CHAPTER 4

BODY MOVEMENT

Compendium

A. Organization and structure of the body

(i) Locomotion
B. Body movement
C. The human skeleton system
D. Structure of the human skeleton
(i) Skull
(ii) Backbone
(iii) Ribcage
(iv) The shoulder bone
(v) The limbs
E. Joints and movements
(i) Hinge joint
(ii) Ball and socket joint
(iii) Pivot joint
(iv) Gliding joint
F. How do muscles move the bones
G. Gait of animals
(i) Earthworm
(ii) Fish
(iii) Cockroach
(iv) Snail
(v) Bird
H. Bird’s-eye view
I. Solved Examples
J. Practice yourself
K. Solutions

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A. Organization and structure of the body

Every living organism is made up of one or more tiny structure called

cells. Cells are known as the building blocks of life. If an organism is
made up of only one cell, they are called unicellular organism.

The single-cell performs all the activities necessary for life. If an

organism is made up of many cells, they are known as multicellular
organism. The various life activities are performed by different
groups of cells. For example, the red blood cells in our body carry
oxygen to all the parts of the body.

A group of cells that performs a special job together is known as a

Tissue. Blood, bone, muscle and skin are some of the tissues in your
body. For example, muscle tissues are a group of cells, specialized to
contract and expand for the movement of body parts.

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Tissue combine to form an Organ. Each organ performs some
important function for the body. For example, the heart is an organ
that pumps blood to various parts of the body.

The eye is an organ that enables you to see. Lungs, kidneys and liver
are some of the other organs which perform important roles in our
body.

Groups of organs work together to carry

out various life activities in our body. For
example, the food pipe, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine and some other
organs together help you to digest the
food you eat. Such a group of organs is
Fig 1: cell the basic unit of life
called an Organ system.

The group of organs that carry out digestion of food collectively form
the digestive system. Some other systems in our body are: Circulatory,

respiratory, nervous, urinary (or excretory), reproductive, muscular and

skeletal.

All these systems together form our body. They all work to keep you
alive. Thus, the human body and the bodies of all multicellular living
organisms are organized as follows:

Cells → Tissue → organs → organ system→Human body

The main organ system in human body

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Organ system Organs

Skeletal system Bones & Joints

Circulatory system Heart, Blood, Blood vessels

Nervous system Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves

Respiratory system Nose, Lungs, Wind pipe

Digestive system Teeth, Food pipe, Stomach,

Intestine

Excretory system Kidneys, Bladder etc.

Locomotion

All animals show movement. The ability to move has been used as a
criterion to distinguish plants and animals. Plants apparently do not
show movement in general, while animals move more freely. Plants
are mostly fixed to the ground. So, they do not show locomotion.
Animals move from one place to another.

Animal Body part used Term used for

in locomotion locomotion
Humans Legs Walk
Cows Legs Walk

Fish Tail, Fins Walk

Snakes Whole Body Crawl

Birds Wings Fly

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Locomotion helps animals

• To move from an unfavourable environment to a favourable

environment.
• To find their food and water.
• To protect themselves from their enemies.
• To find their partners for reproduction
• To find a suitable place for laying eggs or rearing their young ones

Difference between Locomotion and Movement

Locomotion Movement
Moving away from the Movement can happen with or
original position of an without moving away form an
organism is locomotion organism's original position
It is always voluntary It can either be voluntary or
Involuntary

Locomotion takes place A movement takes place at the

at the organism level biological level.

B. Body movement

The movement in our body is brought about by the contraction of the

muscles attached to the skeleton. The muscle contraction moves our
bones like levers, and their coordinated movements move our various
body parts.

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Some very important movements in our body are:

• Movement of teeth and jaw during eating.

• Circulation of blood in the body.
• Movement of the heart muscles.
• Movement of eyelids.
For Movement and Locomotion Living Organisms need-
(a) Skeletal System (b)Muscular System

C. The human skeleton system

The bones in our body make up a
framework called Skeleton. The Did you know?
skeleton of an adult human being is
Babies have more bones
made up of 206 bones. A child has than Adults !!!
many more bones. But as he/she
grows into an adult, many of the
bones fuse together.

