Math Mammoth Grade 5A

Answer Key

By Maria Miller
Copyright 2008 - 2009 Taina Maria Miller.

EDITION 1.1

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 Math Mammoth Grade 5 Answer Key
Contents
Worksh. Ans. key Worksh. Ans. key
page page page page

Chapter 1: Chapter 3: Decimals

Review: Tenths and Hundredths ............. 83 21
Warm Up: Mental Math ............................ 10 4 More Decimals: Thousandths ................. 86 22
The Order of Operations Comparing Decimals ............................... 89 23
and Equations ........................................... 12 4 Rounding ................................................. 91 24
Addition and Subtraction Review ............ 14 4 Add and Subtract Decimals ..................... 93 24
Multiplication and Division ...................... 17 5 Multiplying Decimals .............................. 96 25
Multiplying in Parts and the Dividing Decimals ................................... 99 26
Multiplication Algorithm........................... 20 5 Long Division with Decimals ................. 103 27
A Three-Digit Multiplier, Plus Zeros ....... 24 7 Decimals in Measuring
Multiplication and Area ........................... 27 7 Units and More ....................................... 107 28
Long Division ........................................... 29 8 The Metric System .................................. 110 29
Long Division Practice Puzzle ................. 32 8 Rounding and Estimating ........................ 113 30
A Two-Digit Divisor ................................. 33 9 Multiplying Decimals by Decimals......... 115 31
Long Division and Remainder ................. 38 9 More Decimal Multiplication ................. 118 31
Balance Problems and Equations............... 39 9 Multiply and Divide by 10,
More Equations ........................................ 44 10 100 and 1000 .......................................... 120 32
Problem Solving 1 .................................... 47 11 Long Multiplication ............................... 124 32
Problem Solving 2 .................................... 49 11 Divide Decimals by Decimals ................ 125 33
Problem Solving 3 .................................... 51 12 Number Rule Puzzles ............................ 127 33
Problem Solving 4..................................... 53 13 Problems to Solve ................................... 128 34
Introduction to Ratios ............................... 55 13 Lessons in Problem Solving ................... 130 34
Chapter 1 Review ..................................... 59 14 Review .................................................... 135 35
Review 2 ................................................. 137 36
Chapter 2: Large Numbers
and Calculator Chapter 4: Statistics and
Place Value Up to Billions ....................... 61 15 Coordinate System
Counting and Adding Large Numbers ..... 64 16
Rounding .................................................. 67 17
Calculator ................................................. 70 18 Coordinate Grid ...................................... 141 37
Multiples, Estimation and Introduction to Functions ....................... 144 37
Calculator ................................................. 73 19 Lines Graphs ......................................... 148 39
Review ..................................................... 76 20 Reading Line Graphs ............................. 152 41
Double and Triple Line Graphs ............. 154 41
Making Bar Graphs ............................... 156 42
Making Histograms ................................ 158 43
Double Bar Graphs.................................. 160 45
Average (Mean) ..................................... 162 46
Mean, Mode and Bar Graphs ................. 165 47
Review ................................................... 168 48

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Chapter 1: Addition, Subtraction, Graphs and Money

Warm Up: Mental Math, p. 10

1. a. 38; 75 b. 95; 85 c. 73; 300 7. a. 60; 120; 180; 240; 300; 360; 420; 480; 540
d. 7,800; 17,720 e. 1,100; 210 b. 1,080; 960; 840; 720; 600; 480; 360; 240; 120
c. 130; 170; 210; 250; 290; 330; 370; 410; 450
2. a. 16; 34 b. 27; 128 c. 350; 1,000
d. 1,000; 253 e. 4,000; 90 8. a. 130 b. 215 c. 246 d. 535
e. 135 f. 261 g. 288 h. 981
3. The total length of the track is 4 km 300 m. i. 1,435 j. 728 k. 275 l. 935
4. The temperature was 88°F previously. m. 128 n. 198 o. 1,001 p. 633
9. a. 150; 900 b. 700; 0 c. 36; 162 d. 84; 540
5. The fourth crate of apples weighs 7 kg.
e. 5,170; 3,700 f. 6,300; 380 g. 330; 3,600

6. a. 2 × 6 = 12 b. 10 × 35 = 350 c. 400 × 500 = 200,000

20 × 6 = 120 100 × 35 = 3,500 9 × 700 = 6,300
200 × 6 = 1,200 20 × 100 = 2,000 60 × 80 = 4,800
200 × 600 = 120,000 300 × 500 = 150,000 100 × 430 = 43,000

Order of Operations and Equations, p. 12

1. a. 68, 80, 20 b. 92, 36, 44 c. 8, 98, 80 7. a. (10 + 40 + 40) × 2 = 180
b. 144 = 3 × (2 + 4) × 8
2. c. $50 − 3 × $8 c. 40 × 3 = (80 − 50) × 4
3. d. ($8 + $13) ÷ 2 8. a. 11 b. 2 c. 2
d. 7 e. 12 f. 54
4. a. $600 ÷ 4 + $1,200 ÷ 3
9. Answers will vary. Check the student's work.
5. a. 18 b. 10 c. 1 d. 15 e. 13 f. 6 Some examples are: 1 × 11 = 3 × 3 + 1 + 1;
3 × 11 = 3 × 3 + 3 × 3 + 3 × 3 + 3 × 3 − 3;
6. a. equation b. expression c. equation 3 × 3 + 3 × 3 = 11 + 3 + 3 + 1
d. equation e. equation f. expression

