the insert function will execute. What kind of query will be passed to main function
(common_code), based that, function will executable.

Figure 64 Delete Function

This picture shows the delete function how will work. Can see here the selected data’ row
totally deleted.

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 Figure 65 Delete function works in background

This picture shows when the user press delete button, how the function travel to another
function.

4.2 Debug
Debug is the feature of handle the system errors when run the application, through this can find
the errors and solve that easily.

4.2.1 Debug Explanation with examples

When develop an application of Ayubo car service company digitized information system how
the debugging was helped proofs is given below.

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 Figure 66 Debugging step 1
Above picture shows the user tries insert a vehicle details in vehicle table of database, in that
time what are the problems was come is show on following pictures.

Figure 67 Error message

After the error message shown by IDE, easy to find the error and also as well as can fix that.
Following picture shows how this problem was fixed.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 67

 Figure 68 Error Fixing

The table name was in incorrected, that’s why system block the application going to run. After
fix this issue, the application can run without any errors. If the application has any errors, that
will point out the errors like that. Some of the examples for errors checking are given below.

Figure 69 Error on Column Name

Above picture shows the error about the column' name was entered incorrectly. Through this
message everyone can identify why this system won’t run and also can fix that error.

K.Sathurcigan Unit 01 Programming 68

 Figure 70 Error message for Wrong data type
Above picture shows the data type related error. Because the vehicle type is show using combo
box on interface. For show the vehicle type to the user, but while the data will insert, at the
moment the id of specific data will to replaced that name and save them. For these actions in
sql query, where were using combo boxes in interface, that will come in to the sql with their
name and connected with ‘. SelectedValue.ToString()’,but at the beginning that’s' was
mistakenly written on the query ‘.text’ after replaced these thing applications will run without
errors and can inset the data into the vehicle table.

No one can write code without any errors in this world but sometimes can reduced. But ordinary
persons will make mistakes in writing codes, for that reason this debug feature is used in visual
studio. Through this can find the errors and solve those easily. This make the good experienced
persons as. If this feature was not in visual studio, the error finding will be in difficult. This is
the major benefit of this debug feature of IDE.

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4.2.1 Benefits of Debugging

 Through the debugging feature can identify where the error has placed.
 Can identify why is that should be an error.
 Can identify how solve that specific error.

So, this an opportunity to find the error and grow the skill of error solving. This is major part
in programming. The developer when do a biggest project can’t find errors without this
features. Sometimes the system never shows the accurate error. At that time following method
is helpful for the developer.

Figure 71 Manual Debugging

According to these steps, the programmer can manually find where the error is in.

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4.3 Code standard
If a code that can be easily understood by everyone, is of a code standard. I.e. the application
will change continually. So, if the code in code standard only, the developer can update the
application easily.

4.3.1 Types of Code Standard

4.3.1.1 Class Organization

If the developer developed a biggest application without class organization, which is very
complex and difficult to find an error on that. If the developer written codes in organized class
wise, easy to understand the codes and error finding also easy. If the programmer needs to
change any features, through this, easy to change that.

For instance, in vehicle class, the common_code class function calling details show on below
picture.

Figure 72 Class Organization

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According to this picture can understand the benefits of class organizations. If the developer
needs to modify any functions to all forms, programmer will only change the main class
functions (common_code), which will apply to all classes and forms.

4.3.1.2 Guidelines
This is like take reference. Example is shown below.

Figure 73 Guidelines

According to this picture, the function was mentioned by using this Guidelines technique. If
the programmer use like this techniques, other programmers also can understand his codes
through this. And also, can update.

4.3.1.3 Naming Conventions

When creating a variable name or other type of names, the programmer needs to use a special
method. This is show on below picture.

Figure 74 Naming Convention

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In this picture, there are two type of naming conventions were shown. First, writing a name
without any spaces like ‘goodMornig’. This name is combining of two words. Those are ‘good’
and ‘morning’.But the system won’t allow the space on namming. If the programmer needs to
provide a name for a variable like this, programmer need to give like this, i.e. first word should
be in lowercase and second word’ first letter only should be in uppercase. If the programmer
writes like this, others also can identify why this variable has this name. This is the one of the
techniques of naming convention. Another one also shows on above picture. That is, if the
programmer provides a same name to the variable, that should write like ‘good_morning’.
Here, the space replaced by ‘_’. This also a naming convention.
If the programmer provides the name to the variable like this, everyone can understand the
variable properties and what kind of data stored inside of the variable.