Functions of skeleton

The skeleton has four main functions

Support - Your body has a number of soft organs and muscles.

Skeleton provides a hard framework to support these parts.
Otherwise, the body will collapse. Your skeleton provides this
framework and holds you upright.
Protection - The bones protect the soft organs of your body. Our
brain is protected by the skull; the heart and lungs by the long thin
bones in your chest called the ribs.

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Movement - Though the
individual bones are hard,
several of them can move at
places where they are joined to
other bones. Due to this, you
can move your arms, legs,
fingers and many other parts of
your body.

Making Blood cells - Bones are

hard from the outside, but they
are soft and spongy on the
inside. The inside of bones
contains a soft substance called
the bone marrow. All the blood
cells are made in the bone
marrow.

The skeletal system consists of

bones and cartilages. While
bones are hard to structure, the
cartilages are soft and elastic Fig 2: Human Skeleton

and can be easily bent. Cartilage is located in the ear lobe and nose.

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Try and learn

1. Is it possible for a single cell to perform all the necessary activities

for life? If yes, in what kind of organisms?
2. Name the organ system to which brain belongs.
3. Is an organ made up of only a single type of cell, or it is made up
of different type of cell?
Ans-1: Yes, unicellular Ans-2: Nervous system
Ans-3 Single type of cell

D. Structure of the human skeleton

The human skeleton has four basic parts –

(a) The skull, (b) The backbone or spine

(c) The ribs and (d) The limbs.

(a) The skull

The skull is the bony structure that surrounds and protects your
brain. It contains holes for our ears,
Mental floss!
eyes, nose and mouth. The upper
part is made up of 8 flat bones The only bone in the

joined together. The face and jaw human body not

contain 14 bones. Your teeth are connected to another is

fixed to the jawbones. The lower jaw the hyoid, a V shaped

bone is the only movable bone in bone located at the base

the present in our skull. It helps you of the tongue.

to chew your food and talk.

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Did you know?

The skull is made up of 22 different

bones which grow together during
childhood.

(b) The backbone or spine

Press and move your fingers along the centre of the back of a friend.
Can you feel a long hard bony structure which is not very smooth? This
is the backbone. It is not at all smooth because it is made up of a
number of small bones.

The backbone consists of 33 small bones called vertebrae. The

vertebrae are joined to each other.

The joints allow slight movement of the

vertebrae. Due to this you can bend and
twist your back. The backbone is attached
to the base of the skull. It forms the central
supporting rod for the skeleton. Each
vertebra has a hole in it. The spinal cord is a
very delicate structure which passes
through these holes. Thus, the backbone
protects the spinal cord.

The backbone is also called the spine or

Fig 3: Structure of spine
the vertebral column.

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The first 24 vertebrae are joined serially by elastic-like cartilages. The
five vertebrae of the hip are fused and inseparable. 4 vertebrae of the
tail are also fused.
The backbone has five regions. Starting from the top, these regions
are
Did you know?
• Neck
• Chest The Tail bone known as

• Belly Coccyx gets its name from

• Hip resembling the beak of a

cuckoo bird
• Tail

Mental floss!

Bones can be photographed

by X-rays, because X-rays
cannot pass through bones.
Doctors use such photographs
to examine fractures.

Fig 4: Fractured leg

(c)The Rib cage

The chest bone forms a cone-shaped bony cage. The

elliptical bones of the cage are called ribs. The ribs
are thin, flat, curved bones that form a protected
cage around the organs in the upper part of the
body. This is called the rib cage.
Fig 5: The rib
cage

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The rib cage consists of 24 bones arranged in 12 pairs. All of them
are joined to the breastbone in front. The last two pairs that are not
joined to the breastbone are called floating ribs.
The rib cage protects the heart and the lungs. It also protects parts of
the stomach and the kidneys.