Addition and Subtraction Review, p. 14

1. a. 2,370 – 1,057 = x = 1,313 6. a. 7,000 – (1,500 + 2,500) = 3,000
b. 12,000 – 3,938 – 1,506 = x = 6,556 7,000 – 2,500 – 1,500 = 3,000
c. 93,450 – 9,380 – 3,928 = x = 80,142 7,000 – (2,500 – 1,500) = 6,000
d. 560 – 200 = 2x = 360; x = 180 b. 600 + 30 – 30 + 30 – 30 = 600
600 – (30 + 30 + 30 + 30) = 480
600 – 30 – 30 – 30 – 30 = 480
2.
7.a. 20 – (7 + 5) b. 20 – 5 – 7
x = 547 – 119 – 38 = 390 c. 20 – (7 – 5) d .(7 – 5) + 20
e. 5 + 7 + 20
3. a. 68 + 9 b. 100 – 37 8. Joey had already saved $74.00.
c. 60 + b + 40 d. 80 – x
e. 16 – 7 = 9 f. 3 + 9 + y = 20 9. a. $20.00 – ($2.49 + $1.59 + $3.55 + $6.70)
b. = $5.67 change
4. x – 1,390 = 283 x = 1,673

5. 910 – x = 139 x = 771

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10. a. x – 7 = 3; 3 + 7 = x = 10 f. 22,439 – x = 3,497; 22,439 – 3,497 = x = 18,942
b. x – 39 = 32; 39 + 32 = x = 71 Solve these three equations by subtracting the
c. x – 4,295 = 237; 4,295 + 237 = x = 4,532 difference from the minuend.
Solve these three equations by adding the
two given numbers to find the value of x g. 3 + x = 20; 20 – 3 = x = 17
d. 30 – x = 14; 30 – 14 = x = 16 h. 120 + x = 750; 750 – 120 = x = 630
e. 510 – x = 229; 510 – 229 = x = 281 i. 2,913 + x = 20,500; 20,500 – 2,913 = x = 17,587
Solve these three equations by subtracting the
given addend from the sum.

Multiplication and Division, p. 17

1. a. 6 × y = 90; y = 15 5. a. 450 ÷ 30 = 15; 450 ÷ 15 = 30
b. y ÷ 6 = 90; y = 540 b. 520 ÷ 2 = N; 520 ÷ N = 2; N = 260
c. 65 ÷ N = 5; 65 ÷ 5 = N = 13
2. a. 4 × 305 = w; 305 × 4 = w d. You can solve the value for N in problem
w ÷ 4 = 305; w ÷ 305 = 4 b by dividing the product by the multiplicand.
w = 1,220 In problem c you divide the product by the
b. 5 × w = 305; w × 5 = 305 multiplier.
305 ÷ w = 5; 305 ÷ 5 = w
w = 61 6. a. 72 ÷ 8 = 9
b. 350 ÷ 50 = N; N = 7
c. 126 ÷ N = 6; N = 21
3. a. d. Divide the quotient into the dividend
to find the value of N in b and c.
R ÷ 5 = 120; R = 600 7. a. M = 4 b. N = 2,200 c. M = 15 d. N = 12,000
e. M = 9 f. N = 80
8. a. 52 × 8 b. 15,000 ÷ 300 c. 4 × S × 18
b. d. 80 ÷ x e. 240 ÷ 8 = 30 f. 3 × 5 × T = 60
9. 280 ÷ x = 4; x = 70
5 × R = 120; R = 24
10. x ÷ 91 = 3; x = 273
4. a. 30 × 7 = 210 b. 12 × 60 = N = 720
c. 21 × 7 = N = 147
d. You can solve for N by multiplying
the divisor by the quotient.

Multiplying in Parts and the Multiplication Algorithm, p. 20

1. a. 4 × 20 + 4 × 7 = 80 + 28 = 108 b. 7 × 80 + 7 × 3 = 560 + 21 = 581
c. 5 × 200 + 5 × 10 + 5 × 6 = 1000 + 50 + 30 = 1,080

2. a. 280 b. 360 c. 372 d. 616 e. 5,264 f. 2,460 g. $21.69 h. $65.68

3. a. 448
b. 71 × 25 = 70 × 25 + 1 × 25 = 70 × 20 + 70 × 5 + 1 × 20 + 1 × 5 = 1400 + 350 + 20 + 5 = 1,775
c. 48 × 19 = 40 × 19 + 8 × 19 = 40 × 10 + 40 × 9 + 8 × 10 + 8 × 9 = 400 + 360 + 80 + 72 = 912
d. 39 × 94 = 30 × 94 + 9 × 94 = 30 × 90 + 30 × 4 + 9 × 90 + 9 × 4 = 2700 + 120 + 810 + 36 = 3,666

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4. Estimates and errors of estimation will vary as estimating can be done in various ways.

a. 90 b. 55 c. 87
× 27 × 46 × 16 d. 61
× 90
630 330 522
+ 1800 + 2200 + 870 5490

2430 2530 1392

Estimate: 60× 90 =
Estimate: 90 × 30 Estimate: 50 × 50 Estimate: 90 × 20 5,400
= 2,700 = 2,500 = 1,800
Error of
Error of Error of Error of estimation: 90
estimation: 270 estimation: 30 estimation: 408

e. 24 f. $ 0 .9 4 g. $ 1 .9 7 h. $ 3 .0 5
× 27 × 28 × 11 × 76

168 752 197 1830

+ 4 80 + 1880 + 1970 + 21350

648 $ 2 6. 3 2 $ 2 1. 6 7 $ 2 3 1. 8 0
Estimate: 20 × 30 Estimate: 30 × $0.90 Estimate: 10 × $2.00 Estimate: 80 × $3.00
= 600 = $27.00 = $20.00 = $240.00
Error of Error of Error of Error of
estimation: 48 estimation: $0.68 estimation: $1.67 estimation: $8.20

i. 191 k. 78 l. 601
× 25 j. 224 × 74 × 35
× 40
955 312 3005
+ 3820 8960 +5460 +18030

4775 5772 21035

Estimate: 40 × 220
Estimate: 30 × 190 = 8,800 Estimate: 70 × 80 Estimate: 40 × 600
= 5,700 = 5,600 = 24,000
Error of
Error of estimation: 160 Error of Error of
estimation: 925 estimation: 172 estimation: 2,965

