Visit https://ebookfinal.

com to download the full version and

explore more ebook

Introduction to the Simulation of Dynamics Using

Simulink 1st Edition Michael A. Gray

_____ Click the link below to download _____

https://ebookfinal.com/download/introduction-to-the-
simulation-of-dynamics-using-simulink-1st-edition-
michael-a-gray/

Explore and download more ebook at ebookfinal.com

Here are some recommended products that might interest you.
You can download now and explore!

Modeling and Simulation of Systems Using MATLAB and

Simulink 1 Har/Cdr Edition Devendra K. Chaturvedi

https://ebookfinal.com/download/modeling-and-simulation-of-systems-
using-matlab-and-simulink-1-har-cdr-edition-devendra-k-chaturvedi/

ebookfinal.com

Introduction to Scientific Programming and Simulation

Using R 2nd Edition Owen Jones

https://ebookfinal.com/download/introduction-to-scientific-
programming-and-simulation-using-r-2nd-edition-owen-jones/

ebookfinal.com

System Simulation Techniques with MATLAB and Simulink 1st

Edition Dingyü Xue

https://ebookfinal.com/download/system-simulation-techniques-with-
matlab-and-simulink-1st-edition-dingyu-xue/

ebookfinal.com

Chemical Engineering Dynamics An Introduction to Modelling

and Computer Simulation Third Edition Dr. John Ingham

https://ebookfinal.com/download/chemical-engineering-dynamics-an-
introduction-to-modelling-and-computer-simulation-third-edition-dr-
john-ingham/
ebookfinal.com
Introduction to MATLAB and SIMULINK A Project Approach
Third Edition Engineering Ottmar Beucher

https://ebookfinal.com/download/introduction-to-matlab-and-simulink-a-
project-approach-third-edition-engineering-ottmar-beucher/

ebookfinal.com

An Introduction to Statistical Computing A Simulation

based Approach 1st Edition Jochen Voss

https://ebookfinal.com/download/an-introduction-to-statistical-
computing-a-simulation-based-approach-1st-edition-jochen-voss/

ebookfinal.com

Building energy simulation a workbook using designbuilder

Second Edition Garg

https://ebookfinal.com/download/building-energy-simulation-a-workbook-
using-designbuilder-second-edition-garg/

ebookfinal.com

Modeling and Simulation in Ecotoxicology with Applications

in MATLAB and Simulink Kenneth R. Dixon

https://ebookfinal.com/download/modeling-and-simulation-in-
ecotoxicology-with-applications-in-matlab-and-simulink-kenneth-r-
dixon/
ebookfinal.com

An Introduction to Statistical Signal Processing 1st

Edition Robert M. Gray

https://ebookfinal.com/download/an-introduction-to-statistical-signal-
processing-1st-edition-robert-m-gray/

ebookfinal.com
Introduction to the Simulation of Dynamics Using
Simulink 1st Edition Michael A. Gray Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Michael A. Gray
ISBN(s): 9781439818978, 1439818975
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 6.50 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
INTRODUCTION TO

the Simulation
of Dynamics
Using Simulink®
 Chapman & Hall/CRC
Computational Science Series

SERIES EDITOR
Horst Simon
Associate Laboratory Director, Computing Sciences
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Berkeley, California, U.S.A.

AIMS AND SCOPE

This series aims to capture new developments and applications in the field of computational sci-
ence through the publication of a broad range of textbooks, reference works, and handbooks.
Books in this series will provide introductory as well as advanced material on mathematical, sta-
tistical, and computational methods and techniques, and will present researchers with the latest
theories and experimentation. The scope of the series includes, but is not limited to, titles in the
areas of scientific computing, parallel and distributed computing, high performance computing,
grid computing, cluster computing, heterogeneous computing, quantum computing, and their
applications in scientific disciplines such as astrophysics, aeronautics, biology, chemistry, climate
modeling, combustion, cosmology, earthquake prediction, imaging, materials, neuroscience, oil
exploration, and weather forecasting.

PUBLISHED TITLES

PETASCALE COMPUTING: Algorithms and Applications

Edited by David A. Bader
PROCESS ALGEBRA FOR PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
Edited by Michael Alexander and William Gardner
GRID COMPUTING: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS
Barry Wilkinson
INTRODUCTION TO CONCURRENCY IN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Matthew J. Sottile, Timothy G. Mattson, and Craig E Rasmussen
INTRODUCTION TO SCHEDULING
Yves Robert and Frédéric Vivien
SCIENTIFIC DATA MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES, TECHNOLOGY, AND DEPLOYMENT
Edited by Arie Shoshani and Doron Rotem
INTRODUCTION TO THE SIMULATION OF DYNAMICS USING SIMULINK®
Michael A. Gray
INTRODUCTION TO

the Simulation
of Dynamics
Using Simulink®

Michael A. Gray
��MATLAB®, Simulink®, and Stateflow® are trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. and are used with
permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text of exercises in this book. This
book’s use or discussion of MATLAB®, Simulink®, and Stateflow® software or related products does not
constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or
particular use of the MATLAB®, Simulink®, and Stateflow® software.

Chapman & Hall/CRC

Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Chapman & Hall/CRC is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-1898-5 (Ebook-PDF)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor-
age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy-
right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro-
vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a pho-
tocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
 This book is dedicated to my wife, Mary Teresa, and my father,
John M. Gray, without whose influence, constant encouragement,
and unfailing support it would not have been possible.
Table of Contents

Preface, xv

Chapter 1  Introduction and Motivation 1

1.1 Systems 2
1.1.1 Examples of Systems 3
1.1.2 Classifying Systems 4
1.2 Dynamical Models of Physical Systems 4
1.2.1 Discrete-Time Models 5
1.2.2 Continuous Models 5
1.3 Constructing Simulations from Dynamical
Models 5
1.3.1 Block-Diagram Models 6
1.3.2 Block-Diagram Simulations 7
1.4 How Simulators are Used 7
1.5 Summary 8
References and Additional Reading 8

Chapter 2  The Basics of Simulation in Simulink 11

2.1 Simplest Model to Simulate 11
2.1.1 The Feedforward Block Diagram 13
2.2 Models in Simulink 13
2.2.1 Documenting a Model 13
2.3 Simulation of the Simplest Model 16
2.3.1 Output Blocks from the Sinks Library 16

vii
viii   ◾   Table of Contents

2.3.1.1 The Scope Block 17

2.3.2 Input Blocks from the Sources Library 20
2.3.2.1 The Constant Block 22
2.3.3 Block Connections 23
2.3.4 Running the Simulation 24
2.3.4.1 The Configuration Parameters 24
2.3.4.2 Observing the Simulation Output 24
2.3.4.3 Default Ranges and Autoscale 26
2.3.4.4 Making the Scope Output Printable 27
2.4 Understanding How Time is Handled In
Simulation 27
2.5 A Model with Time as a Variable 28
2.5.1 The Clock Block from the Sources Library 29
2.5.2 Processing Blocks from the Math Operations
Library 31
2.5.2.1 The Product Block 31
2.5.2.2 The Add Block 32
2.6 How Simulink Propagates Values in Block
Diagrams 35
2.7 A Model with Uniform Circular Motion 38
2.7.1 The Sine Wave Block from the Sources Library 40
2.7.2 The Gain Block from the Math Operations Library 41
2.7.3 The XY Graph Block from the Sinks Library 44
2.8 A Model with Spiraling Circular Motion 44
2.8.1 The Math Function Block from the Math
Operations Library 45
2.9 Uncertainty in Numbers and Significant
Figures 47
2.10 Summary 52
References and Additional Reading 52
 Table of Contents   ◾   ix

Chapter 3  Simulation of First-Order Difference Equation

Models 55
3.1 What Is a Difference Equation? 56
3.1.1 Difference Equation Terminology 56
3.2 Examples of Systems with Difference
Equation Models 57
3.3 First-Order Difference Equation Simulation 58
3.3.1 The Input and Output Ports of a Block 58
3.3.2 The Memory Block from the Discrete Library 61
3.3.3 The Feedback Block Diagram 62
3.3.4 The IC Block from the Signal Attributes Library 63
3.3.5 Setting Initial Conditions with the Initial
Conditions Field of the Memory Block 66
3.4 Examining the Internals of a Simulation 68
3.4.1 The Floating Scope Block from the Sinks Library 69
3.5 Organizing the Internal Structure of a
Simulation 72
3.5.1 The Subsystem Block from the Ports and
Subsystems Library 73
3.6 Using Vector and Matrix Data 78
3.6.1 Vector and Matrix Constants 79
3.6.2 The Display Block from the Sinks Library 81
3.6.3 Colors for Displaying Scope Vector Input 83
3.7 Summary 85
References and Additional Reading 86

Chapter 4  Simulation of First-Order Differential Equation

Models 87
4.1 What is a Differential Equation? 87
4.1.1 Differential Equation Terminology 88
x   ◾   Table of Contents

4.2 Examples of Systems with Differential

Equation Models 89
4.3 Reworking First-Order Differential
Equations into Block Form 92
4.4 First-Order Differential Equation
Simulation 93
4.4.1 The Integrator Block from the Continuous Library 93
4.4.2 Specifying Initial Values for First-Order
Differential Equation Simulations 94
4.5 Saving Simulation Data in Matlab 98
4.5.1 The To Workspace Block from the Sinks Library 99
4.5.2 Saving Simulation Data in a File 101
4.6 Summary 103
References and Additional Reading 105

Chapter 5  Fixed-Step Solvers and Numerical Integration

Methods 107
5.1 What Is a Solver? 107
5.2 Understanding the Basics of Numerical
Integration Algorithms 108
5.2.1 The Euler Method 109
5.2.2 Taylor’s Theorem 110
5.2.3 A Graphical View of the Euler Method 113
5.3 Understanding Solver Errors 115
5.4 Improving the Basic Algorithms 118
5.4.1 Runge–Kutta Methods 119
5.4.2 Corrector Methods 122
5.4.3 Multistep Methods 126
5.5 Fixed-Step Solvers in the Simulink Software 129
5.6 Summary 131
References and Additional Reading 132
 Table of Contents   ◾   xi

Chapter 6  Simulation of First-Order Equation Systems 133

6.1 What is a First-order Difference Equation
System? 134
6.2 Examples of First-order Difference
Equation Systems 134
6.3 Simulating a First-order Difference
Equation System 135
6.3.1 The Two-Input Scope Block 135
6.3.2 Algebraic Loops 136
6.4 What is a First-order Differential Equation
System? 143
6.5 Examples of First-order Differential
Equation Systems 144
6.6 Simulating a First-order Differential
Equation System 144
6.7 Combining Connections on a Bus 148
6.7.1 The Bus Creator Block from the Signals Routing
Library 149
6.8 Summary 152
Refernces and Additional Reading 153

Chapter 7  Simulation of Second-Order Equation Models:

Nonperiodic Dynamics 155
7.1 Simulation of Second-Order Difference
Equation Models 155
7.1.1 Sequential Structure 156
7.1.2 Layered Structure 158
7.2 Simulation of SEcond-Order Differential
Equation Models 160
7.2.1 Sequential Structure 162
7.2.2 Layered Structure 164
7.3 Second-Order Differential Equation
Models with First-Order Terms 168
xii   ◾   Table of Contents

7.3.1 Viscosity Modeled by a Linear Function of

Velocity 168
7.3.2 Viscosity Modeled by a Quadratic Function of
Velocity 171
7.4 Conditional Dynamics 176
7.4.1 Object Moving at the Earth’s Surface 176
7.4.1.1 The Switch Block from the Signal Routing
Library 180
7.4.1.2 The Zero-Order Hold Block from the
Discrete Library 182
7.4.1.3 The If Action Subsystem from the Ports &
Subsystems Library 183
7.4.1.4 The If Block from the Ports & Signals
Library 183
7.4.1.5 The Merge Block from the Signal Routing
Library 183
7.5 Summary 187
References and Additional Reading 187