(d) The shoulder bones

The shoulder bone is formed by collar bone

and the shoulder blade.

It connects the upper part of the chest and

bones of the arm.
Fig 6: Collarbone &
(e)The Limbs(arms and legs)
shoulder blade

Nearly half of your bones are in your hands, wrists, feet and ankles. The
leg bones include the thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot and the toes. Legs
enable us to stand, walk, run and play.

The longest bone of your body is the thigh bone or the femur. The
lower half of the leg has a long shinbone and calf bone. The ankles
and the feet have a number of small bones. The femur is attached to
the hip bone through the hip joint. In the frontal part of the knee, there
is a disc-like knee cap called the patella.

Each toe has three smaller bones. The toe bones also help us in
walking and running. In the normal foot, the bones are set to form an
arch-like arrangement. The feet arches provide good support to the
body.

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People with flat foot, the bones are not arched. Some people with
flat foot feel pain.
The upper arm has one long bone called the humerus. The lower
arm has two long bones. The wrist and hands have several bones.

Fig 7: leg bones Fig 8: Bones present in arm

E. Joints and movement

The joints in the body are the places where two bones are joined
together. The joints are strong enough to withstand the jerks. The
ends of bones are covered with soft cartilages. It acts as a shock
absorber and reduces friction between the bones.
Cartilages are also present in some parts of the body that are not as
hard as the bones, for example, the upper part of the ear.

The bones are held together at the joints by strong, stretchy bands
called ligaments. There are many joints in the body. The joints are of
three types, depending on the types of movement they allow-
immovable, slightly movable and freely movable.

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The bones in the skull ( except the lower jaw bone) do not allow any
movement. The joints between the ribs and the breastbone allow only
slight movement. Most of the joints in the human body are freely
movable joints. These freely movable joints are of four main types,
depending on the type of movement they allow.

(i)Hinge Joint

The elbow, knee and finger joints allow movement in one plane only,
that is, up and down or backwards and forward, like the hinges of a
door. Such joints are therefore called hinge joints.

Fig 10: Ball and socket joint Fig9 : Hinge joint

(ii) Ball and socket joint

The shoulder and hip joints allow movement in all directions. In such
joints, the end of one of the bones is round like a ball. It fits into a
hollow part (socket) in the other bone. The bone that ends in a ball, for
example, the femur or the humerus, can move in any direction. Such
a joint is called a ball and socket joint.

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(iii) Pivot joint

The neck joint also allows movement in all

directions. It allows you to move your head up
and down, left and right and also to rotate it. In
such joints, one of the bones ends in a rounded
or conical surface that fits into a dent in the
other bone. Such a joint is called a pivot joint. Fig11: Pivot joint

(vi) Gliding joint

The wrist or ankle joints have flattened ends of bones that can move
(or glide) against each other. These joints allow side to side as well as
backward and forward movement. The vertebrae also have similar
joints that allow slight movement. Such joints are called gliding
joints.

Fig 12. Gliding joint

F. How do muscles move the bones

The two systems which make different movements possible in our

body are
• The skeletal system
• The muscular system

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All higher animals use muscles and bones for all kinds of movements.
The body frame made from the bones is called the skeleton. There are
206 bones in the human skeleton.

These bones are held together at the joints by tough tissues called
ligaments. The muscles allow several body parts to move at the joints
by contracting and expanding.

Bones provide leverage or rapid contraction and relaxation of the

muscles. Muscles work in pairs- when one muscle relaxes, the other
one contracts.

The movement of the arm at the elbow joint is controlled by two

muscles - biceps and triceps. When the arm is moved up, the biceps
contracts and becomes shorter, and the triceps expands. This is called
a flexing arm.

When the arm is straightened or extended, the triceps contracts while

the biceps expands.

Mental floss!

The skeleton that is inside

the body and made of
bones is called
endoskeleton.
The skeleton that is outside Fig 13: Muscles move the bones by
the body and not made of their pull

bones is called exoskeleton.