5. a. 28 b. 5 4
× 75 28
←5×8 × 75
40
100 ← 5 × 20
← 70 × 8 140 ← 5 × 20 + 5 × 8
560
← 70 × 20 + 1960 ← 70 × 20 + 70 × 8
+ 1400
2100
2100

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A Three-Digit Multiplier, Plus Zeros, p. 24
1. a. 46,795 b. 93,252 c. 33,702 d. 589,245 e. 166,221 f. 82,750
2. a. 14,500 b. 71,400 c. 196,000 d. 89,100 e. 249,000 f. 171,500
3. a. 100,000 b. 6,300 c. 10,000 d. 800.000 e. 960,000 f. 60,000 g. 3,200,000 h. 1,200,00

4. 49,307 days.
There are 135 full years. Out of those, every fourth year is a leap year. Since 135 / 4 = 33 R3, this means there would be
33 leap years (the years 1872, 1876, 1880, and so on, till 2004) in this time interval. However, since the year 1900 was not
leap year, actually there have been just 32 leap years. The number of days is therefore 135 × 365 + 32 = 49,307.
5. The exact amount saved in one year is $6240.
The exact amount saved in five years is $31,200.
The error of estimation for one year is $240.
The error of estimation for five years is $1,200.

Puzzle corner: 4027 45840

× 2391 × 29310

4027 00000
362430 458400
1208100 13752000
+ 8054000 412560000
+ 916800000
9628557
1343570400

Multiplication and Area, p. 27

1. 850 square units
2. 6 × 29 = 6 × 20 + 6 × 9 = 120 + 54 = 174
3. 153 − 117 = 36; 36 ÷ 4 = 9; 117 ÷ 9 = 13; 9 units and 13 units
4. a. (1) matches with 45 × 28. (2) matches with 128 × 45.

b./c.

d. (1) 45 × 28 = 40 × 20 + 40 × 8 + 5 × 20 + 5 × 8 (2) 128 × 45

= 800 + 320 + 100 + 40 = 1,260 square units. = 100 × 40 + 20 × 40 + 8 × 40 + 100 × 5 + 20 × 5 + 8 × 5 =
4,000 + 800 + 320 + 500 + 100 + 40 = 5,760 square units.

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5. 41 × 63 can be broken down into tens and ones, but you have to multiply the tens and ones from both numbers.
The method that Michael suggested does not include the tens and ones from both numbers. To multiply correctly we
have to multiply 40 × 60 and 1 × 60, then multiply 40 × 3 and 1 × 3, then add all of these products: 40 × 60 = 2,400;
1 × 60 = 60; 40 × 3 = 120; 1 × 3 = 3; then 2,400 + 60 + 120 + 3 = 2,583—which is 180 more than Michael's method of
multiplying.

5. Graphic method: Draw a rectangle. Label the short side “41” and the long side “63.” Divide the short side into two
lengths: a long one for the tens, “40,” and a short one for the units, “1.” Divide the long side into two lengths: a long one
for the tens, “60,” and a short one for the units, “3.” Now you have divided the large rectangle into four smaller
rectangles. Show Michael that his “method” solves for only two of the four smaller rectangles:
(1) “40 × 60” and (4) “1 × 3.” There are still two rectangles left: (2) “1 × 60” and (3) “40 × 3.”
So the real answer is: 41 × 63 = 40 × 60 + 1 × 60 + 40 × 3 + 1 × 3 = 2400 + 60 + 120 + 3 = 2,583.

Puzzle corner:
143 × 715 = 100 × 700 + 40 × 700 + 3 × 700 + 100 × 10 + 40 × 10 + 3 × 10 + 100 × 5 + 40 × 5 + 3 × 5
= 70,000 + 28,000 + 2,100 + 1,000 + 400 + 30 + 500 + 200 + 15 = 102,245

Long Division, p. 29
Examples: 1. a. 689 b. 437 c. 547
d. 1,078 e. 2,406 f. 1,908
0294
7 )2058 2056 2056 2. a. $86.00 goes into savings b. $430 is left
-14 3)6168 3 )6168
3. a. 2340 b. 515 c. 810
65 -6↓ -6↓↓
d. 303 e. 505 f. 306
-63 01 16
g. 504 h. 3,205 i. 1,030
28 -00 -15
-28 16 18 4. $1,830
0 -15 -18
18 0 5. 1,680 miles
-18
0

Long Division Practice Puzzle, p. 32

1.
a. 1 a. 2 0 7
3 d. 3
b. 5 6 f. 9 7
e. 1 8 8
c. 2 0 b. 9 6
9 9 e. 8
0 9 4
1 d. 6 0 5

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A Two-Digit Divisor, p. 33
Teaching box: 5568 ÷ 16 = 348; 16 × 348 = 5568
1. a. 584 b. 254 c. 356 d. 52
2. a. 541 b. 589 c. 84 d. 108 e. 86 f. 195 g. 339 h. 152 i. 84 j. 165 k. 83 l. 232
3.
b. 3 5
a.5 1 9 d. 2 7 f. 6
7 f. 5 0 8 1 0
c.8 4 0 0 9
3 e.4 2 3
0 0
8

Long Division and Remainder, p. 38

1. a. 3 b. 75 yards 2 feet
2. c.
3. a. The shortcut is: the last digit of the number is the remainder when dividing by 10.
For the numbers 42; 78; 102; 381; 5,493, the remainders are 2, 8, 2, 1, and 3, respectively.
b. The two last digits of the number give the remainder when dividing by 100.
4. 4,958 ÷ 13 = 381 R5 or 4,958 ÷ 381 = 13 R5. Both are correct.
5. a. 40 ft 3 in b. 10 lb 3 oz c. 64 m 73 cm
Puzzle corner. 3 gallons, 2 quarts, 3 cups, and 1 ounce.
473 oz ÷ 8 = 59 R1, so 473 oz is 59 cups 1 ounce. Then we divide 59 cups by 4 to get the number of quarts:
59 ÷ 4 = 14 R3, so we get 14 quarts and 3 cups left over. From 14 quarts, we get 3 gallons and 2 quarts (14 ÷ 4 = 3 R2).
So, in total we have 3 gallons, 2 quarts, 3 cups, and 1 ounce.