Chapter 8  Simulation of Second-Order Equation Models:

Periodic Dynamics 189
8.1 Orbital Systems 189
8.1.1 The Gravitational Attraction between Two Objects 189
8.1.2 The Earth–Sun System 190
8.1.3 Circular Orbits 192
8.1.4 The Earth–Satellite System 197
8.2 Masked Subsystems 200
8.2.1 A Simple Example 201
8.2.2 Parameterizing the Subsystem Components 202
8.2.3 Creating the Subsystem Mask 204
8.3 Creating Libraries 206
8.4 Summary 212
References 214
 Table of Contents   ◾   xiii

Chapter 9  Higher-Order Models and Variable-Step

Solvers 217
9.1 Direct Simulation by Multiple Integrations 217
9.1.1 An Automobile Suspension Model 218
9.1.2 The Terminator Block from the Sinks Library 218
9.1.3 Transformation into a First-Order Equation
System 221
9.2 Producing Function Forms for Simulation
Results 222
9.3 Variable-Step Solvers 225
9.3.1 Example Variable-Step-Size Algorithm 226
9.3.2 Example Variable-Step, Fourth-Order Runge–
Kutta Solver 226
9.4 Variable-Step Solvers in Simulink 228
9.5 Summary 228
References and Additional Reading 229

Chapter 10  Advanced Topics: Transforming Ordinary

Differential Equations, Simulation of
Chaotic Dynamics, and Simulation of Partial
Differential Equations 231
10.1 Transforming Ordinary Differential
Equations 231
10.1.1 The Laplace Transform 235
10.1.2 A Laplace Transform Example 237
10.1.3 Simulation by Nested Transforms 240
10.1.4 Simulation by Partitioned Transforms 243
10.1.5 The Transfer Fcn Block from the Continuous
Library 247
10.1.6 Examples of Transfer Function Simulation 247
10.1.6.1 Impulse-Driven Spring 247
10.1.6.2 Analog Signal Filter 250
10.1.6.3 Disk Drive Motion under Control 251
xiv   ◾   Table of Contents

10.2 Simulation of Chaotic Dynamics 253

10.2.1 Example of a Chaotic System—the Lorenz Model 254
10.2.2 The Logistic Map 257
10.3 Simulation of Partial Differential
Equations 264
10.3.1 What Is a Partial Differential Equation? 264
10.3.2 Examples of Systems with Partial Differential
Equation Models 265
10.3.3 Simulating Partial Differential Equation Models 267
10.3.4 The Embedded MATLAB Function Block from the
User-Defined Functions Library 269
10.4 Summary 276
References and Additional Reading 278

Appendix A: Alphabetical List of Simulink Blocks, 281

Appendix B: The Basics of MATLAB for Simulink

Users, 283
B.1 The MATLAB Main Window 283
B.2 The Default Folder in MATLAB 284
B.3 Launching Simulink from MATLAB 285
B.4 Simulink Model Files in MATLAB 285
References and Additional Reading 288

Appendix C: Debugging a Simulink Model, 289

C.1 Starting the Debugger 289
C.2 Running the Model in Step Mode 291
C.3 Running the Model in Trace Mode 299
Additional Reading 300

Index, 301
Preface

The importance of simulation as an integral part of the analytical methods

of science and technology grew rapidly in the latter half of the last century,
and as the twenty-first century unfolds, simulation will expand its role as a
tool for modern science and technology. Because this subject is so vital in
technological work, it is important that undergraduate students receive an
early introduction to it so that they are comfortable with employing simula-
tion whenever it is useful, both in their course work and later in their jobs.
To support early study of simulation, we must have undergraduate-level
textbooks that are satisfactory for use by a general community of science,
engineering, and technology students. Some textbooks are based on con-
structing simulations using general-purpose programming languages, and
such books are therefore restricted to undergraduates with programming
experience. Other textbooks focus on simulation and modeling in the
abstract, and these typically provide few modern computer tools for the
students to use. Many textbooks introduce simulation only at an advanced
undergraduate or graduate level in connection with a specific scientific,
engineering, or technological field. This textbook follows a different strat-
egy by aiming at the general scientific, engineering, and technological
undergraduate student community with no programming experience.
To support this strategy, I have based this study of simulation on the
use of modern graphical simulation tools. The tool I use is the Simulink®
software, which is part of the MATLAB® software system. The graphically
based Simulink application is attractive to modern undergraduates, who
have grown up on visually appealing and intuitively useful computer appli-
cations. I also stress the generality of simulation by using examples from
different science, engineering, and technology fields. Early undergraduate
students will benefit from this approach, since early undergraduate study
is exactly the time when breadth of knowledge is sought and when unify-
ing themes across the sciences and technologies are studied.

xv
xvi   ◾   Preface

While the translation of a physical model into a simulation may

be easy for advanced students, it is not always intuitive for beginning
undergraduates, so I concentrate on giving the reader a clear explanation
of how to go from physical models described by mathematical equations
directly to executable Simulink simulations. The book is written in an
informal style, with many diagrams and graphics, and the exercises are
embedded in the body of the text so that they can be done on a learn-as-
you-go basis. Chapters 1 to 9 contain the basics of building a simulation
in Simulink, while Chapter 10 has an introduction to some advanced
topics. This text is appropriate for a one-semester course in the topic and
should prepare the student for advanced and possibly specialized studies
in simulation. Instructors can be from any science, engineering, or tech-
nology field, so this book can be used in the undergraduate curricula of
many different departments.
The book assumes that the student version of Simulink is the sole vehicle
for constructing simulations and that no general-purpose programming
skills are required. The drag-and-drop graphical interface provided by
Simulink makes the construction of a simulation almost like video gam-
ing, and the student is provided with immediate feedback and satisfaction
when developing a simulation.
I start the textbook with finite-difference equations rather than ordi-
nary differential equations (ODEs), because I believe that beginning stu-
dents grasp the simulation of first-order difference equations easier than
they do first-order ODEs. Simple discrete models like annual population
models are easy to understand and allow the textbook to introduce the
concept of state (in this case, the previous population value) in a simpler
way than is the case in differential equations. When students move to first-
order ODEs, they already understand the idea of retaining and using state,
which makes the task of understanding numerical integration algorithms
easier. This also allows the discussion of the idea of simulation time step
in a simple context, and it paves the way for understanding more complex
time-step concepts later.
Finally, I would like to stress the enjoyment that simulation brings to
the learning experience of the undergraduate student. Although there are
many graphic demonstrations shown in courses by instructors, the satis-
faction of personally constructing a simulation that performs as expected
is very thrilling intellectually. The simulation then allows students to
explore behavior and effects beyond the standard course topics, which
deepens and enriches their understanding of the simulated systems.
 Chapter 1

Introduction and Motivation

O ne of humanity’s greatest intellectual achievements happened

when humans first realized that it was not necessary to use a real,
physical system to analyze changes to it. People discovered that a small
replica of a system could be constructed to investigate possible changes
without the large expenditure of effort or resources that changes to a real
system would require. These replicas were our first models, and they have
been central to science, engineering, and technology ever since. Rubinstein
(1981) quotes Rosenbluth and Wiener (1945), who wrote:

No substantial part of the universe is so simple that it can be grasped

and controlled without abstraction. Abstraction consists in replac-
ing the part of the universe under consideration by a model of simi-
lar but simpler structure. Models … are thus a central necessity of
scientific procedure.

Models and their manipulation have become even more necessary as we

tackle systems of global size or with a long time span. Systems whose
dynamics unfold only once during the universe’s lifetime or which are
inherently self-destructive are things that cannot be reproduced in the
laboratory at all. Accurate models that enable us to predict the future
development of such systems are invaluable in these cases.
This textbook contains a study of one important technique for using
models to investigate the dynamical behavior of physical systems. This
technique is called simulation, and it consists of the construction of a
model that operates in simulated time to show us the predicted dynamics
1
2   ◾   Introduction to the Simulation of Dynamics Using Simulink

of the system. There are many kinds of simulation in the world, including
simulations of systems from arts, humanities, social sciences, and physical
sciences, but we generally restrict our work to simulations of physical sys-
tems that arise in science, technology, and applied mathematics. We also
focus mainly on physical systems whose behavior unfolds continuously in
time rather than at discrete points in time, although we do examine some
discretely unfolding systems for educational purposes. The models we use
are mathematical models, consisting of sets of mathematical equations
that predict parameters of importance for the systems.
There are many kinds of physical systems whose behavior is known to
be stochastic. By this we mean that the system equations contain param-
eters whose values do not vary in time in a deterministic manner. The next
value of such parameters at any time cannot be determined solely by the
current time and the system’s past history, but must be chosen by knowing
the statistics of the processes and choosing values according to the appro-
priate statistical distribution. Stochastic systems require a different set of
techniques from those that we study in this text, so we restrict our study
to systems whose models are deterministic in nature.

1.1 Systems
To begin our study of the simulation of continuous systems, we must start
with a definition of what we consider to be a system. A system is a collection
of associated parts whose combined behavior can be viewed as the behavior
of a unified entity. We need to examine the features of this definition care-
fully because each carries important implications about the assumptions
in this definition.

A system is a collection: This phrase implies that we accept the size of a

system to be any number from 1 to an infinite number. So number
alone is not a characterizing feature of a system. The size of a system
is not a limitation on the kinds of things that can be systems, nor
does it provide a litmus test for identifying systems.
of associated parts: This piece of the definition implies that systems are
composite: They have parts that are identifiable individuals. In fact,
the parts of a system may themselves be systems, which we may call
subsystems of the system. But since each subsystem is itself a sys-
tem, this is a recursive definition allowing nesting to any level. Of
course, there are very simple systems, which may have only one or
two parts and so have a flat internal structure, but we do not make
 Introduction and Motivation   ◾   3

the restriction that system structure must be either flat or nested.

Note that the parts making up a system cannot be unrelated, so an
arbitrary collection of things does not constitute a system. There
must be some relation that associates the parts and provides us with
a reason to consider the group as constituting a whole.
whose combined behavior: A crucial aspect of a system is that its parts
interact to provide the system with its behavior. The parts possess
individual behaviors, and they can be quite different from that of the
system in which they participate. But their behaviors mesh together
in such a way as to give an overall behavior to the system that is dis-
tinct from its parts.
can be viewed as the behavior of a unified entity: The last and pos-
sibly the most important aspect of the definition states that we
can treat the system as a whole and base all our analyses on this
black-box behavior. We are able to replace the complicated com-
bination of part behaviors with a single behavior that we call the
system behavior.

1.1.1 Examples of Systems
Systems are so pervasive in our world that we are overwhelmed with
examples. Our farms are intricate agricultural systems for producing large
amounts of food in a reliable and sustainable manner. Our food is often
prepared in chemical facilities that are complex chemical systems. We live in
an environment of animals and organisms that constitutes a biological sys-
tem of immense complexity. Humans organize themselves into large social
systems containing complex subsystems such as the mechanism through
which we organize our trading, our economic system. Mechanical systems
such as buildings and automobiles surround us in everyday life. The parts
of a building—its rooms, stairways, heating and cooling mechanisms—are
quite different from each other but are designed to work together to provide
the overall function of sheltering us from weather. The heating and cool-
ing mechanisms are usually subsystems due to their own systemic natures.
Electrical systems include the power grid that delivers electrical power to
our buildings. Modern cities, which are systems consisting of an extremely
complex collection of physical, social, political, and economic subsystems,
are very likely the most complex things humanity has ever devised. All
of these systems are candidates for simulation so that we can understand
their workings better and control these systems for our benefit.
4   ◾   Introduction to the Simulation of Dynamics Using Simulink

1.1.2 Classifying Systems
We want to study systems in an orderly and systematic way. To do this,
we need to divide them into categories according to some fundamental
feature. Since all systems possess behavior and change as time goes by,
we can group them according to the way in which this change occurs.
Systems can be classified into discrete-time systems and continuous systems
according to whether their change occurs discretely or continuously.
Discrete-time systems are systems that change only at certain times,
which are the discrete times to which the name refers. Often the discrete
times at which change is allowed occur in a regular, periodic fashion. This
is usually the case with electrical systems, which are often controlled by a
system clock. Electrical systems of this kind are called synchronous systems,
since they are synchronized by the ticking of a clock. Computer processors
are good examples of synchronous systems, and their performance is usu-
ally characterized by their clock speed expressed as a frequency in giga-
hertz. A classic biological discrete-time system is an animal species whose
population change occurs only once a year according to a natural repro-
ductive cycle. The discrete times of such a system are regular yearly times.
Sometimes the discrete times of system change are irregularly spaced and
connected with an event. These systems are sometimes called discrete-event
systems. A classic example of a discrete-event system is a shopping-mall
parking lot, whose slots are filled or emptied at irregular times, determined
by the irregular arrival and departure behavior of shoppers.
The second kinds of systems studied in this text are continuous systems.
A continuous system is a system whose behavior varies smoothly and con-
tinuously as the fundamental system variables change. Time is usually the
fundamental independent variable for these systems, and our mathemati-
cal equations describe the change in these systems as time increases.

