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ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

Lesson 1: Nature and Elements of Communication

Communication
- The process of expressing and exchanging
1.) information
2.) thoughts
3.) ideas and
4.) feelings
- it involves a series of actions that lead to a particular result such as:
1.) passing on of message and
2.) exchange of ideas among others

Models of Communication

Linear Model
- This model shows straight path of relaying message
- Information from a sender is conveyed directly to the receiver.

Example: A speaker delivering a speech to the audience.

- First proposed by Aristotle.

 Claude Shannon They introduced an important

concept of this model: NOISE, or
( a mathematician and electronic engineer) barriers to effective communication and
explained

that NOISE makes the sending of

 Warren Weaver the message difficult.
(a scientist and mathematician)

❖ Professor David Berlo

- Modified Linear Model; He identify the four key elements min communication.

1.) SOURCE
- Origin of the message. The speaker was influenced by four factors( He/She belongs)
1.1 knowledge
1.2 attitudes
1.3 communication skills
1.4 sociocultural system

2.) MESSAGE
- the idea, thought, or piece of information the sender aims to express to make known. It compromised the following:
2.1 Message Content – what the message contains
2.2 Elements- language, gestures, facial expression, and body movements used by the source.
2.3 Treatment of message – how the sender delivers the message. (entertaining or funny and etc.)
2.4 Structure of message – arrangement of message for maximum effect depending on the goals of the sender.
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2.5 Code of the message – form in which message is sent. ( facial expression, gestures and etc.)

Examples of Linear Model of Communication

1.) TV
2.) Radio

2.) Interactive Model

- takes into consideration feedback from receiver.
- message originates from two sources: message from sender and feedback from receiver.

Example: conversation with friends

Feedback- comes in many forms

1.) Spoken words
2.) A nod of approval
3.) A raised eyebrow
4.) Even falling asleep during lecture.

Wilbur Schramm
- An expert in mass communication
- Introduced interactive model in 1954 which was ground breaking during that time.
- It introduced communicators
- Took the account context.

Context
- the setting in which the communication situation takes place.

Fields of Experience
- It influences the way how the communicator send message.

3.) Transactional Model

- communication as occurring continuously and simultaneously between or among people.
- two-way process in which participants are constantly sending and receiving message.

❖ Dean Barnlud
- Developed transactional message in the 1970’s

COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN AND NOISE

Breakdown
- Occur in the communication process from time to time.
- Message of feedback is not sent or received properly
⮚ The way the sender intends
⮚ Not received by the concerned party altogether

Noise
- Technical term used to refer to all possible barriers to effective communication.
- It can be: 1.) physical 2.) psychological 3.)physiological 4.) semantic
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Physical Noise
- Comes from environment
Example: voices of seatmates chatting

Psychological Noise
- Originates from emotional state, mental state, and psychological make-up of a person.
- Things that you think while listening Example: Excited to go in the beach

Physiological Noise
- “Bodily conditions” that compromise (reaching an agreement) the ability of a person to send or receive messages.
Example: Headache

Semantic Noise
- Refers to anything related to meaning of words that distorts or masks a message and confuses the listener.
- Languages and how you understand it well. Example: Unclear pronunciation of words Cultural Sensitivity
- Awareness that people have varying cultures.
- Similarities and differences of these cultures affect the ff.:
1. Values
2. Behavior
3. Learning of people
- Helps people accept or tolerate one another despite varying:
1. Beliefs
2. Moral codes
3. Point of view
- Helps people live together in relative peace.

Lack of Cultural Sensitivity

- Leads to misunderstanding or conflict

Cultural Insensitivity
- Psychological noise that interferes or distorts messages and causes communication breakdown.

Verbal and Nonverbal Cues

- Used to make the interaction clear and successful.

Verbal Cues
- Spoken words

Nonverbal Cues
- Actions

Cues
- Signal or sign

Intrapersonal Communication
- Occurring within the individual mind or self

Interpersonal Communication
- Relating to or involving relations between people.
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- Existing or happening between people.

Most Common Barriers to Effective Communication

1. Linguistic Barriers
2. Psychological Barriers
3. Emotional Barriers
4. Physical Barriers
5. Cultural Barriers
6. Organisational Structure Barriers
7. Attitude Barriers
8. Perception Barriers
9. Physiological Barriers
10. Technological Barriers
11. Socio Religious Barriers

Linguistic Barriers
- The fact that each major region has its own language is one of the barriers of effective communication.
- The dialects every two regions changes within a few kilometers.
- Even in workplace, different employees will have different linguistic skills.
- As a result, the communication channels that span across the organization would be affected by this.

Psychological Barriers
- Various mental and psychological issues that maybe barriers to effective communication that are very limit the ease
of communication difficult to manage sometimes and will most certainly are 1. Stage fright
2. Speech disorders
3. Phobia
4. Depression

Emotional Barriers
- Emotional IQ of a person determines the ease and comfort with which they can communicate.
- Emotions like anger, frustration, humor can blur the decision-making capacities of a person and thus limit the
effectiveness of their communication.

Physical Barriers
- Most obvious barrier in effective communication.
- Barriers that are most easily removable in principle at least.
- Examples includes: Closing of doors that cause loud sound, Noise coming from vehicles,
Continuous sound from roosters.

Cultural Barriers
- Different cultures have different meaning for several basic values of society.
- Dressing, religion or lack of them, food, drinks, pets and he general behavior will change drastically from one culture
to another.
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- It is a must to take these different cultures into account while in communication.
- In many multinational companies, special courses are offered at the orientation stages that let people know about
other cultures and how to be courteous and tolerant of others.
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Organizational Structure Barriers
- Each methods of communication in an organizational level has its own problem and constraints (a limitation or
restriction) that may become barriers to effective communication.
- Most of these barriers arise because of misinformation or lack of appropriate transparency available to the
employees.

Attitude Barriers
Introvert – people like to be left alone
Others like to be social or sometimes extra clingy
- Both these cases could become a barrier to communication.
- Attitude issues like ego and inconsiderate behaviors.

Perception Barriers
- Different people perceive the same things differently. We must consider this fact during communication process.
- Knowledge of the perception levels of the audience is crucial to effective communication - All the messages or
communique must be easy and clear.
- There shouldn’t be any room for a diversified interpretational set.

Physiological barriers
- Certain disorders or diseases or other limitations could also prevent effective communication between the various
channels of an organization.
- The shrillness of voice, dyslexia (Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems
identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding)), etc are some examples of
physiological barriers to effective communication.
- These are not crucial because they can easily be compensated and removed.

Technological Barriers
- Technology is developing fast and as a result, it becomes difficult to keep up with the newest developments.
- Sometimes the technological advancement may become a barrier.
- In addition to this, the cost of technology is sometimes very high.
- Most organizations will not be able to afford a decent tech for the purpose of communication and this becomes a very
crucial barrier.

Socio-Religious Barriers
- In a patriarchal (describes a general structure in which men have power over women) society, - A
woman or a transgender may face many difficulties and barriers while communicating.