Balance Problems and Equations, p. 39

1. a. 9 = + 3 Solution: =6 b. 3 = 21 Solution: =7
c. 2 + 2 = 16 Solution: =7 d. + 7 = 51 Solution: = 44
2. a. Equation: 24 + 7 = x Solution: x = 31 b. Equation: 38 = x + 12 Solution: x = 26
c. Equation: 88 = 2x Solution: x = 44 d. Equation: 16 + 6 = 2x Solution: x = 11
e. Equation: 3x = 6 + 32 + 4 Solution: x = 14 f. Equation: 2x + 6 = 32 + 4 Solution: x = 15
3.

a. 2x + 7 = x + 19 (remove x from both sides) b. 2x + 47 = 3x (remove 2x from both sides)

x + 7 = 19 (subtract to find missing addend) 47 = x
Solution: x = 12 Solution: x = 47

d. 3x + 7 = 2x + 23 (remove 2x from both sides)

c. 2x = x + 17 (remove x from both sides)
x + 7 = 23 (subtract to find missing addend)
Solution: x = 17
Solution: x = 16

e. 2x + 44 = 4x (remove 2x from both sides) f. 3x + 8 = x + 14 (remove x from both sides)

44 = 2x (now divide in half) 2x + 8 = 14 (now guess and check)
Solution: x = 22 Solution: x = 3

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4.

b. x + 51 = 2x + 5
a. 2x + 3 = 93 (remove 3 from both sides) (remove x from both sides)
51 = x + 5
2x = 90 (divide in half) (remove 5 from both sides)
46 = x
Solution: x = 45
Solution: x = 46

d. 3x + 9 = x + 27 (remove x from both sides)

c. 3x + 9 = 27 (remove 9 from both sides)
2x + 9 = 27 (remove 9 from both sides)
3x = 18 (divide by 3)
2x = 18 (divide by 2)
Solution: x = 6
Solution: x = 9

e. x + 9 + 6 = 2x + 2 (remove x from both sides) f. 4x + 6 = x + 13 + 5 (remove x from both sides)

9+6=x+2 (add 9 and 6 on left side) 3x + 6 = 13 + 5 (add 13 and 5 on right side)
15 = x + 2 (remove 2 from both sides) 3x + 6 = 18 (remove 6 from both sides)
13 = x 3x = 12 (divide by 3)
Solution: x = 13 Solution: x = 4

5.

a. 2x + 5 = 41 (remove 5 from both sides) b. 3x + 37 = 4x (remove 3x from both sides)

2x = 36 (divide by 2) 37 = x
Solution: x = 18 Solution: x = 37

c. x + 15 = 2x + 7 (remove x from both sides) d. 3x + 8 = 26 (remove 8 from both sides)

15 = x + 7 (remove 7 from both sides) 3x = 18 (divide by 3)
Solution: x = 8 Solution: x = 6

More Equations, p. 44
1. a. 6 × y + 12 = 78, y = 11 4. a. 403 b. 2,923 c. 136 d. 805 e. 1,071 f. 166
b. 6 × 12 + y = 78, y = 6
5. a. 8 × Z = 536 b. 15 × 29 = U c. W × 3 = 732
2. a. 4 × x + 142 = 298, x = 39 Z × 8 = 536 29 × 15 = U 3 × W =732
b. 2 × x + 120 = 230, x = 55 536 ÷ 8 = Z U ÷ 15 = 29 732 ÷ W = 3
536 ÷ Z = 8 U ÷ 29 = 15 732 ÷ 3 = W
3. a. 6. a. Z = 67 b. U = 435 c. W = 244

x = 36 7. a. x = 458 b. y = 208 c. w = 214 d. r = 74

8. a. 0.6 m b. 28 inches c. 324 pixels
b.

x = 120

c.

y = 46

d.

x = 292

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Problem Solving 1: Finding a Fractional Part of the Whole, p. 47

1. 680 g ÷ 5 = 136 g. 136 g × 2 = 272 g 6. 6 ft 6 in ÷ 6 = 1 ft 1 in; 1 ft 1 in × 5 = 5 ft 5 in.

2. $125.00 / 5 = $25.00; $25.00 × 4 = $100

3. $1.50 ÷ 3 × 2 = $1.00; 2 × $1.00 + 2 × $1.50 = $5.00 7.120cm / 5 = 24cm. 24cm × 8 = 192 cm

4. $10.50 ÷ 5 × 3 = $6.30; $6.30 × 10 = $63.00 8. 3,687 ÷ 3 × 5 = 6,145; 3,687 + 6,145 = 9,832 people

5. 840 lb ÷ 2 = 420 lb. 420 lb × 3 = 1,260 lb 9. $54.00 ÷ 3 × 4 = $72.00; $72.00 ÷ 6 = $12.00

Problem Solving 2: A Fractional Part More, p. 49

1. $14.00 4. $30.00
First find 1/6 of the old price: $12.00 / 6 = $2.00; so $2 is First we find 2/5 of the price of the package of the smaller
the increase. The new price is $12.00 + $2.00 = $14.00 envelopes: $2.50 ÷ 5 × 2 = $1.00; then add that to find
the price of the package of the larger envelopes:
$2.50 + $1.00 = $3.50

2. $5.40
First find the increase, which is $4.50 / 5 = $0.90
Fifty envelopes are five packs of ten, so the total cost is
Now add the old price and the increase:
5 × $2.50 + 5 × $3.50 = $30.00
$4.50 + $0.90 = $5.40
5. 210 apples.
420 − 18 = 402; 402 / 2 = 201 apples

3. a. $1.10
First find the increase: $1.00 / 10 = $0.10;
Then add to find the new price: $1.00 + $0.10 = $1.10 6. 1,689 − 155 = 1,534. 1,534 ÷ 2 = 767. In June there were
767 visitors, and in July 767 + 155 = 922 visitors.
Check: 767 + 922 = 1,689.

b. $0.10 to town + $0.10 back home = $0.20 more

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7. 210 cm − 30 cm = 180 cm; 180 cm ÷ 2 = 90 cm. 8. $119.00 − $20 − $3 = $96.00; $96.00 ÷ 3 = $32.00; so Carla
The two original pieces were 90 cm and 90 + 30 = 120 cm. has $32, Beth has $32 + $ 20 = $52, and Amy has
90 cm ÷ 2 = 45 cm; 120 cm ÷ 3 = 40 cm. $32 + $3 = $35.
Janet ends up with three lengths of 40 cm and two of 45 cm.