1.2 Dynamical Models of Physical Systems

Systems of the kind we have listed here usually have models consisting
of dynamical equations describing how the system parameters of interest
change as the independent variables change. The models we use for simu-
lation of a system are the dynamical equations that are formed from the
physical laws that describe the system. These usually involve relationships
between rates of change of parameters and important functions of the inde-
pendent variables. In this text, we study models formed from two kinds of
dynamical equations: difference equations and differential equations.
 Introduction and Motivation   ◾   5

1.2.1 Discrete-Time Models

A discrete-time model usually is a set of difference equations describing
the evolution of the system behavior in time. A difference equation is an
equation that relates the value of some fundamental system parameter at
one time to the values of the parameter from earlier times, and can pos-
sibly include constants and other quantities

1.2.2 Continuous Models
Continuous models usually consist of a set of algebraic or differential
equations describing the evolution of the system behavior in time. The
dynamical equations needed to describe continuous physical systems
often involve the rates of change of time-varying parameters and func-
tions. The incorporation of such terms in the equations makes them into
differential equations, so that the techniques of integral and differential
calculus must be used to analyze the equations.

1.3 Constructing Simulations
from Dynamical Models
Once we have models of systems in the form of dynamical equations, we
can build simulations based on the models. The simulations we will study in
this text are digital simulations—digital computer programs whose opera-
tion provides us with the simulation outputs. A simulation construction
consists of either the development of a general-purpose-language program
that simulates the system or the assembly of a simulation by using a simu-
lation system that provides the simulator with a set of generic programs
out of which the simulation may be constructed.
The first technique is often difficult and slow, although it provides the
simulation developer with a very deep insight into how the simulation pro-
gram itself works. The second technique is easy and fast, and it provides the
developer with a simulation very rapidly at the tradeoff of less knowledge
of the internals of the simulation code. As stated in the Preface, our goal
in this text is to encourage students to use simulation from the very begin-
ning of their study as an exploratory tool and a means of gaining intuition
about system behavior. So, in this text, we will study the construction of
simulations by using a simulation system—the Simulink® software that is
part of the MATLAB® software environment, a widely used scientific and
engineering computation system.
6   ◾   Introduction to the Simulation of Dynamics Using Simulink

1.3.1 Block-Diagram Models

Block diagrams are a widely used representation method for building mod-
els in the engineering and scientific fields. The block-diagram approach
consists of producing a graph, or network, of blocks representing the parts
of the intended system. Blocks are chosen to represent the parts of the
system, and the arcs between the blocks are chosen to represent the com-
munication interconnections between the system parts. As an example,
consider the block diagram in Figure 1.1 that shows a high-level block
design of a simple computer. In this diagram, the block labeled memory
stands for a generic memory element, with the number of addressable ele-
ments and the number of bits in an addressable element unspecified. The
designer customizes the memory element by setting these properties for
the element. In the computer-design field, some design elements, such as
the memory element, are so common that they become generic elements
that can simply be inserted into the design with just the customizations
added as explanation.
Another example, shown in Figure 1.2, is a block diagram of the con-
trol of the arm movement of a disk drive. We simulate this diagram in a
later chapter.

Input

Memory Processor

Output

Figure 1.1 A block diagram of a simple computer.

 Introduction and Motivation   ◾   7

Desired Actual
position Error position
Controller Arm motor

Position
sensor

Figure 1.2 A block diagram of the control of a disk drive arm.

1.3.2 Block-Diagram Simulations

When a simulator works from a model consisting of mathematical equa-
tions, blocks can be used to represent terms, or sets of terms, in the math-
ematical equation, and the communication interconnections represent the
combination of the terms. When finished, the network of elements repre-
sents the dynamical equations of the model. If simulation software pro-
vides preassembled modules for the terms, the simulation is much simpler
and more intuitive to construct than when dealing directly with math-
ematical equations by mathematical solution techniques. In particular,
focus is placed on the parameters of the elements and the design choices
for these parameters and on the combinations and interconnections of the
design elements.
We use the common generic elements provided by the simulation soft-
ware to create a diagram of our model, and, when we have completed
our customization of the elements, the simulation software will run the
simulation and present us with the desired outputs. In the next chapter,
we begin an exploration of how block-diagram simulations can be built
in Simulink.

1.4 How Simulators are Used

The classic way of using a simulation of a model is to analyze a system
whose model is too difficult to analyze using symbolic methods. By sym-
bolic methods, we mean analytic mathematical methods that provide
exact or approximate solutions to the model. For simple models, such as
those studied in many courses, the symbolic approach is very successful.
But larger, more complicated models are often not analyzable by symbolic
methods, so scientists and engineers must turn to other approaches. When
a symbolic solution is not possible, it is common to try an approximate
8   ◾   Introduction to the Simulation of Dynamics Using Simulink

solution by reducing the actual model to a less complicated one that can
be solved by symbolic methods. But, even if the approximation approach
fails, digital simulation can still provide a solution. Consequently, simu-
lation is often used as a means of last resort when analyzing a model. Of
course, most of the simple scientific problems and engineering projects
have been analyzed thoroughly and are well documented in the research
and engineering literature, so new projects often require simulation as
their analysis method.
A second way in which simulation is used is to demonstrate the features
of a model’s dynamics in a very explicit way to help analysts gain insight
and intuition into the system’s behavior. Simulations often use powerful
graphics with extensive parameterization so that the effect of the param-
eters can be explored very rapidly. These what-if analyses can be very help-
ful in formulating other models that may be more useful in understanding
a system’s behavior.
In this book, we examine models that show both of these usages.

1.5 Summary
We have discussed the importance of models in dealing with systems and
their dynamics. Simulation is a main tool of the twenty-first century for
analyzing models, and these models provide scientists and technologists
with the opportunity to examine the dynamical behavior of models and
to change physical systems.
A system is a collection of associated parts whose combined behavior
can be viewed as a whole, and systems can be grouped into discrete-time
and continuous systems. Discrete-time systems change at specific times,
while continuous systems change smoothly and continuously.
Block diagrams are representations of systems in the form of a network
of design elements represented by blocks. Simulations can be constructed
from block diagrams using simulation software, and in this text we use the
Simulink software of the MATLAB software environment.

References and Additional Reading

Bender, E. 1978. An Introduction to Mathematical Modeling. New York: John Wiley.
Dym, C. 2004. Principles of Mathematical Modeling. New York: Elsevier
Academic.
Fishwick, P. 2007. The Languages of Dynamic System Modeling. In Handbook of
Dynamic System Modeling. Ed. P. Fishwick. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Gershenfeld, N. 1999. The Nature of Mathematical Modeling. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
 Introduction and Motivation   ◾   9

Huckfeldt, R., C. Kohfeld, and T. Likens. 1982. Dynamic Modeling: An Introduction.

Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Kalman, D. 1997. Elementary Mathematical Models: Order Aplenty and a Glimpse
of Chaos. Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America.
Mooney, D., and R. Swift. 1999. A Course in Mathematical Modeling. Washington,
DC: Mathematical Association of America.
Rosenbluth, A., and N. Wiener. 1945. The role of models in science. Philos. Sci. 12
(4): 316–321.
Rubinstein, R. 1981. Simulation and the Monte Carlo Method. New York: John Wiley.
 Chapter 2

The Basics of Simulation

in Simulink

I n this chapter, we discuss the basics of constructing simulations of

systems in Simulink® software. Since we are just interested in learning
the process of developing simulations with the software, we simulate sys-
tems that are so simple there can be no confusion about how they behave
and what their simulation results should be. This allows us to focus com-
pletely on the structure of the simulations and the process for building
them. We also proceed through this chapter at a slow pace so that all stu-
dents are given ample time to adapt their understanding to the general
process of simulation.

2.1 Simplest Model to Simulate

The simplest system to simulate is probably a system that does not change
from its initial configuration—it doesn’t have any significant dynamics at
all. Consider a small object at some point (3,−1,10) in a three-dimensional
Cartesian coordinate system. If the object is at rest in the coordinate sys-
tem and there are no forces acting on the object, it will remain at rest. The
simulation of this system is so easy that it gives us no difficulty at all. The
system is described by a model consisting of three algebraic equations,
x(t), y(t), and z(t), giving the values of the object coordinates as shown in
Equations (2.1)–(2.3):

x(t) = 3 (2.1)

11
12   ◾   Introduction to the Simulation of Dynamics Using Simulink

y(t) = −1 (2.2)

z(t) = 10 (2.3)

To create our simulation, we need to put these three equations into

the form of a block diagram. Recall from Chapter 1 that a block diagram
shows elements connected by arcs indicating value-transmission links
between the elements. In our block diagrams, the elements will be simu-
lation blocks. These are blocks into which inputs are supplied, process-
ing occurs, and from which processing outputs are produced. The arcs
indicate input and output connections, along which the input and out-
put values flow. The inputs required by a block are received on incom-
ing arcs, and the outputs produced by a block are supplied on outgoing
arcs. Based on this picture, we expect that data supplied to a model from
the outside appears as blocks with no input connections, while outputs
of the model appear as blocks with no output connections. The flow of
inputs and outputs in a block diagram is usually shown proceeding from
left to right in a layout like that of a page of text, so that the outputs of the
model are located on the right-hand side of the diagram.
In contrast to the layout of block diagrams, mathematical equations are
laid out as relations between expressions. Equality relations such as those
shown in Equations (2.1)–(2.3) state that the left-hand expression has the
same value as the right-hand expression. In our case, the model uses these
equality relations to assert that the left-hand result parameter is the same
as the right-hand expression, so we think of these equations as having the
output on the left-hand side. Of course, mathematical equations viewed
this way flow from right to left, opposite to the usual direction in block
diagrams. If we reverse the mathematical equation and change the equal-
ity symbol to an arrow, we have a picture of simulation results flowing
from the expression on the left to output on the right, and the blocks that
we need in our diagram become much clearer.
3 → x(t) (2.4)

−1 → y(t) (2.5)

10 → z(t) (2.6)
We need two blocks to represent each of Equations (2.4)–(2.6), with a con-
stant as an input block and the coordinate value as an output block.
 The Basics of Simulation in Simulink   ◾   13

2.1.1 The Feedforward Block Diagram

Note that the inputs are generated on the left-hand side of the block dia-
gram and pass progressively to the right-hand side with no reversals. This
kind of diagram is called a feedforward diagram, since the values flow only
in the forward direction (inputs to outputs). Feedforward diagrams are
particularly easy to simulate, as we will see.