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Tendons Ligaments
Attaches bone to muscle Attaches bone to
bone
Sturdy Elastic
Non-Elastic Stabilize
Size changes depending Made of many fibres
on muscle
Anchor Strong

Formation of skeleton

Our skeleton starts forming as soft and plastic pieces of cartilage

during the development of a foetus. Some of this cartilage during
the course of time change to bones.

Deposition of calcium and phosphorous makes the bones hard

and strong. At the time of birth, the bones are soft, becomes harder
as we grow and become brittle in the old age.

For healthy bones, a diet rich in calcium, phosphorous, proteins and

vitamins should be taken. Our diet, therefore, must contain milk, milk
products, meat, eggs, wholegrain, beans, leafy vegetables, nuts, ragi
,etc.

The long bones such as thigh bones, upper arm bones have bone
marrow inside them. The soft spongy material present inside the
bone is called bone marrow. Bone marrow produces red blood cells
and some white blood cells.

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Did you know?

You get a new Skeletal

system every 10 years . Bone
Cells are constantly renewed
and a new skeleton is ready
every 10 years

Did you know?

Humans and Giraffe have same

amount of bones in their
necks.

Think about this

Do all animals have bones?

Bones are present only in animals having a backbone. All animals

do not have bones in their skeletal system.

For example,

The skeleton of a shark is made of only cartilage. Worms, leeches

and jelly-fish have no hard structure to support their bodies.

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Try and learn

1. Blood cells are made in the skeletal system. In which part of the
skeletal system are they made?
2. Which joint allows a greater movement- a hinge joint or ball and
socket joint?
3. In which part of skeletal system are almost all bones immovable?
Ans-1 Bone marrow
Ans-2 Ball and Socket
Ans-3 Skull

G. Gait of animals

Different animals use different organs to move from one place to

another. For example, birds fly, fish swim, snakes slither or crawl.

How do birds fly?

Birds have two kinds of locomotion.

Birds can walk on any surface with their legs. The bones of the hind
limbs are fit for walking and perching. Ducks and swans can also
swim in the water. Birds fly in the air by spreading their wings. They
use their chest muscles to flap their wings.
The body of birds is streamlined and suitable for flying. Their bones
are hollow and light in weight. The bony parts of the forelimbs are
modified as wings.

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Did you know?

Mosquitoes and houseflies fly
with the help of wings attached
The narrow wings of a
to their bodies.
hummingbird can flap 20 to 70
times per second

How do fish move ?

Fish have a spindle-shaped streamlined body. This shape of the body

helps it to move in the water.
Fish use their muscular tail and fins for swimming.
The air-filled swim bladder makes the body buoyant.
During swimming, the front part of the body and the tail part curve in
opposite directions. This makes a jerk and pushes the body forward. A
series of such jerks make the fish swim ahead.
The paired and unpaired fins help to keep the balance of the body and
to keep directions.

Fig15: Movement in fish

Fig14: Bird
by using tail fin

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How do snakes move?

A snake has a vertebrate. It has a long

backbone which is flexible. The
adjoining vertebrae, ribs and skin are
interconnected with slender body
muscles.

Movement of snake is called slithering.

A snake while moving makes many
loops on its side of the body. The Fig 16: Movement in snake

forward push of the loops against the surface makes the snake move
in the forward direction.

How does cockroach move?

Cockroaches can walk and climb on a surface and can also fly up to
a short distance in the air.
The three pair of jointed legs attached to the breast region help
cockroach to walk.
The exoskeleton is also jointed and permit movement.
The two pairs of wings are attached to the breast.

In the breast region, there are strong

and large muscles. These muscles
move the legs for walking. Another
set of breast muscles move the wings
during flying.

Fig 17: Movement in cockroach

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How does a snail move?

The body of the snail is covered with a

hard shell. The shell cannot help the snail
in locomotion. The snail comes out of a
circular hole in the shell. The snail has a
muscular foot which is a part of its belly
Fig18. Movement in snail
and helps it in locomotion.
The snails move very slowly with a wavy motion.