Problem Solving 3: One part is a multiple of the other, p. 51

Teaching box: “ ... divide the total length of the fence by four ... ”

1. The elder brother receives $6,000 and the younger $3,000. You can make a diagram two different ways.

Either: or:

Either way, we can see that the sum of $9,000 is divided into three equal parts (”blocks”), and the elder brother
gets two of those parts.
2. 1 kg 980 g.
We need to divide the weight of the package into ten equal parts, and
the book is 9 of those parts.
2,200 g ÷ 10 = 220g; 220g × 9 = 1,980 g = 1 kg 980 g.

3. $31.50
First find the price of one energy-saving bulb: $8.40 ÷ 4 × 3 = $6.30. Then 5 bulbs cost 5 × $6.30/bulb = $31.50

4. a. 84 cm.
The sides of the smaller rectangle are: 16cm ÷ 4 × 3 = 12 cm and 40cm ÷ 4 × 3 = 30 cm,
so the perimeter of the smaller rectangle is: 12 cm + 30 cm + 12 cm + 30 cm = 84 cm.
b. Yes. The perimeter of the larger rectangle is: 16 cm + 40 cm + 16 cm + 40cm = 112 cm.
Since 112 / 4 × 3 = 84 cm, the small rectangle's perimeter is 3/4 of the larger rectangle's perimeter.
5. “Proportional thinking”:

Miles traveled by an airplane

Price of chairs Weight of identical boxes
that flies with a constant speed.
Hours Miles Chairs Price Boxes Weight
1 550 1 $18 10 130 kg
2 1,100 2 $36 20 260 kg
3 3,300 3 $54 30 390 kg
4 4,400 4 $72 40 520 kg
5 5,500 5 $90 50 650 kg

12
6. $542. One painting cost $1,355 ÷ 5 = $271 so 2 × $271 = $542 for two.

7. $6.25. One can costs $2.50 ÷ 2 = $1.25, so five cost 5 × $1.25 = $6.25.

8. $2.20. One song download costs $5.50 ÷ 50 = $0.11. That times 20 is $2.20.
9. The unidentified object is at the distance of 384,000 km ÷ 5 × 2 = 153,600 km from the earth.
The total distance the beam travels is the trip out plus the trip back: 2 × 153,600 km = 307,200 km.

Problem Solving 4, p. 53
1. Julie has 120 ÷ 5 × 2 = 48 marbles. Helen has 120 − 48 = 72 more marbles than Julie.
2. Ashley spent $4.50. Emily spent 4 × $4.50. Together they spent $4.50 + 4 × $4.50 = $22.50.
3. One rose costs $1.80 ÷ 6 × 5 = $1.50. Therefore, the whole bouquet costs 5 × $1.80 + 5 × $1.50 = $16.50.
4. One orchid costs $40 ÷ 5 = $8. One daisy costs $40 ÷ 20 = $2. The difference is $8 − $2 = $6.
5. Tyler gave Chris 40 ÷ 8 × 3 = 15 cards. So now Tyler has 40 − 15 = 25 cards, and Chris has 10 + 15 = 25 cards, too.
6. The new package weighs 3000 g − 550 g = 2450 g. Each CD and its case weighs 2450 g ÷ 50 = 49 g.
7. The total cost of the 18-volume set is now $162 + $36 = $198. The cost of one volume is therefore $198 ÷ 18 = $11.00.

Puzzle Corner:
Take away two times $25 from $260, and divide that by three to get how much Sandy earned:
$260 − $25 − $25 = $210. $210 / 3 = $70. So Sandy earned $70 and Allison and Peter $25 more, or $95.

Or, you can think this way:

If all three of them had earned the same amount, then they would have earned $260 + $25 = $285.
So Allison and Peter each earned $285 ÷ 3 = $95, and Sandy earned $95 − $25 = $70.

Introduction to Ratios, p. 55
1. a. 4 : 3 b. 4 : 7 c. 3 : 7 d. 1 : 3 e. 3 : 6 f. 3 : 2 : 1

2. a. : b. 8 : 11
3. a. 3 : 8 b. 5 : 8 c. 5 : 3
4. a. 2 : 7 b. 6 × 2 = 12 men, 6 × 7 = 42 women, 6 × 9 = 54 people.

5.
Each block represents 80 ÷ 5 = 16 dogs. There are 16 adult dogs and 16 × 4 = 64 puppies.
6. There are 147 ÷ 7 × 4 = 84 red marbles.

13
7. Anita gets $200 ÷ 8 × 3 = $75, and Shirley gets $200 ÷ 8 × 5 = $125.

8. Picture/diagram As Fractions As a Ratio

a. 4/9 of the shapes are squares. The ratio of squares to circles is

5/9 of the shapes are circles. 4:5.

2
b. of the shapes are triangles. The ratio of triangles to
9
rectangles is 2 : 7.
7/9 of the shapes are rectangles.

c.
4/7 of the 84 toy cars are Jack's. The ratio of 48 to 36 is 4 : 3.
s 3/7 of the 84 toy cars are Rick's. There are 84 cars in all.

The ratio of white eggs

d. 5/6 of the 3,600 eggs are white.
to brown ones is 5:1.
1/6 of the 3,600 eggs are brown.
There are 3,600 eggs in all.