2.2 Models in Simulink

We want to convert our block-diagram model into a simulation dia-
gram that can be executed on a computer, so it’s time to consider the
simulation tool we will use throughout this text—Simulink, which is
part of the MATLAB® scientific and engineering computation applica-
tion. Consequently, the computer must have MATLAB software as well
as Simulink software installed. In this text, we center our discussion on
Simulink running on Windows XP computers, but the comments and
advice generally apply to other operating systems as well.
To start Simulink, we must first start MATLAB (see Appendix B for
the basics of running MATLAB). When MATLAB is running, click the
Simulink Launcher icon to start Simulink. At this point, we can minimize
the MATLAB window to reduce the complexity of the desktop, but we
can’t close it because our Simulink session will also close. Launching of
Simulink causes the Library Browser window to appear, which is the win-
dow from which all work is begun.
Figure 2.1 shows the Library Browser that contains the usual menu and
toolbar at the top, with an information panel just below. Below the infor-
mation panel are two columnar subwindows showing a list of the Simulink
libraries on the left and the blocks in the currently selected library on the
right. Before we start to use the blocks, we must create a new model in
which our simulation will be placed.
We select the File | New | Model menu item, and this causes Simulink to
open a new Model Editor window similar to the one shown in Figure 2.2.
This window is the Model Editor that allows us to insert blocks represent-
ing the blocks in the block diagram.

2.2.1 Documenting a Model

In developing a complex simulation, we can expect to create a number of
versions, so it is very important to document the models properly. We can
put text blocks on a Model Editor window’s background by double-left-
14   ◾   Introduction to the Simulation of Dynamics Using Simulink

Figure 2.1 Simulink Library Browser.

clicking at any point in the background. A text box is opened with a blink-
ing cursor, and we can type documentation into the box. We can use this
feature to title models with the model number and a short descriptive title.
If we click on the File menu in the Menu bar of the Model Editor win-
dow, we see a list of menu items, including one named Model Properties.
Selecting this item opens a Model Properties window containing several
tabs. Selecting the History or Description tabs enables us to document the
model within the model’s properties. The Description tab contains a text
block for a complete description of the model and its purpose. The History
tab contains a Model History block that contains history lines used to track
changes in the model. It is very convenient to have an automatic means of
reminding us for a history line every time we make a change, and the
 The Basics of Simulation in Simulink   ◾   15

Figure 2.2 Simulink new Model Editor window.

History tab has an option at the bottom enabling us to get a prompt each
time we save the model. If we select the “When saving model” option at the
“Prompt to update model history” item at the bottom, we’ll be prompted
to enter a history line in the Log Change window for the model. Be sure
that the “Show this dialog next time when save” and the “Include modified
comments in modified history” options are checked. If we make a trivial
change that does not need to be documented, clearing the “Include modi-
fied comments in modified history” option allows the model to be saved
without a history line added to the history.
Note that the title bar at the very top of the Model Editor window now
says “untitled.” The word untitled is used to indicate that we have not yet
named the model. Whenever the symbol * is appended to the model name,
it shows that there have been changes to the model since it was opened. At
the bottom of the Model Editor window there is an information line show-
ing a status on the left, the amount of magnification (zoom) in the middle,
and execution configuration information on the right.
Since it’s always a wise strategy to save models frequently, we save the
model now. If we select the File | Save As menu item when we are in the
Model Editor window, we can use a Windows File Browser to locate the
target folder and save our model under a name we choose. The file name
will be the name of the model, and it will have the extension .mdl in the
File Browser to indicate that it’s a Simulink model file. An additional piece
of advice is to append a version identifier to the file name so that we can
16   ◾   Introduction to the Simulation of Dynamics Using Simulink

retain different versions as we develop the model. For example, we’re going
to use Model_chapternumber_modelnumber_version as the file name, so
that the first file to be saved is Model_2_1_1, and so on. We might want to
use a blank separator or decimal point in our name, such as Model 2.1.1,
but Simulink doesn’t allow blanks or decimal points in model file names,
so we chose to use the “underscore” symbol as a separator.

2.3 Simulation of the Simplest Model

Let’s begin our simulation by titling the new model using the method
discussed in Section 2.2. We assign the name Model_2_1 for our model
filename, create a title text in the empty Model Editor window displaying
“Model_2_1. The Simplest Model,” and update the model history to show
that our version is 1 and that we are making the initial model. Our Model
Editor window should look like the one in Figure 2.3.
Next, we turn to entering the most important blocks into the model: the
output blocks. These are the blocks that display the results of the simula-
tion to the user, so they should have the primary place in the diagram. We
need to create them, place them on the right-hand side of the simulation
model, and label them by their names, x(t), y(t), and z(t). Our task at this
point is to find blocks in a Simulink Library that provide us with the out-
put blocks.

2.3.1 Output Blocks from the Sinks Library

Turning to the Library Browser, we see the Sinks library. This is the library
that contains the blocks used for output. Opening this library, we see a vari-
ety of output blocks useful for different output functions.

Figure 2.3 Model_2_1 for the simplest simulation.

 The Basics of Simulation in Simulink   ◾   17

For many years, the oscilloscope was the primary laboratory tool for
displaying the time behavior of signals. The classical oscilloscope was a
cathode-ray tube that presented the viewer with a black background and
traced the input signal in time as a white line on a grid of y(t) versus t. So
it is not surprising that the basic block for output in Simulink is a simula-
tion of the classical oscilloscope named the Scope block. This output block
is very commonly used in simulations created in Simulink, so we use it in
this first model.

2.3.1.1 The Scope Block

The block that we need to simulate the output block is the Scope block
found in the Sinks library. If we select the Sinks library in the left-hand
side of the Library Browser, we see the blocks from this library appear-
ing in the right-hand side, and we can select the Scope block in the list, as
shown in Figure 2.4.
To insert a copy of this block into our new model, we just select the
block and drag it into the Model Editor window, releasing the mouse but-
ton when we reach the place where we want to drop the block. The Model
Editor window then looks like the one in Figure 2.5.
We can see that a copy of the Scope block has been created with the
default name Scope. The arrowhead on the left of the Scope block is the
input connection that is used to provide inputs to the Scope. Next, we need
to add two more blocks so that we have one for each output of Equations
(2.4)–(2.6). Then we save the model in the folder chosen for models, using
the file name Model_2_1_2.mdl.
Before continuing with this simulation construction, let’s look more
closely at the Scope block output. Double-left-clicking a Scope block will
open the Output window, showing what the current output is. It will
show a graphical format like the one shown in Figure 2.6, with the value
of the input signal displayed on the y-axis of the graph and the simula-
tion time on the x-axis. If no simulation execution has been done, there
will be no signal displayed, as seen in Figure 2.6. The displayed range
of y-axis values can be set by the simulator, while the displayed time
range is set by the simulation length chosen in the simulation configura-
tion settings. Various graph option icons appear on the line above the
graph.
The details of the Scope block and its parameters (or any other block)
can be found by selecting the block in the Library Browser and clicking
the Help | Help for the Selected Block on the Library Browser toolbar.
18   ◾   Introduction to the Simulation of Dynamics Using Simulink

Figure 2.4 Selection of the Scope block in the Sinks library.

Simulink provides a comprehensive Help window with information on

the meanings of the parameters. An alternative way to see the documen-
tation is to select the block in a Model Editor window and select Help |
Blocks on the Editor window toolbar.
Continuing with our model, we want to add names for our three Scope
blocks so that we can distinguish them. Each block in Simulink has a Block
Name that is printed underneath the block on the Model Editor window. By
default, this name is the name of the block type, so that a Scope block has
the name Scope underneath it. But the icon for the Scope block is unique,
and users should have little problem seeing that it is a Scope block from its
appearance, so we can change the name Scope and replace it by a name that
 The Basics of Simulation in Simulink   ◾   19

Figure 2.5 Model_2_1 with inserted Scope blocks.

Figure 2.6 Example output from the Scope block.

indicates the particular block’s purpose or function within the model. One
way we can do this is by left-clicking the Block Name and editing the field.
However, a better way of customizing the name is to use the Block
Properties window. If we right-click on the Scope block in a Model Editor
window, we see the menu of actions on the block. The two actions—For-
mat and Block Properties—are both used for changing the block name.
20   ◾   Introduction to the Simulation of Dynamics Using Simulink

Selecting the Format action opens the submenu shown in Figure 2.7, con-
taining a number of formatting choices. If we want to hide the default-
type name, we only have to select the Hide Name entry in the list.
Next we re-right-click on the Scope block, but this time select the
Block Properties action item to see the submenu window below. This sub-
menu has three tabbed panes on it, titled General, Block Annotation, and
Callbacks. If we select the Block Annotation tab, we can enter a text string
into the “Enter text and tokens for annotation:” text area that will be the
name for the block appearing beneath the block in the Model Editor win-
dow, as shown in Figure 2.8. If we make these changes to our model, we
have our third version of the simplest model, as shown in Figure 2.9.
Now we have to provide the rest of the blocks for the model. We reex-
amine Equations (2.4)–(2.6) to see which Scope inputs are needed, and we
find that we need three constant inputs.

2.3.2 Input Blocks from the Sources Library

The Sources library in the Library Browser contains a variety of blocks for
input of data. Opening this library, just as we did with the Sinks library,
we see that there is a Constant block available to us.

Figure 2.7 Hiding the default name of the Scope block.

 The Basics of Simulation in Simulink   ◾   21

Figure 2.8 Providing a user name for the Scope block.

Figure 2.9 Model_2_1_3 with named output blocks.

22   ◾   Introduction to the Simulation of Dynamics Using Simulink

2.3.2.1 The Constant Block

The Constant block, just as its name implies, provides a constant output at
all times. All we need to do is to rename the block and change its default
value to the value we want. Changing the name of the Constant block
can be accomplished exactly as we did with the Scope blocks: We use the
Format and Block Properties of the menu displayed by right-clicking the
block in the Model Editor window. To change the default value of the
Constant block, we can double-left-click the block to open the Constant
Block Parameters window, as shown in Figure 2.10.
This window contains a brief description of the block’s action at the
top, followed by two tabbed panes named Main and Signal Attributes. The
line in the Main tab pane named Constant Value can be changed to set the
constant to the desired value. Since this is our first encounter with block
parameters, it is useful to point out that the default values of parameters
are usually the appropriate ones, unless we have a clear understanding of
the effects of a parameter change. Changing the value of the Constant is
a change that we understand, so it is certainly correct for us to make this
change. But it is best to leave the other parameters at their default values
unless we know what we are doing. In this textbook, we are studying the
basics of using Simulink, so many interesting topics and ways to adapt
Simulink blocks through parameter changes cannot be covered. But, after
completing this book, it is worthwhile to deepen our knowledge by study-
ing the parameter documentation to see how we can improve on the basic
block setups.

Figure 2.10 The Constant block parameters.

 The Basics of Simulation in Simulink   ◾   23

Returning to our model construction, we can select this block from the
Sources library and drag it to the left-hand side of the model to give us an
input block that provides a constant output. We need three of these for the
three constant values of the x(t), y(t), and z(t) inputs. Again, we rename
all the blocks using appropriate names and produce the model shown in
Figure 2.11.

2.3.3 Block Connections

Now we complete our first model by supplying the processing blocks
between the input and output blocks. For the simplest model, there is no
processing of inputs needed, so we just want to supply the input-block out-
puts to the appropriate Scope block inputs. This is done by resting the cur-
sor on the output arrowhead of a Constant block, pressing the left mouse
button, and dragging the cursor to the input arrowhead of the relevant
Scope block. We see that when the cursor rests on the output arrowhead,
it changes into single crosshairs, indicating that it is ready to begin a con-
nection starting at that point. When we reach the input arrowhead for
another block, the cursor will change into double crosshairs, showing that
it can complete the connection at this block. Note also that Simulink has a
routing algorithm that is used to create a series of horizontal and vertical
legs to draw the route.
If we want a different routing, we can begin our connection as previ-
ously stated, but release the left mouse button at a point on the Model

Figure 2.11 Model_2_1_4 with input blocks.