How does an earthworm move?

A matured earthworm has a ringed body.

A large number of very small bristles are projected out on the under
the surface. These bristles are connected with muscles at their bases.
Earthworms and leeches move by contracting and expanding their
bodies. There are bristle-like projections called setae on their bodies
which help in movement. The muscular movement pushes their
blood in the direction of the body movement. This movement of blood
makes the body to move.

Fig 19 : Earth worm

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Try and learn

1. Do all animals have bones? Give examples

2. Do the following have endoskeleton or exoskeleton?
Human, crab, cockroach
Ans-1 No, worms, insects
Ans-2 Human- Endoskeleton
Crab- Exoskeleton
Cockroach- Exoskeleton

Bird’s-eye view

• All living organism are made up of cells.

• Cells make up tissues; tissues make up organs; organs make up
organ system; organ system makes up the human body.
• The main organ systems in the human body are skeletal,
muscular, circulatory, nervous, respiratory, digestive, excretory
and reproductive.
• The skeleton gives support and protection, helps in the
movements and makes blood cells.
• The human skeleton can be divided into four main parts- skull,
backbone, ribs and limbs.
• The main types of joints in the body that allow movement are
hinge joints(e.g. elbow), ball and socket joint (e.g. shoulder), pivot
joint(e.g. neck) and gliding joint (e.g. ankle)
• Muscles pull at bones to make them move at the joints.

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• An earthworm moves by expanding and contracting its body
muscles.
• A fish moves by moving its tail fin in a zig-zag pattern.
• A snake moves by curving its body into many loops, each loop
pushing against the ground.

Solved examples

1. The human skeleton consists of

(a)200 bones (b) 206 bones
(c) 300 bones (d) 306 bones
Ans- b

2. The rib cage protects the

(a)kidneys (b) stomach

(c) lungs (d) intestines

Ans-c

3. In the birds, the wings are modifications of a fore limbs b hind limbs
c tail d muscles
Ans- a
4. Worms do not have bones. True/ false
Ans- T
5. The teeth are a part of _____ system
Ans- digestive
6. What are the functions of the spine?
Ans- It allows the movement due to which we can be bend easily.

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7. Connecting bands by which muscles are joined to the bones
Ans- tendons
8. List the main functions of the human skeleton.
• Support - Your body has a number of soft organs and muscles. It
is necessary to have a hard framework to support these parts;
otherwise, the body will collapse
• Protection- The brain is protected by the skull, the heart and lungs
by the long thin bones in your chest called the ribs.
• Movement of several bones
• Making blood cells in the bone marrow.

Multiple Choice Type (Each carries one mark)

1. Which of the following organ system is different in males and
females?
(a) Digestive system (b) Excretory system
(c) Muscular system (d) Reproductive System
2. Which of the following is not an organ system?
(a) Liver (b) Respiratory
(c) Digestive (d) Excretory
3. Which of the following has less number of movable joints?
(a) Legs and feet (b) Skull
(c) Arms and hands (d) Backbone

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4. The two bones are joined by
(a) Ligament (b) Cartilage
(c) Tendons (d) Bone marrow
5. The structure that protects the main nerve cord is
(a) Skull (b) Backbone
(c) Chest bone (d) Breastbone
6. The hinge joints allow movement of an elbow in
(a) Every direction
(b) One plane only
(c) Two planes only
(d) Depends on where the joint is located
7. The joint in the cranium is a
(a) Gliding joint (b) Ball-socket joint

(c) Fixed joint (d) Hinge joint

Very Short Answer Type (Each carries one mark)

1. All living organisms present on this earth planet are made up of a

number of cells. True/ false
2. Part of the bony skeleton which is not as hard as bones and can be
bent.
3. When an organism moves from one place to another.
4. A child has more bone in the body than an adult. True/ False
5. Name two organs protected by the ribcage.
6. The longest bone present in the human body.
7. Do animals having the backbone? What are they known as?
8. What is the shape that fish, birds, aeroplanes and ships have that
reduces air/ water resistance?
9. What type of joint is between the shoulder and the upper arm.