9. a. 5 : 11 b. 5: 6 c. 1,287 ÷ 11 × 6 = 702 male patients

10. a. 2 : 3 : 5 b. He has 6 nickels, 9 dimes and 15 quarters.

See if you can solve this problem where we know the ratio of girls to boys,
and the amount of girls, but not the total! The diagram will help.
How many boys were there in the club?
Each block is 20 ÷ 5 = 4 members. There were 2 × 4 = 8 boys.
How many members in all? There were 20 + 8 = 28 pupils in all.

11. There are 240 ÷ 4 × 5 = 300 black beans. There are 240 + 300 = 540 beans in all.
12. Peter may read 14 ÷ 2 × 3 = 21 comic books.
13. With a ratio of 2 : 3, 45 ÷ 5 × 2 = 18 are books and 45 ÷ 5 × 3 = 27 are comic books.
14. There are 210 ÷ 3 × 2 = 140 nut cookies. There are 210 ÷ 3 × 6 = 420 cookies in all.

Chapter 1 Review, p. 59
1. a. 266 b. 69 c. 95,118
4. a.
2. a. 1,070 b. 2,515 c. 901
b. 4:11
x c. There are 748 ÷ 11 × 7 = 476 girls and
3. = 210 OR x ÷ 52 = 210. x = 10,920
52 748 ÷ 11 × 4 = 272 boys.
5. $7.50 ÷ 5 × 8 = $12.00 for eight light bulbs.
6. His dad gave Austin ( $175.00 − $37.00) ÷ 2 = $69.00.

14
7. The red part is 240cm ÷ 5 × 3 = 144 cm long, and 10. a. 14 (Think: what number times 2 is 42?)
the white part is 240cm ÷ 5 × 2 = 96 cm. b. 1 (First solve the left side, which equals 61.)
c. 71 (First solve the right side, which equals 75.)
8. The discounted price is $364 ÷ 4 × 3 = $273.
11. a. y = 83,493 − 21,390 = 62,103
9. a. 27 + (155/5) − 14 = 44 b. X = 544 × 4 = 2,176
b. 150 + [8,406/(1 + 1)] = 4,353 c. M = 4599 ÷ 9 = 511

Chapter 2: LARGE NUMBERS AND THE CALCULATOR

Place Value Up to Billions, p. 63

1. “eighty-five billion, three hundred [and] fifty-nine million,
two hundred [and] four thousand, and thirty-one.”
a. 2 b. 8 c. 9 d. 5
2. a. 39,204,848,486 “thirty-nine billion, two hundred [and] four million,
eight hundred [and] forty-eight thousand, four hundred and eighty-six.”
b. 490,255,549,632 “four hundred [and] ninety billion, two hundred [and] fifty-five million, five hundred
[and] forty-nine thousand, six hundred and thirty-two.”
c. 2,843,729,584 “two billion, eight hundred [and] forty-three million,
seven hundred [and] twenty-nine thousand, five hundred and eighty-four.”
d. 309,082,048,392 “three hundred [and] nine billion, eighty-two million, forty-eight thousand,
three hundred and ninety-two.”
3. a. 308,067,008,307 = 308 billion, 67 million, 8 thousand, 307
b. 45,038,300,820 = 45 billion, 38 million, 300 thousand, 820
c. 915,008,360,000 = 915 billion, 8 million, 360 thousand
d. 9,000,004,000 = 9 billion, 4 thousand
4. a. 159,372,932,002 b. 7,372,040,020 c. 372,000,150
d. 607,000,043,017 e. 390,000,430,089 f. 50,302,000,000
5. a. 32,030,200 b. 500,000,500,005 c. 4,009,601,000
d. 612,087,002,300 e. 200,302,053,005 f. 45,000,003,043

6. a. 293,476,020 b. 3,299,005,392
Place: ten thousands place Place: millions place
Value: 70,000 (seventy thousand) Value: 9,000,000 (nine million)
c. 28,837,402,000 d. 293,476,020
Place: ten billions place Place: ten millions place
Value: 20,000,000,000 (twenty billion) Value: 90,000,000 (ninety million)
e. 3,299,005,392 f. 28,837,432,000
Place: hundred millions place Place: ten thousands place
Value: 200,000,000 (two hundred million) Value: 30,000 (thirty thousand)

7. a. 801,041,000,000 b. 6,907,057,000 c. 245,048,035

15
Counting and Adding Large Numbers p. 66

1. a. 90,000 b. 99,000,000 c. 999,000

+ 1,000 91,000 99,001,000 1,000,000
+ 10,000 100,000 99,010,000 1,009,000
+ 100,000 190,000 99,100,000 1,099,000
+ 1,000,000 1,090,000 100,000,000 1,999,000

2. a. b.
1/2 million - 500,000 1 million − 50,000 = 950,000
a hundred hundreds - 10,000 1 million − 500,000 = 500,000
1/10 million - 100,000 1/10 billion - 100,000,000
1/4 million - 250,000 1 billion − 500 million = 1/2 billion
3/4 million - 750,000 1 billion − 50 million = 950,000,000
a thousand thousands - 1,000,000 1 million − 5,000 = 995,000
2/10 million - 200,000 1 billion − 5 million = 995,000,000

3. a. 3,138,270,093 b. 254,349,802 c. 456,580 ,000 d. 3,910,729,609

4.
add 10,000 add a million
35,647,000 35,657,000 36,657,000

add 100
thousand
add 10 million add a thousand
46,758,000 36,758,000 36,757,000

5. a. 1 million − 100 thousand = 900,000 b. 7 million − 500 thousand = 6,500,000

1 million − 10 thousand = 990,000 7 million − 50 thousand = 6,950,000
1 million − 1 thousand = 999,000 7 million − 5 thousand = 6,995,000
c. 6,000,000 − 40,000 = 5,960,000 d. 1 billion − 2 million = 998,000,000
6,000,000 − 4,000 = 5,996,000 1 billion − 20 million = 980,000,000
6,000,000 − 400,000 = 5,600,000 1 billion − 200 million = 800,000,000