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Mary would suddenly cling to Stephen: ‘Say that you’ll never
leave me, belovèd!’
‘How could I leave you and go on living?’
Thus their talk of the future would often drift into talk of love,
that is always timeless. On their lips, as in their hearts, would be
words such as countless other lovers had spoken, for love is the
sweetest monotony that was ever conceived of by the Creator.
‘Promise you’ll never stop loving me, Stephen.’
‘Never. You know that I couldn’t Mary.’
Even to themselves their vows would sound foolish, because so
inadequate to compass their meaning. Language is surely too small
a vessel to contain those emotions of mind and body that have
somehow awakened a response in the spirit.
And now when they climbed the long hill to the town of old
Orotava on their way to the mountains, they would pause to
examine certain flowers minutely, or to stare down the narrow,
shadowy bystreets. And when they had reached the cool upland
places, and their mules were loosed and placidly grazing, they would
sit hand in hand looking out at the Peak, trying to impress such
pictures on their minds, because all things pass and they wished to
remember. The goat-bells would break the lovely stillness, together
with the greater stillness of their dreaming. But the sound of the
bells would be lovely also, a part of their dreaming, a part of the
stillness; for all things would seem to be welded together, to be one,
even as they two were now one.
They no longer felt desolate, hungry outcasts; unloved and
unwanted, despised of the world. They were lovers who walked in
the vineyard of life, plucking the warm, sweet fruits of that vineyard.
Love had lifted them up as on wings of fire, had made them
courageous, invincible, enduring. Nothing could be lacking to those
who loved—the very earth gave of her fullest bounty. The earth
seemed to come alive in response to the touch of their healthful and
eager bodies—nothing could be lacking to those who loved.
 And thus in a cloud of illusion and glory, sped the last enchanted
days at Orotava.
 BOOK FIVE

CHAPTER 40

E arly in April Stephen and Mary returned to the house in Paris.

This second home-coming seemed wonderfully sweet by reason
of its peaceful and happy completeness, so that they turned to smile
at each other as they passed through the door, and Stephen said
very softly:
‘Welcome home, Mary.’
And now for the first time the old house was home. Mary went
quickly from room to room humming a little tune as she did so,
feeling that she saw with a new understanding the inanimate objects
which filled those rooms—were they not Stephen’s? Every now and
again she must pause to touch them because they were Stephen’s.
Then she turned and went into Stephen’s bedroom; not timidly,
dreading to be unwelcome, but quite without fear or restraint or
shyness, and this gave her a warm little glow of pleasure.
Stephen was busily grooming her hair with a couple of brushes
that had been dipped in water. The water had darkened her hair in
patches, but had deepened the wide wave above her forehead.
Seeing Mary in the glass she did not turn round, but just smiled for a
moment at their two reflections. Mary sat down in an arm-chair and
watched her, noticing the strong, thin line of her thighs; noticing too
the curve of her breasts—slight and compact, of a certain beauty.
She had taken off her jacket and looked very tall in her soft silk shirt
and her skirt of dark serge.
‘Tired?’ she inquired, glancing down at the girl.
‘No, not a bit tired,’ smiled Mary.
Stephen walked over to the stationary basin and proceeded to
wash her hands under the tap, spotting her white silk cuffs in the
process. Going to the cupboard she got out a clean shirt, slipped in a
pair of simple gold cuff-links, and changed; after which she put on a
new necktie.
Mary said: ‘Who’s been looking after your clothes—sewing on
buttons and that sort of thing?’
‘I don’t know exactly—Puddle or Adèle. Why?’
‘Because I’m going to do it in future. You’ll find that I’ve got one
very real talent, and that’s darning. When I darn the place looks like
a basket, criss-cross. And I know how to pick up a ladder as well as
the Invisible Mending people! It’s very important that the darns
should be smooth, otherwise when you fence they might give you a
blister.’
Stephen’s lips twitched a little, but she said quite gravely:
‘Thanks awfully, darling, we’ll go over my stockings.’
From the dressing-room next door came a series of thuds; Pierre
was depositing Stephen’s luggage. Getting up, Mary opened the
wardrobe, revealing a long, neat line of suits hanging from heavy
mahogany shoulders—she examined each suit in turn with great
interest. Presently she made her way to the cupboard in the wall; it
was fitted with sliding shelves, and these she pulled out one by one
with precaution. On the shelves there were orderly piles of shirts,
crêpe de Chine pyjamas—quite a goodly assortment, and the heavy
silk masculine underwear that for several years now had been worn
by Stephen. Finally she discovered the stockings where they lay by
themselves in the one long drawer, and these she proceeded to
unfurl deftly, with a quick and slightly important movement.
Thrusting a fist into toes and heels she looked for the holes that
were nonexistent.
‘You must have paid a lot for these stockings, they’re hand
knitted silk;’ murmured Mary gravely.
‘I forget what I paid—Puddle got them from England.’
‘Who did she order them from; do you know?’
‘I can’t remember; some woman or other.’
But Mary persisted: ‘I shall want her address.’
Stephen smiled: ‘Why? Are you going to order my stockings?’
‘Darling! Do you think I’ll let you go barefoot? Of course I’m
going to order your stockings.’
Stephen rested her elbow on the mantelpiece and stood gazing
at Mary with her chin on her hand. As she did so she was struck
once again by the look of youth that was characteristic of Mary. She
looked much less than her twenty-two years in her simple dress with
its leather belt—she looked indeed little more than a schoolgirl. And
yet there was something quite new in her face, a soft, wise
expression that Stephen had put there, so that she suddenly felt
pitiful to see her so young yet so full of this wisdom; for sometimes
the coming of passion to youth, in spite of its glory, will be strangely
pathetic.
 Mary rolled up the stockings with a sigh of regret; alas, they
would not require darning. She was at the stage of being in love
when she longed to do womanly tasks for Stephen. But all Stephen’s
clothes were discouragingly neat; Mary thought that she must be
very well served, which was true—she was served, as are certain
men, with a great deal of nicety and care by the servants.
And now Stephen was filling her cigarette case from the big box
that lived on her dressing table; and now she was strapping on her
gold wrist watch; and now she was brushing some dust from her
coat; and now she was frowning at herself in the glass for a second
as she twitched her immaculate necktie. Mary had seen her do all
this before, many times, but to-day somehow it was different; for to-
day they were in their own home together, so that these little
intimate things seemed more dear than they had done at Orotava.
The bedroom could only have belonged to Stephen; a large, airy
room, very simply furnished—white walls, old oak, and a wide,
bricked hearth on which some large, friendly logs were burning. The
bed could only have been Stephen’s bed; it was heavy and rather
austere in pattern. It looked solemn as Mary had seen Stephen look,
and was covered by a bedspread of old blue brocade, otherwise it
remained quite guiltless of trimmings. The chairs could only have
been Stephen’s chairs; a little reserved, not conducive to lounging.
The dressing table could only have been hers, with its tall silver
mirror and ivory brushes. And all these things had drawn into
themselves a species of life derived from their owner, until they
seemed to be thinking of Stephen with a dumbness that made their
thoughts more insistent, and their thoughts gathered strength and
mingled with Mary’s so that she heard herself cry out: ‘Stephen!’ in a
voice that was not very far from tears, because of the joy she felt in
that name.
And Stephen answered her: ‘Mary—’
Then they stood very still, grown abruptly silent. And each of
them felt a little afraid, for the realization of great mutual love can at
times be so overwhelming a thing, that even the bravest of hearts
may grow fearful. And although they could not have put it into
words, could not have explained it to themselves or to each other,
they seemed at that moment to be looking beyond the turbulent
flood of earthly passion; to be looking straight into the eyes of a love
that was changed—a love made perfect, discarnate.
But the moment passed and they drew together. . . .

The spring they had left behind in Orotava overtook them quite soon,
and one day there it was blowing softly along the old streets of the
Quarter—the Rue de Seine, the Rue des Saints Pères, the Rue
Bonaparte and their own Rue Jacob. And who can resist the first
spring days in Paris? Brighter than ever looked the patches of sky
when glimpsed between rows of tall, flat-bosomed houses. From the
Pont des Arts could be seen a river that was one wide, ingratiating
smile of sunshine; while beyond in the Rue des Petits Champs,
spring ran up and down the Passage Choiseul, striking gleams of
gold from its dirty glass roof—the roof that looks like the vertebral
column of some prehistoric monster.
All over the Bois there was bursting of buds—a positive orgy of
growth and greenness. The miniature waterfall lifted its voice in an
effort to roar as loud as Niagara. Birds sang. Dogs yapped or barked
or bayed according to their size and the tastes of their owners.
Children appeared in the Champs Elysées with bright coloured
balloons which tried to escape and which, given the ghost of a
chance, always did so. In the Tuileries Gardens boys with brown legs
and innocent socks were hiring toy boats from the man who
provided Bateaux de Location. The fountains tossed clouds of spray
into the air, and just for fun made an occasional rainbow; then the
Arc de Triomphe would be seen through an arc that was, thanks to
the sun, even more triumphal. As for the very old lady in her kiosk—
the one who sells bocks, groseille, limonade, and such simple food-
stuffs as brioches and croissants—as for her, she appeared in a new
frilled bonnet and a fine worsted shawl on one memorable Sunday.
Smiling she was too, from ear to ear, in spite of the fact that her
mouth was toothless, for this fact she only remembered in winter
when the east wind started her empty gums aching.
Under the quiet, grey wings of the Madeleine the flower-stalls
were bright with the glory of God—anemones, jonquils, daffodils,
tulips; mimosa that left gold dust on the fingers, and the faintly
perfumed ascetic white lilac that had come in the train from the
Riviera. There were also hyacinths, pink, red and blue, and many
small trees of sturdy azalea.
Oh, but the spring was shouting through Paris! It was in the
hearts and the eyes of the people. The very dray-horses jangled
their bells more loudly because of the spring in their drivers. The
debauched old taxis tooted their horns and spun round the corners
as though on a race track. Even such glacial things as the diamonds
in the Rue de la Paix, were kindled to fire as the sun pierced their
facets right through to their entrails; while the sapphires glowed as
those African nights had glowed in the garden at Orotava.
Was it likely that Stephen could finish her book—she who had
Paris in springtime with Mary? Was it likely that Mary could urge her
to do so—she who had Paris in springtime with Stephen? There was
so much to see, so much to show Mary, so many new things to
discover together. And now Stephen felt grateful to Jonathan
Brockett who had gone to such pains to teach her her Paris.
Idle she was, let it not be denied, idle and happy and utterly
carefree. A lover, who, like many another before her, was under the
spell of the loved one’s existence. She would wake in the mornings
to find Mary beside her, and all through the day she would keep
beside Mary, and at night they would lie in each other’s arms—God
alone knows who shall dare judge of such matters; in any case
Stephen was too much bewitched to be troubled just then by hair-
splitting problems.
 Life had become a new revelation. The most mundane things
were invested with glory; shopping with Mary who needed quite a
number of dresses. And then there was food that was eaten
together—the careful perusal of wine-card and menu. They would
lunch or have dinner at Lapérouse; surely still the most epicurean
restaurant in the whole of an epicurean city. So humble it looks with
its modest entrance on the Quai des Grands Augustins; so humble
that a stranger might well pass it by unnoticed, but not so Stephen,
who had been there with Brockett.
Mary loved Prunier’s in the Rue Duphot, because of its galaxy of
sea-monsters. A whole counter there was of incredible creatures—
Oursins, black armoured and covered with prickles; Bigorneaux;
serpent-like Anguilles Fumées; and many other exciting things that
Stephen mistrusted for English stomachs. They would sit at their
own particular table, one of the tables upstairs by the window, for
the manager came very quickly to know them and would smile and
bow grandly: ‘Bon jour, mesdames.’ When they left, the attendant
who kept the flower-basket would give Mary a neat little bouquet of
roses: ‘Au revoir, mesdames. Merci bien—à bientôt!’ For every one
had pretty manners at Prunier’s.
A few people might stare at the tall, scarred woman in her well-
tailored clothes and black slouch hat. They would stare first at her
and then at her companion: ‘Mais regardez moi ça! Elle est belle, la
petite; comme c’est rigolo!’ There would be a few smiles, but on the
whole they would attract little notice—ils en ont vu bien d’autres—it
was post-war Paris.
Sometimes, having dined, they would saunter towards home
through streets that were crowded with others who sauntered—men
and women, a couple of women together—always twos—the fine
nights seemed prolific of couples. In the air there would be the
inconsequent feeling that belongs to the night life of most great
cities, above all to the careless night life of Paris, where problems
are apt to vanish with sunset. The lure of the brightly lighted
boulevards, the lure of the dim and mysterious bystreets would grip
them so that they would not turn homeward for quite a long while,
but would just go on walking. The moon, less clear than at Orotava,
less innocent doubtless, yet scarcely less lovely, would come sailing
over the Place de la Concorde, staring down at the dozens of other
white moons that had managed to get themselves caught by the
standards. In the cafés would be crowds of indolent people, for the
French who work hard know well how to idle; and these cafés would
smell of hot coffee and sawdust, of rough, strong tobacco, of men
and women. Beneath the arcades there would be the shop windows,
illuminated and bright with temptation. But Mary would usually stare
into Sulka’s, picking out scarves or neckties for Stephen.
‘That one! We’ll come and buy it to-morrow. Oh, Stephen, do
wait—look at that dressing-gown!’
And Stephen might laugh and pretend to be bored, though she
secretly nurtured a weakness for Sulka’s.
Down the Rue de Rivoli they would walk arm in arm, until turning
at last, they would pass the old church of St. Germain—the church
from whose Gothic tower had been rung the first call to a most
bloody slaying. But now that tower would be grim with silence,
dreaming the composite dreams of Paris—dreams that were heavy
with blood and beauty, with innocence and lust, with joy and despair,
with life and death, with heaven and hell; all the curious composite
dreams of Paris.
Then crossing the river they would reach the Quarter and their
house, where Stephen would slip her latchkey into the door and
would know the warm feeling that can come of a union between
door and latchkey. With a sigh of contentment they would find
themselves at home once again in the quiet old Rue Jacob.