4.3.2 Benefits of Code Standard

4.3.2.1 Individual
If one programmer didn’t use these techniques for developing an application, after few months
the same person also can’t understand his code or takes too much time for understand. But if
the programmer used these methods, easy to understand in any time.

4.3.2.2 Team
Mostly the applications will be developed by several developers. Every developer develops
each part of the application. Finally, the parts will merge by another developer. If any developer
of this group didn’t use these techniques, other developers difficult to understand the codes.
This makes the black mark to the programmer. And if there any doubts in that code, the specific
developer only can give explanation, because others difficult to identify the codes.

4.3.3 Importance of Code Standard

 The software will be under maintenance for 80% of its life.

 No any application will maintain by the original author on during full of its life.
 Code standard help to develop the coding efficient, and when see the new codes, also can
understand that easily.
 A considerable lot of these shows are really required for cross-compiler compatibility.

For these reasons, the code standard method is used by the program developers.

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Conclusion
This assignment was prepared according to the given scenario. This gave experience like
working in a software company. Because only there, the employee work based on team leader
or company’s instruction.

In here, need to implement a software for one of the car service company Ayubo. That company
has hire and rent services. Each service has special limitations. For an example, in rent service,
there two choices available for the customer. First, get the car for rent with driver. Another, get
car only. Like this hire service also has some limitations. Based on these limitations, the Ayubo
Company continually was run their service. So, if any software developer will implement a
software for this company, Should aware about these limitations and the payment calculations.

While developing a system for this company, the Object-Oriented Programming concept was
used in many places. Kind of these procedural programming paradigms could learn through
this assignment. And got knowledge about how to make standardize interfaces, how to use
algorithms and flowchart also through this.

After finish the implementation of the system for this company, can got data analyzing skills,
how to make connection between to hiddenly related entities and can get more familiar with
C# language. So, this assignment more helpful for my future job environment.

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Self-criticism
According to this assignment can able to understand what the programming is. And also can
get more knowledge through developing a system. Because when running an application, some
errors will show at the time, through solve that errors, can understand the programming deeply.

Benefits of the developing system

 Can get more IT related ideas through this.
 Can understand how to write code in proper manner through the experience of solving
errors.
 Can get experiences with programming languages.

So this is a good opportunity for get more knowledge about programming and this is seen as
way for invent more interesting and important things in IT society.

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 Gantt chart
Table 7 Gantt chart

Mar 2020 Apr 2020 May 2020 Jun 2020 Jul 2020
ID Task Name Start Finish Duration
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Creat a Linear search system for

1 02-Mar-20 08-Mar-20 7d
Cur ecncy convert
Creat a Binary search system for finding
2 1 -Mar-20 21-Mar-20 1d
index number in UGC network
Creat a plan for Ayubo company field
3 01-Apr-20 03-Apr-20 3d
database
Col ect he important deatils about he
4 04-Apr-20 05-Apr-20 2d
ayubo company enti es
Create interfaces for Ayubo company
5 10-Apr-20 12-Apr-20 3d
system
Write the algorithms for rent & hire
6 27-Apr-20 1 -May-20 15d
payments calculation
7 Software er or checking 20-May-20 1 -Jun-20 23d

8 Create the menu form 2 -Jun-20 28-Jun-20 7d

9 Finish the software implementation 02-Jul-20 08-Jul-20 7d

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References
Algorithm, 2013. Algorithm. [Online]
Available at:
https://techterms.com/definition/algorithm#:~:text=Algorithm,to%20perform%20a%20spec
ific%20task.&text=In%20computer%20programming%2C%20algorithms%20are,reference
d%20by%20a%20larger%20program.
[Accessed 20 June 2020].

Paradigms, P., 2020. Programming Paradigms. [Online]

Available at: https://cs.lmu.edu/~ray/notes/paradigms/
[Accessed 21 June 2020].

search, B., 2020. Introduction to Searching Algorithms. [Online]

Available at: https://www.studytonight.com/data-structures/search-algorithms
[Accessed 20 June 2020].

Veracode, I. D. E. I. |., 2020. Integrated Development Environments IDEs | Veracode.

[Online]
Available at: https://www.veracode.com/security/integrated-development-environment
[Accessed 20 June 2020].

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