6. a. b. c. d.
458,000,000 79,650,000 450,996,000 22,570,000
468,000,000 79,800,000 450,997,000 22,580,000
478,000,000 79,950,000 450,998,000 22,590,000
488,000,000 80,100,000 450,999,000 22,600,000
498,000,000 80,250,000 451,000,000 22,610,000
508,000,000 80,400,000 451,001,000 22,620,000
518,000,000 80,550,000 451,002,000 22,630,000
528,000,000 80,700,000 451,003,000 22,640,000
538,000,000 80,850,000 451,004,000 22,650,000
548,000,000 81,000,000 451,005,000 22,660,000
Each difference is Each difference is Each difference is Each difference is
10,000,000 150,000 1,000 10,000

16
7.
subtract 500,000 subtract a million
6,000,000 5,500,000 4,500,000

subtract 40 thousand

subtract six thousand subtract 10,000

4,444,000 4,450,000 4,460,000

8. a. x = 3,960,000 b. x = 3,150,000

Rounding p. 69
1.

number 274,302 12,596,253 299,389,932 2,505,899,430

to the nearest 1,000 274,000 12,596,000 299,390,000 2,505,899,000
to the nearest 10,000 270,000 12,600,000 299,390,000 2,505,900,000
to the nearest 100,000 300,000 12,600,000 299,400,000 2,505,900,000
to the nearest million 0 13,000,000 299,000,000 2,506,000,000

number 2,017,249 38,802,155 82,009,709 217,299,204

to the nearest 1,000 2,017,000 38,802,000 82,010,000 217,299,000
to the nearest 10,000 2,020,000 38,800,000 82,010,000 217,300,000
to the nearest 100,000 2,000,000 38,800,000 82,000,000 217,300,000
to the nearest million 2,000,000 39,000,000 82,000,000 217,000,000

2.

The range of numbers is from 56,500 to 57,499 .

3.

The range of numbers is from 125,000 to 134,999 .

4.

The range of numbers is from 350,000 to 449,999 .

17
 5. a. The two towns have approximately 423,000 people in all.
There are about 49,000 more people in Purpletown than in Bluetown.
b. There were about 3,500 live births in all; and Seagull hospital had
about 1,300 more births than Sunshine hospital.
c. Rounding to the nearest thousand makes the problem simple.
Jake’s yearly earnings are $47,807 ≈ $48,000.
So he earns about $4,000 monthly.
d. The simplest way is to round the annual mileage to the nearest 10,000,
so Jack drives about 60,000 miles a year and about 5,000 miles a month.

6. a.

MARITAL STATUS
Never married 60,000,000
Now married
120,000,000
(not separated)
Separated 5,000,000
Widowed 15,000,000
Divorced 22,000,000

Source: From Census 2000 data,

www.census.gov.

b. The estimated number of people who are either separated, widowed, or divorced is ≈ 42,000,000.
c. The estimated number of people who are not married is ≈ 102,000,000.

Calculator, p. 72
1. a. 5,000,000 b. 21,000,000 c. 72,000,000 d. 18,000,000
e. 15,000,000 f. 16,000,000 g. 42,000,000 e. 27,000,000
2.

a. 54,395 + 89,302 b. 9,807,520 − 1,532,392

My estimation: 54,000 + 90,000 = 143,000 My estimation: 10,000 − 1,500,000 = 8,500,000
Exact answer: 143,697 Exact answer: 8,275,128
Error of estimation: 697 Error of estimation: 224,872
c. 1,224,845 ÷ 995 d. 2,873 × 3,204
My estimation: 1,224,000 ÷ 1000 = 1,224 My estimation: 3,000 × 3,000 = 9,000,000
Exact answer: 1,231 Exact answer: 9,205,092
Error of estimation: 7 Error of estimation: 205,092

18
3.

51 = 5 56 = 15,625 511 = 48,828,125

52 = 5 × 5 = 25 57 = 78,125 512 = 244,140,625
53 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125 58 = 390,625 513 = 1,220,703,125
54 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 625 59 = 1,953,125 514 = 6,103,515,625
55 = 3,125 510 = 9,765,625 515 = 30,517,578,125

4. 513 = 1,220,703,125

5. The power of 8 that is more than one million is 87 = 2,097,152 .

81 = 8 85 = 32,768 89 = 134,217,728
82 = 8 × 8 = 64 86 = 262,144 810 = 1,073,741,824
83 = 8 × 8 × 8 = 512 87 = 2,097,152 811 = 8,589,934,592
84 = 4,096 88 = 16,777,216 812 = 68,719,476,736

6. a. 126 > 1,000,000 e. 59 > 1,000,000 i. 424> 1,000,000

b. 116 > 1,000,000 f. 410 > 1,000,000 j. 0 > 1,000,000 impossible
c. 106 = 1,000,000 g. 220 > 1,000,000 k. 0.8 > 1,000,000 impossible
d. 87 > 1,000,000 h. 1 > 1,000,000 impossible l. 1003 = 1,000,000

7. a. You’d need to add 20 50,000 times in order to reach 1 million.

b. You’d need to add 40 25,000 times in order to reach 1 million.
c. You’d need to add 5,000 200 times in order to reach 1 million.
8. a. (× 2) 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512
b. (× 2) 6 12 24 48 96 192 384 768 1,536 3,072
c. (× 11) 5 55 605 6,655 73,205 805,255 8,857,805 97,435,855 1,071,794,405
d. (× 3) 18 54 162 486 1,458 4,374 13,122 39,366 118,098
e. (× 21) 2 42 882 18,522 388,962 8,168,202 171,532,242 3,602,177,082 75,645,718,722
f. (÷ 10) 1,000,000,000 100,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10
g. (÷ 20) 512,000,000,000 25,600,000,000 1,280,000,000 64,000,000 3,200,00 160,000 8,000 400 20
h. (÷ 2) 1,048,576 524,288 262,144 131,072 65,536 32,768 16,384 8,192 4,096
i. (÷ 2) 21,504 10,752 5,376 2,688 1,344 672 336 168 84
j. (÷ 9) 10,460,353,203 1,162,261,467 129,140,163 14,348,907 1,594,323 177,147 19,683 2,187 243