They went to see the kind Mademoiselle Duphot, and this visit
seemed momentous to Mary. She gazed with something almost like
awe at the woman who had had the teaching of Stephen.
‘Oh, but yes,’ smiled Mademoiselle Duphot, ‘I teached her. She
was terribly naughty over her dictée; she would write remarks about
the poor Henri—très impertinente she would be about Henri!
Stévenne was a queer little child and naughty—but so dear, so dear
—I could never scold her. With me she done everything her own
way.’
‘Please tell me about that time,’ coaxed Mary.
So Mademoiselle Duphot sat down beside Mary and patted her
hand: ‘Like me, you love her. Well now let me recall— She would
sometimes get angry, very angry, and then she would go to the
stables and talk to her horse. But when she fence it was marvellous
—she fence like a man, and she only a baby but extrémement
strong. And then. . . .’ The memories went on and on, such a store
she possessed, the kind Mademoiselle Duphot.
As she talked her heart went out to the girl, for she felt a great
tenderness towards young things: ‘I am glad that you come to live
with our Stévenne now that Mademoiselle Puddle is at Morton.
Stévenne would be desolate in the big house. It is charming for both
of you this new arrangement. While she work you look after the
ménage; is it not so? You take care of Stévenne, she take care of
you. Oui, oui, I am glad you have come to Paris.’
Julie stroked Mary’s smooth young cheek, then her arm, for she
wished to observe through her fingers. She smiled: ‘Very young, also
very kind. I like so much the feel of your kindness—it gives me a
warm and so happy sensation, because with all kindness there must
be much good.’
Was she quite blind after all, the poor Julie?
And hearing her Stephen flushed with pleasure, and her eyes
that could see turned and rested on Mary with a gentle and very
profound expression in their depths—at that moment they were
calmly thoughtful, as though brooding upon the mystery of life—one
might almost have said the eyes of a mother.
 A happy and pleasant visit it had been; they talked about it all
through the evening.

CHAPTER 41

B urton, who had enlisted in the Worcesters soon after Stephen

had found work in London, Burton was now back again in Paris,
loudly demanding a brand-new motor.
‘The car looks awful! Snub-nosed she looks—peculiar—all tucked
up in the bonnet;’ he declared.
So Stephen bought a touring Renault and a smart little
landaulette for Mary. The choosing of the cars was the greatest fun;
Mary climbed in and out of hers at least six times while it stood in
the showroom.
‘Is it comfortable?’ Stephen must keep on asking, ‘Do you want
them to pad it out more at the back? Are you perfectly sure you like
the grey whip-cord? Because if you don’t it can be re-upholstered.’
Mary laughed: ‘I’m climbing in and out from sheer swank, just to
show that it’s mine. Will they send it soon?’
‘Almost at once, I hope,’ smiled Stephen.
Very splendid it seemed to her now to have money, because of
what money could do for Mary; in the shops they must sometimes
behave like two children, having endless things dragged out for
inspection. They drove to Versailles in the new touring car and
wandered for hours through the lovely gardens. The Hameau no
longer seemed sad to Stephen, for Mary and she brought love back
to the Hameau. Then they drove to the forest of Fontainebleau, and
wherever they went there was singing of birds—challenging,
jubilant, provocative singing: ‘Look at us, look at us! We’re happy,
Stephen!’ And Stephen’s heart shouted back: ‘So are we. Look at us,
look at us, look at us! We’re happy!’
When they were not driving into the country, or amusing
themselves by ransacking Paris, Stephen would fence, to keep
herself fit—would fence as never before with Buisson, so that
Buisson would sometimes say with a grin:
‘Mais voyons, voyons! I have done you no wrong, yet it almost
appears that you wish to kill me!’
The foils laid aside, he might turn to Mary, still grinning: ‘She
fence very well, eh, your friend? She lunge like a man, so strong and
so graceful.’ Which considering all things was generous of Buisson.
But suddenly Buisson would grow very angry: ‘More than seventy
francs have I paid to my cook and for nothing! Bon Dieu! Is this
winning the war? We starve, we go short of our butter and chickens,
and before it is better it is surely much worse. We are all imbeciles,
we kind-hearted French; we starve ourselves to fatten the Germans.
Are they grateful? Sacré Nom! Mais oui, they are grateful—they love
us so much that they spit in our faces!’ And quite often this mood
would be vented on Stephen.
To Mary, however, he was usually polite: ‘You like our Paris? I am
glad—that is good. You make the home with Mademoiselle Gordon; I
hope you prevent her injurious smoking.’
And in spite of his outbursts Mary adored him, because of his
interest in Stephen’s fencing.

One evening towards the end of June, Jonathan Brockett walked in

serenely: ‘Hallo, Stephen! Here I am, I’ve turned up again—not that
I love you, I positively hate you. I’ve been keeping away for weeks
and weeks. Why did you never answer my letters? Not so much as a
line on a picture postcard! There’s something in this more than
meets the eye. And where’s Puddle? She used to be kind to me once
—I shall lay my head down on her bosom and weep. . . .’ He
stopped abruptly, seeing Mary Llewellyn, who got up from her deep
arm-chair in the corner.
Stephen said: ‘Mary, this is Jonathan Brockett—an old friend of
mine; we’re fellow writers. Brockett, this is Mary Llewellyn.’
Brockett shot a swift glance in Stephen’s direction, then he
bowed and gravely shook hands with Mary.
And now Stephen was to see yet another side of this strange and
unexpected creature. With infinite courtesy and tact he went out of
his way to make himself charming. Never by so much as a word or a
look did he once allow it to be inferred that his quick mind had
seized on the situation. Brockett’s manner suggested an innocence
that he was very far from possessing.
Stephen began to study him with interest; they two had not met
since before the war. He had thickened, his figure was more robust,
there was muscle and flesh on his wide, straight shoulders. And she
thought that his face had certainly aged; little bags were showing
under his eyes, and rather deep lines at the sides of his mouth—the
war had left its mark upon Brockett. Only his hands remained
unchanged; those white and soft skinned hands of a woman.
He was saying: ‘So you two were in the same Unit. That was a
great stroke of luck for Stephen; I mean she’d be feeling horribly
lonely now that old Puddle’s gone back to England. Stephen’s
distinguished herself I see—Croix de Guerre and a very becoming
scar. Don’t protest, my dear Stephen, you know it’s becoming. All
that happened to me was a badly sprained ankle;’ he laughed, ‘fancy
going out to Mesopotamia to slip on a bit of orange peel! I might
have done better than that here in Paris. By the way, I’m in my own
flat again now; I hope you’ll bring Miss Llewellyn to luncheon.’
He did not stay embarrassingly late, nor did he leave suggestively
early; he got up to go at just the right moment. But when Mary went
out of the room to call Pierre, he quite suddenly put his arm through
Stephen’s.
 ‘Good luck, my dear, you deserve it;’ he murmured, and his sharp
grey eyes had grown almost gentle: ‘I hope you’ll be very, very
happy.’
Stephen quietly disengaged her arm with a look of surprise:
‘Happy? Thank you, Brockett,’ she smiled, as she lighted a cigarette.