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10. Worms do not have bones. True/ False

Short Answer Type (Each carries two or three marks)

1. How does locomotion differ from the movement?

2. What is tissue?
3. What is bone marrow? Write its two functions.
4. Which fin present in the fish helps it to move?
5. List two adaptations in birds that help them to fly.
6. What is meant by joints in our body?
7. What is the function of biceps and triceps?

Long Answer Type (Each carries four marks)

1. Mention the functions of the skeletal system.

2. How do birds fly?
3. Write the difference between a normal foot and flat foot?
4. Describe the structure of backbone of a human body with the
help of a labelled diagram.
5. What is the difference between endoskeleton and exoskeleton?
6. How can you classify joints on the basis of extent of movement
they allow?

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1. Match the following

a. Skull 1 ball and socket joint

b. Ribs 2 Immovable joint

c. Shoulder 3 Gliding joint

d. Vertebrae 4 Protect heart

e. Ankle 5 Slightly movable joint

2.True and false

a. The vertebral column of humans is made up of cartilage

b. The knee is protected by a knee cap

c. Earthworm moves by the help of its foot muscles.

d. Birds have bones with air cavities in them.

e. The cartilage is harder than bones.

f. Ten pair of ribs are attached to the breastbone

3. Fill in the blanks

a. Birds have _____ muscles, and _____ help them to fly.

b. The earthworm has two sets of muscles _______ and _______ that
help in its movement.
c. The human backbone is made up of bones called ________.

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d. In cockroach _______ help in walking and ______ muscles help the
movement of wings.
4. Give one word of the following

a. Tissues in which blood cells are formed

b. The longest bone in the body

c. Another name for backbone

d. Joints present in between the vertebrae

e. Flexible tissue present in the nose

f. Kind of joint between the upper leg and hip gridle.

5. Reema noticed that a child has 300 bones, whereas an adult who
has grown up bigger in size has only 206 bones?
6. Imagine yourself with a vertebral column with a single long bone
or with fixed joints. How will such a change affect your life?
7. Some people suffer from pain in the joints. Find out the reasons
for the painful joints. How can they be cured?
8. Fish move by using their side fins as oars. Do you agree?\
9. The movements of some parts of your body are not within your
control. Can you name two such parts?
10. Why are X-rays used for examining any fracture/ dislocation in
bones?
11. Name the bone in the human body, which is not connected to any
other bone. Where is this bone located in the body?
12. What are artificial joints and limbs? Give suitable examples.

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13. Crossword Puzzle

6
J 7

1
L4 5
C M

8
P

2
T C
3
L
C

Across

1. Movement of an organism bodily from one place to another. (10)

2. The extensor muscle of the arm( 6)
3. Soft shock absorber that reduces friction between the bones (9)
Down

4. Strong flexible bands of connective tissue holding the bones

together. (9)
5. A zipper -like fixed joint. (7)
6. Location where two or more bones meet. (5)
7. Change in the position of any part of the body.(8)
8. The disk-like knee cap. (6)

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Label the given skeletal system

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Solutions

Novice level

MCQ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d a b a b b c

VSA

1.F

2. Cartilage

3.Locomotion

4.T

5. Heart and Lungs

6. Femur

7.Vertebrae

8. Streamlined body

9. Ball and socket

10.T

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Advance level

Match the columns

a b c d e
2 4 1 5 3

True or false

a F, b T, c F, d T, e F, f T

Fill in the blanks

a- Strong, wings

b- Circular, longitudinal

c- Vertebrae

d- Leg muscle, breast

Give one word of the following

a. Bone marrow

b. Thighbone

c. Vertebral column

d. Slightly movable joints

e. Cartilage

f. Ball and socket joint

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Crossword
Across
1 Locomotion
2 Triceps
3 cartilage
Down
4 Ligaments
5 Cranium
6 Joints
7 Movement
8 Patella
Answer

END

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