They could not tear themselves away from their home, and that
summer they remained in Paris. There were always so many things
to do, Mary’s bedroom entirely to refurnish for instance—she had
Puddle’s old room overlooking the garden. When the city seemed to
be growing too airless, they motored off happily into the country,
spending a couple of nights at an auberge, for France abounds in
green, pleasant places. Once or twice they lunched with Jonathan
Brockett at his flat in the Avenue Victor Hugo, a beautiful flat since
his taste was perfect, and he dined with them before leaving for
Deauville—his manner continued to be studiously guarded. The
Duphots had gone for their holiday and Buisson was away in Spain
for a month—but what did they want that summer with people? On
those evenings when they did not go out, Stephen would now read
aloud to Mary, leading the girl’s adaptable mind into new and
hitherto unexplored channels; teaching her the joy that can lie in
books, even as Sir Philip had once taught his daughter. Mary had
read so little in her life that the choice of books seemed practically
endless, but Stephen must make a start by reading that immortal
classic of their own Paris, Peter Ibbetson, and Mary said:
‘Stephen—if we were ever parted, do you think that you and I
could dream true?’
And Stephen answered: ‘I often wonder whether we’re not
dreaming true all the time—whether the only truth isn’t in dreaming.’
Then they talked for a while of such nebulous things as dreams,
which will seem very concrete to lovers.
 Sometimes Stephen would read aloud in French, for she wanted
the girl to grow better acquainted with the lure of that fascinating
language. And thus gradually, with infinite care, did she seek to fill
the more obvious gaps in Mary’s none too complete education. And
Mary, listening to Stephen’s voice, rather deep and always a little
husky, would think that words were more tuneful than music and
more inspiring, when spoken by Stephen.
At this time many gentle and friendly things began to bear
witness to Mary’s presence. There were flowers in the quiet old
garden for instance, and some large red carp in the fountain’s basin,
and two married couples of white fantail pigeons who lived in a
house on a tall wooden leg and kept up a convivial cooing. These
pigeons lacked all respect for Stephen; by August they were flying in
at her window and landing with soft, heavy thuds on her desk where
they strutted until she fed them with maize. And because they were
Mary’s and Mary loved them, Stephen would laugh, as unruffled as
they were, and would patiently coax them back into the garden with
bribes for their plump little circular crops. In the turret room that
had been Puddle’s sanctum, there were now three cagefuls of Mary’s
rescues—tiny bright coloured birds with dejected plumage, and eyes
that had filmed from a lack of sunshine. Mary was always bringing
them home from the terrible bird shops along the river, for her love
of such helpless and suffering things was so great that she in her
turn must suffer. An ill-treated creature would haunt her for days, so
that Stephen would often exclaim half in earnest:
‘Go and buy up all the animal shops in Paris . . . anything,
darling, only don’t look unhappy!’
The tiny bright coloured birds would revive to some extent,
thanks to Mary’s skilled treatment; but since she always bought the
most ailing, not a few of them left this disheartening world for what
we must hope was a warm, wild heaven—there were several small
graves already in the garden.
Then one morning, when Mary went out alone because Stephen
had letters to write to Morton, she chanced on yet one more
desolate creature who followed her home to the Rue Jacob, and
right into Stephen’s immaculate study. It was large, ungainly and
appallingly thin; it was coated with mud which had dried on its nose,
its back, its legs and all over its stomach. Its paws were heavy, its
ears were long, and its tail, like the tail of a rat, looked hairless, but
curved up to a point in a miniature sickle. Its face was as smooth as
though made out of plush, and its luminous eyes were the colour of
amber.
Mary said: ‘Oh, Stephen—he wanted to come. He’s got a sore
paw; look at him, he’s limping!’
Then this tramp of a dog hobbled over to the table and stood
there gazing dumbly at Stephen, who must stroke his anxious,
dishevelled head: ‘I suppose this means that we’re going to keep
him.’
‘Darling, I’m dreadfully afraid it does—he says he’s sorry to be
such a mongrel.’
‘He needn’t apologize,’ Stephen smiled, ‘he’s all right, he’s an
Irish water-spaniel, though what he’s doing out here the Lord
knows; I’ve never seen one before in Paris.’
They fed him, and later that afternoon they gave him a bath in
Stephen’s bathroom. The result of that bath, which was
disconcerting as far as the room went, they left to Adèle. The room
was a bog, but Mary’s rescue had emerged a mass of chocolate
ringlets, all save his charming plush-covered face, and his curious
tail, which was curved like a sickle. Then they bound the sore pad
and took him downstairs; after which Mary wanted to know all about
him, so Stephen unearthed an illustrated dog book from a cupboard
under the study bookcase.
‘Oh, look!’ exclaimed Mary, reading over her shoulder, ‘He’s not
Irish at all, he’s really a Welshman: “We find in the Welsh laws of
Howell Dda the first reference to this intelligent spaniel. The Iberians
brought the breed to Ireland. . . .” Of course, that’s why he followed
me home; he knew I was Welsh the moment he saw me!’
 Stephen laughed: ‘Yes, his hair grows up from a peak like yours—
it must be a national failing. Well, what shall we call him? His name’s
important; it ought to be quite short.’
‘David,’ said Mary.
The dog looked gravely from one to the other for a moment,
then he lay down at Mary’s feet, dropping his chin on his bandaged
paw, and closing his eyes with a grunt of contentment. And so it had
suddenly come to pass that they who had lately been two, were now
three. There were Stephen and Mary—there was also David.

CHAPTER 42

T hat October there arose the first dark cloud. It drifted over to
Paris from England, for Anna wrote asking Stephen to Morton
but with never a mention of Mary Llewellyn. Not that she ever did
mention their friendship in her letters, indeed she completely
ignored it; yet this invitation which excluded the girl seemed to
Stephen an intentional slight upon Mary. A hot flush of anger spread
up to her brow as she read and re-read her mother’s brief letter:
‘I want to discuss some important points regarding the
management of the estate. As the place will eventually come to you,
I think we should try to keep more in touch. . . .’ Then a list of the
points Anna wished to discuss; they seemed very trifling indeed to
Stephen.
She put the letter away in a drawer and sat staring darkly out of
the window. In the garden Mary was talking to David, persuading
him not to retrieve the pigeons.
‘If my mother had invited her ten times over I’d never have taken
her to Morton,’ Stephen muttered.
 Oh, but she knew, and only too well, what it would mean should
they be there together; the lies, the despicable subterfuges, as
though they were little less than criminals. It would be: ‘Mary, don’t
hang about my bedroom—be careful . . . of course while we’re here
at Morton . . . it’s my mother, she can’t understand these things; to
her they would seem an outrage, an insult. . . .’ And then the guard
set upon eyes and lips; the feeling of guilt at so much as a hand-
touch; the pretence of a careless, quite usual friendship—‘Mary,
don’t look at me as though you cared! you did this evening—
remember my mother.’
Intolerable quagmire of lies and deceit! The degrading of all that
to them was sacred—a very gross degrading of love, and through
love a gross degrading of Mary. Mary . . . so loyal and as yet so
gallant, but so pitifully untried in the war of existence. Warned only
by words, the words of a lover, and what were mere words when it
came to actions? And the ageing woman with the far-away eyes,
eyes that could yet be so cruel, so accusing—they might turn and
rest with repugnance on Mary, even as once they had rested on
Stephen: ‘I would rather see you dead at my feet. . . .’ A fearful
saying, and yet she had meant it, that ageing woman with the far-
away eyes—she had uttered it knowing herself to be a mother. But
that at least should be hidden from Mary.
She began to consider the ageing woman who had scourged her
but whom she had so deeply wounded, and as she did so the depth
of that wound made her shrink in spite of her bitter anger, so that
gradually the anger gave way to a slow and almost reluctant pity.
Poor, ignorant, blind, unreasoning woman; herself a victim, having
given her body for Nature’s most inexplicable whim. Yes, there had
been two victims already—must there now be a third—and that one
Mary? She trembled. At that moment she could not face it, she was
weak, she was utterly undone by loving. Greedy she had grown for
happiness, for the joys and the peace that their union had brought
her. She would try to minimize the whole thing; she would say: ‘It
will only be for ten days; I must just run over about this business,’
then Mary would probably think it quite natural that she had not
been invited to Morton and would ask no questions—she never
asked questions. But would Mary think such a slight was quite
natural? Fear possessed her; she sat there terribly afraid of this
cloud that had suddenly risen to menace—afraid yet determined not
to submit, not to let it gain power through her own acquiescence.
There was only one weapon to keep it at bay. Getting up she
opened the window: ‘Mary!’
All unconscious the girl hurried in with David: ‘Did you call?’
‘Yes—come close. Closer . . . closer, sweetheart. . . .’

Shaken and very greatly humbled, Mary had let Stephen go from her
to Morton. She had not been deceived by Stephen’s glib words, and
had now no illusions regarding Anna Gordon. Lady Anna, suspecting
the truth about them, had not wished to meet her. It was all quite
clear, cruelly clear if it came to that matter—but these thoughts she
had mercifully hidden from Stephen.
She had seen Stephen off at the station with a smile: ‘I’ll write
every day. Do put on your coat, darling; you don’t want to arrive at
Morton with a chill. And mind you wire when you get to Dover.’
Yet now as she sat in the empty study, she must bury her face
and cry a little because she was here and Stephen in England . . .
and then of course, this was their first real parting.
David sat watching with luminous eyes in which were reflected
her secret troubles; then he got up and planted a paw on the book,
for he thought it high time to have done with this reading. He lacked
the language that Raftery had known—the language of many small
sounds and small movements—a clumsy and inarticulate fellow he
was, but unrestrainedly loving. He nearly broke his own heart
between love and the deep gratitude which he felt for Mary. At the
moment he wanted to lay back his ears and howl with despair to see
her unhappy. He wanted to make an enormous noise, the kind of
noise wild folk make in the jungle—lions and tigers and other wild
folk that David had heard about from his mother—his mother had
been in Africa once a long time ago, with an old French colonel. But
instead he abruptly licked Mary’s cheek—it tasted peculiar, he
thought, like sea water.
‘Do you want a walk, David?’ she asked him gently.
And as well as he could, David nodded his head by wagging his
tail which was shaped like a sickle. Then he capered, thumping the
ground with his paws; after which he barked twice in an effort to
amuse her, for such things had seemed funny to her in the past,
although now she appeared not to notice his capers. However, she
had put on her hat and coat; so, still barking, he followed her
through the courtyard.
They wandered along the Quai Voltaire, Mary pausing to look at
the misty river.
‘Shall I dive in and bring you a rat?’ inquired David by lunging
wildly backwards and forwards.
She shook her head. ‘Do stop, David; be good!’ Then she sighed
again and stared at the river; so David stared too, but he stared at
Mary.
Quite suddenly Paris had lost its charm for her. After all, what
was it? Just a big, foreign city—a city that belonged to a stranger
people who cared nothing for Stephen and nothing for Mary. They
were exiles. She turned the word over in her mind—exiles; it
sounded unwanted, lonely. But why had Stephen become an exile?
Why had she exiled herself from Morton? Strange that she, Mary,
had never asked her—had never wanted to until this moment.
She walked on not caring very much where she went. It grew
dusk, and the dusk brought with it great longing—the longing to see,
to hear, to touch—almost a physical pain it was, this longing to feel
the nearness of Stephen. But Stephen had left her to go to Morton
. . . Morton, that was surely Stephen’s real home, and in that real
home there was no place for Mary.
 She was not resentful. She did not condemn either the world, or
herself, or Stephen. Hers was no mind to wrestle with problems, to
demand either justice or explanation; she only knew that her heart
felt bruised so that all manner of little things hurt her. It hurt her to
think of Stephen surrounded by objects that she had never seen—
tables, chairs, pictures, all old friends of Stephen’s, all dear and
familiar, yet strangers to Mary. It hurt her to think of the unknown
bedroom in which Stephen had slept since the days of her
childhood; of the unknown schoolroom where Stephen had worked;
of the stables, the lakes and the gardens of Morton. It hurt her to
think of the two unknown women who must now be awaiting
Stephen’s arrival—Puddle, whom Stephen loved and respected; Lady
Anna, of whom she spoke very seldom, and who, Mary felt, could
never have loved her. And it came upon Mary with a little shock that
a long span of Stephen’s life was hidden; years and years of that life
had come and gone before they two had finally found each other.
How could she hope to link up with a past that belonged to a home
which she might not enter? Then, being a woman, she suddenly
ached for the quiet, pleasant things that a home will stand for—
security, peace, respect and honour, the kindness of parents, the
good-will of neighbours; happiness that can be shared with friends,
love that is proud to proclaim its existence. All that Stephen most
craved for the creature she loved, that creature must now quite
suddenly ache for.
And as though some mysterious cord stretched between them,
Stephen’s heart was troubled at that very moment; intolerably
troubled because of Morton, the real home which might not be
shared with Mary. Ashamed because of shame laid on another,
compassionate and suffering because of her compassion, she was
thinking of the girl left alone in Paris—the girl who should have come
with her to England, who should have been welcomed and honoured
at Morton. Then she suddenly remembered some words from the
past, very terrible words: ‘Could you marry me, Stephen?’
Mary turned and walked back to the Rue Jacob. Disheartened
and anxious, David lagged beside her. He had done all he could to
distract her mind from whatever it was that lay heavy upon it. He
had made a pretence of chasing a pigeon, he had barked himself
hoarse at a terrified beggar, he had brought her a stick and implored
her to throw it, he had caught at her skirt and tugged it politely; in
the end he had nearly got run over by a taxi in his desperate efforts
to gain her attention. This last attempt had certainly roused her: she
had put on his lead—poor, misunderstood David.

Mary went into Stephen’s study and sat down at the spacious
writing-table, for now all of a sudden she had only one ache, and
that was the ache of her love for Stephen. And because of her love
she wished to comfort, since in every fond woman there is much of
the mother. That letter was full of many things which a less
privileged pen had best left unwritten—loyalty, faith, consolation,
devotion; all this and much more she wrote to Stephen. As she sat
there, her heart seemed to swell within her as though in response to
some mighty challenge.
Thus it was that Mary met and defeated the world’s first tentative
onslaught upon them.

CHAPTER 43

T here comes a time in all passionate attachments when life, real

life, must be faced once again with its varied and endless
obligations, when the lover knows in his innermost heart that the
halcyon days are over. He may well regret this prosaic intrusion, yet
to him it will usually seem quite natural, so that while loving not one
whit the less, he will bend his neck to the yoke of existence. But the
woman, for whom love is an end in itself, finds it harder to submit
thus calmly. To every devoted and ardent woman there comes this
moment of poignant regretting; and struggle she must to hold it at
bay. ‘Not yet, not yet—just a little longer’; until Nature, abhorring her
idleness, forces on her the labour of procreation.
But in such relationships as Mary’s and Stephen’s, Nature must
pay for experimenting; she may even have to pay very dearly—it
largely depends on the sexual mixture. A drop too little of the male
in the lover, and mighty indeed will be the wastage. And yet there
are cases—and Stephen’s was one—in which the male will emerge
triumphant; in which passion combined with a real devotion will
become a spur rather than a deterrent; in which love and endeavour
will fight side by side in a desperate struggle to find some solution.
Thus it was that when Stephen returned from Morton, Mary
divined, as it were by instinct, that the time of dreaming was over
and past; and she clung very close, kissing many times—
‘Do you love me as much as before you went? Do you love me?’
The woman’s eternal question.
And Stephen, who, if possible, loved her more, answered almost
brusquely: ‘Of course I love you.’ For her thoughts were still heavy
with the bitterness that had come of that visit of hers to Morton, and
which at all costs must be hidden from Mary.
There had been no marked change in her mother’s manner. Anna
had been very quiet and courteous. Together they had interviewed
bailiff and agent, scheming as always for the welfare of Morton; but
one topic there had been which Anna had ignored, had refused to
discuss, and that topic was Mary. With a suddenness born of
exasperation, Stephen had spoken of her one evening. ‘I want Mary
Llewellyn to know my real home; some day I must bring her to
Morton with me.’ She had stopped, seeing Anna’s warning face—
expressionless, closed; while as for her answer, it had been more
eloquent far than words—a disconcerting, unequivocal silence. And
Stephen, had she ever entertained any doubt, must have known at
that moment past all hope of doubting, that her mother’s omission
to invite the girl had indeed been meant as a slight upon Mary.
Getting up, she had gone to her father’s study.
Puddle, who had held her peace at the time, had spoken just
before Stephen’s departure. ‘My dear, I know it’s all terribly hard
about Morton—about . . .’ She had hesitated.
And Stephen had thought with renewed bitterness: ‘Even she
jibs, it seems, at mentioning Mary.’ She had answered: ‘If you’re
speaking of Mary Llewellyn, I shall certainly never bring her to
Morton, that is as long as my mother lives—I don’t allow her to be
insulted.’
Then Puddle had looked at Stephen gravely. ‘You’re not working,
and yet work’s your only weapon. Make the world respect you, as
you can do through your work; it’s the surest harbour of refuge for
your friend, the only harbour—remember that—and it’s up to you to
provide it, Stephen.’
Stephen had been too sore at heart to reply; but throughout the
long journey from Morton to Paris, Puddle’s words had kept
hammering in her brain: ‘You’re not working, and yet work’s your
only weapon.’
So while Mary lay sleeping in Stephen’s arms on that first blessèd
night of their reunion, her lover lay wide-eyed with sleeplessness,
planning the work she must do on the morrow, cursing her own
indolence and folly, her illusion of safety where none existed.

They soon settled down to their more prosaic days very much as
quite ordinary people will do. Each of them now had her separate
tasks—Stephen her writing, and Mary the household, the paying of
bills, the filing of receipts, the answering of unimportant letters. But
for her there were long hours of idleness, since Pauline and Pierre
were almost too perfect—they would smile and manage the house
their own way, which it must be admitted was better than Mary’s. As
for the letters, there were not very many; and as for the bills, there
was plenty of money—being spared the struggle to make two ends
meet, she was also deprived of the innocent pleasure of scheming to
provide little happy surprises, little extra comforts for the person she
loved, which in youth can add a real zest to existence. Then Stephen
had found her typing too slow, so was sending the work to a woman
in Passy; obsessed by a longing to finish her book, she would
tolerate neither let nor hindrance. And because of their curious
isolation, there were times when Mary would feel very lonely. For
whom did she know? She had no friends in Paris except the kind
Mademoiselle Duphot and Julie. Once a week, it is true, she could go
and see Buisson, for Stephen continued to keep up her fencing; and
occasionally Brockett would come strolling in, but his interest was
centred entirely in Stephen; if she should be working, as was often
the case, he would not waste very much time over Mary.
Stephen often called her into the study, comforted by the girl’s
loving presence. ‘Come and sit with me, sweetheart, I like you in
here.’ But quite soon she would seem to forget all about her. ‘What
. . . what?’ she would mutter, frowning a little. ‘Don’t speak to me
just for a minute, Mary. Go and have your luncheon, there’s a good
child; I’ll come when I’ve finished this bit—you go on!’ But Mary’s
meal might be eaten alone; for meals had become an annoyance to
Stephen.
Of course there was David, the grateful, the devoted. Mary could
always talk to David, but since he could never answer her back the
conversation was very one-sided. Then too, he was making it
obvious that he, in his turn, was missing Stephen; he would hang
around looking discontented when she failed to go out after frequent
suggestions. For although his heart was faithful to Mary, the gentle
dispenser of all salvation, yet the instinct that has dwelt in the soul
of the male, perhaps ever since Adam left the Garden of Eden, the
instinct that displays itself in club windows and in other such places
of male segregation, would make him long for the companionable
walks that had sometimes been taken apart from Mary. Above all
would it make him long intensely for Stephen’s strong hands and
purposeful ways; for that queer, intangible something about her that
appealed to the canine manhood in him. She always allowed him to
look after himself, without fussing; in a word, she seemed restful to
David.
Mary, slipping noiselessly out of the study, might whisper: ‘We’ll
go to the Tuileries Gardens.’
But when they arrived there, what was there to do? For of course
a dog must not dive after goldfish—David understood this; there
were goldfish at home—he must not start splashing about in ponds
that had tiresome stone rims and ridiculous fountains. He and Mary
would wander along gravel paths, among people who stared at and
made fun of David: ‘Quel drôle de chien, mais regardez sa queue!’
They were like that, these French; they had laughed at his mother.
She had told him never so much as to say: ‘Wouf!’ For what did they
matter? Still, it was disconcerting. And although he had lived in
France all his life—having indeed known no other country—as he
walked in the stately Tuileries Gardens, the Celt in his blood would
conjure up visions: great beetling mountains with winding courses
down which the torrents went roaring in winter; the earth smell, the
dew smell, the smell of wild things which a dog might hunt and yet
remain lawful—for of all this and more had his old mother told him.
These visions it was that had led him astray, that had treacherously
led him half starving to Paris; and that, sometimes, even in these
placid days, would come back as he walked in the Tuileries Gardens.
But now his heart must thrust them aside—a captive he was now,
through love of Mary.
But to Mary there would come one vision alone, that of a garden
at Orotava; a garden lighted by luminous darkness, and filled with
the restless rhythm of singing.

The autumn passed, giving place to the winter, with its short, dreary
days of mist and rain. There was now little beauty left in Paris. A
grey sky hung above the old streets of the Quarter, a sky which no
longer looked bright by contrast, as though seen at the end of a
tunnel. Stephen was working like some one possessed, entirely re-
writing her pre-war novel. Good it had been, but not good enough,
for she now saw life from a much wider angle; and moreover, she
was writing this book for Mary. Remembering Mary, remembering
Morton, her pen covered sheet after sheet of paper; she wrote with
the speed of true inspiration, and at times her work brushed the
hem of greatness. She did not entirely neglect the girl for whose
sake she was making this mighty effort—that she could not have
done even had she wished to, since love was the actual source of
her effort. But quite soon there were days when she would not go
out, or if she did go, when she seemed abstracted, so that Mary
must ask her the same question twice—then as likely as not get a
nebulous answer. And soon there were days when all that she did
apart from her writing was done with an effort, with an obvious
effort to be considerate.
‘Would you like to go to a play one night, Mary?’
If Mary said yes, and procured the tickets, they were usually late,
because of Stephen who had worked right up to the very last
minute.
Sometimes there were poignant if small disappointments when
Stephen had failed to keep a promise. ‘Listen, Mary darling—will you
ever forgive me if I don’t come with you about those furs? I’ve a bit
of work here I simply must finish. You do understand?’
‘Yes, of course I do.’ But Mary, left to choose her new furs alone,
had quite suddenly felt that she did not want them.
And this sort of thing happened fairly often.
If only Stephen had confided in her, had said: ‘I’m trying to build
you a refuge; remember what I told you in Orotava!’ But no, she
shrank from reminding the girl of the gloom that surrounded their
small patch of sunshine. If only she had shown a little more patience
with Mary’s careful if rather slow typing, and so given her a real
occupation—but no, she must send the work off to Passy, because
the sooner this book was finished the better it would be for Mary’s
future. And thus, blinded by love and her desire to protect the
woman she loved, she erred towards Mary.
When she had finished her writing for the day, she frequently
read it aloud in the evening. And although Mary knew that the
writing was fine, yet her thoughts would stray from the book to
Stephen. The deep, husky voice would read on and on, having in it
something urgent, appealing, so that Mary must suddenly kiss
Stephen’s hand, or the scar on her cheek, because of that voice far
more than because of what it was reading.
And now there were times when, serving two masters, her
passion for this girl and her will to protect her, Stephen would be
torn by conflicting desires, by opposing mental and physical
emotions. She would want to save herself for her work; she would
want to give herself wholly to Mary.
Yet quite often she would work far into the night. ‘I’m going to
be late—you go to bed, sweetheart.’
And when she herself had at last toiled upstairs, she would steal
like a thief past Mary’s bedroom, although Mary would nearly always
hear her.
‘Is that you, Stephen?’
‘Yes. Why aren’t you asleep? Do you realize that it’s three in the
morning?’
‘Is it? You’re not angry, are you, darling? I kept thinking of you
alone in the study. Come here and say you’re not angry with me,
even if it is three o’clock in the morning!’
Then Stephen would slip off her old tweed coat and would fling
herself down on the bed beside Mary, too exhausted to do more
than take the girl in her arms, and let her lie there with her head on
her shoulder.
 But Mary would be thinking of all those things which she found
so deeply appealing in Stephen—the scar on her cheek, the
expression in her eyes, the strength and the queer, shy gentleness of
her—the strength which at moments could not be gentle. And as
they lay there Stephen might sleep, worn out by the strain of those
long hours of writing. But Mary would not sleep, or if she slept it
would be when the dawn was paling the windows.

One morning Stephen looked at Mary intently. ‘Come here. You’re not
well! What’s the matter? Tell me.’ For she thought that the girl was
unusually pale, thought too that her lips drooped a little at the
corners; and a sudden fear contracted her heart. ‘Tell me at once
what’s the matter with you!’ Her voice was rough with anxiety, and
she laid an imperative hand over Mary’s.
Mary protested. ‘Don’t be absurd; there’s nothing the matter, I’m
perfectly well—you’re imagining things.’ For what could be the
matter? Was she not here in Paris with Stephen? But her eyes filled
with tears, and she turned away quickly to hide them, ashamed of
her own unreason.
Stephen stuck to her point. ‘You don’t look a bit well. We
shouldn’t have stayed in Paris last summer.’ Then because her own
nerves were on edge that day, she frowned. ‘It’s this business of
your not eating whenever I can’t get in to a meal. I know you don’t
eat—Pierre’s told me about it. You mustn’t behave like a baby, Mary!
I shan’t be able to write a line if I feel you’re ill because you’re not
eating.’ Her fear was making her lose her temper. ‘I shall send for a
doctor,’ she finished brusquely.
Mary refused point-blank to see a doctor. What was she to tell
him? She hadn’t any symptoms. Pierre exaggerated. She ate quite
enough—she had never been a very large eater. Stephen had better
get on with her work and stop upsetting herself over nothing.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookfinal.com