Multiples, Estimation, and the Calculator p. 75

1. a. 1,500,000 b. 27,000,000 c. 60,000,000
d. 24,000,000 e. 132,000,000 f. 300,000,000
g. 84,000 h. 80,000,000 i. 8,000,000,000

2. (Estimates may vary, depending on the rounding.)

a. 2,793 × 423 b. 132 × 49 × 8,231

My estimation: 3,000 × 400 = 1,200,000 My estimation: 120 × 50 × 8,000 = 48,000,000
Exact answer: 1,181,439 Exact answer: 53,238,108
Error of estimation: 18,561 Error of estimation: 5,238,108
c. 16 × $46.50 d. 6 × $1.55 + $9.80
My estimation: 16 × $50 = $800 My estimation: 6 × $1.50 + $10 = 19
Exact answer: $744 Exact answer: $19.10
Error of estimation: $56 Error of estimation: $0.10

19
3. a. about 1,000 km a day; mental math b. about 500 km; mental math c. $4,375.00; calculator
d. 110,800 kilometers; mental math e. About 7 hours; calculator f. About 2,700 hours; calculator
4. a. About 9,960 rides per day b. About 420 rides per bus per day

5. a. About 468 gallons used per person b. About 16,018,275 gallons of fuel was used per hour

6. a. $9,500 / year × 15 years = $142,500.00 b. $9,500 / year ÷ 365.25 days/year ≈ $26.00

Review, p. 78
1. a. 9,070,560 b. 50,000,050,050 c. 431,098,000,940

2. a. 405,229,020 b. 97,024,003,245 c. 230,560,079,000

Value: twenty thousand Value: four million Value: thirty billion

3.
number 69,066 14,506,439 389,970,453 12,976,895,322
to the nearest 1,000 69,000 14,506,000 389,970,000 12,976,895,000
to the nearest 10,000 70,000 14,510,000 389,970,000 12,976,900,000
to the nearest 100,000 100,000 14,500,000 390,000,000 12,976,900,000
to the nearest million 0 15,000,000 390,000,000 13,977,000,000

4. a. 200 × 110,000 = 22,000,000 b. 30 × 200 × 600 = 3,600,000 c. 50,000 × 200,000 = 10,000,000,000

5.
add 20,000 add a 100,000
56,700 76,700 176,700

add a million
add 10 million add 2 billion
2,011,176,700 2,001,176,700 1,176,700

6. a. 6,808 + 493,420 b. 3,703 × 52,380

My estimation: 7,000 + 500,00 = 507,000 My estimation: 4,000 × 50,000 = 200,000,000
Exact answer: 500,228 Exact answer: 193,963,140
Error of estimation: 6,772 Error of estimation: 6,036,860

7. $463,124,448,000
8. $37,008,900,000
Puzzle corner: a. 2,260,430 b. 3,123,083

20
Chapter 3: DECIMALS

Review: Tenths and Hundredths, p. 83

4 9 2 78
1. a. = 0.4 b. = 0.09 c. = 0.2 d. = 0.78
10 100 10 100

55 27 9 78
e. 1 = 1.55 f. = 0.27 g. 1 = 1.09 h. 2 =2.78
100 100 100 100
45
2. a. = “forty-five hundredths,” or “ zero point four five”
100
97
b. 3 = “three and ninety-seven hundredths,” or “three point nine seven”
100
2
c. 5 = “five and two hundredths,” or “five point oh two”
100
6
d. 3 = “three and six tenths,” or “three point six”
10
60
e. 12 = “twelve and sixty hundredths,” or “twelve point six oh”
100
5 6 1 9 8 7
3. a. + = 1 , or 0.5 + 0.6 = 1.1. b. + = 1 , or 0.9 + 0.8 = 1.7.
10 10 10 10 10 10
3 8 5 5 9 6
c. 1 – = , or 1.3 − 0.8 = 0.5. d. 1 – = , or 1.5 − 0.9 = 0.6.
10 10 10 10 10 10

4.

8 80
5. a. 0.8 = = eight tenths a. 0.80 = = eighty hundredths
10 100
2 20
b. 0.2 = = two tenths b. 0.20 = = twenty hundredths
10 100

6.

a. 0.48 c. 0.03 d. 0.8

b. 0.25

7. a. 0.4 b. 0.8 c. 0.6 d. 0.2 e. 0.78 f. 0.48 g. 0.22 h. 0.79

8. a. = b. < c. > d. = e. < f. < g. > h. > i. < j. >

21
More Decimals: Thousandths, p. 86
1. When you divide one whole into ten equal parts, you get tenths.
When you divide one tenth into ten equal parts, you get hundredths.
When you divide one hundredth into ten equal parts, you get thousandths.

2. a. 0.003 (three thousandths) b. 0.007 (seven thousandths)

c. 0.015 (fifteen thousandths) d. 0.018 (eighteen thousandths)
e. 0.022 (twenty-two thousandths)

3.

4. a. b. c.
O t h th 7 O t h th 802 O t h th 371
= = =3
0 . 0 0 7 1000 0 . 8 0 2 1000 3 . 3 7 1 1000

d. e. f.
O t h th 39 O t h th 41 O t h th 4
= =1 =7
0 . 0 3 9 1000 1 . 4 1 100 7 . 0 0 4 1000

5. a. 0.003 b. 0.012 c. 0.319 d. 0.050 e. 4.034 f. 2.004 g. 3.03 h. 1.80

48 902 5 7
6. a. 0.048 = b. 3.902 = 3 c. 3.005 = 3 d. 6.7 = 6
1000 1000 1000 10
6 60 90 429
e. 10.06 = 10 f. 12.060 = 12 g. 7.90 = 7 h. 0.429 =
100 1000 100 1000

7.

a. O t h th b. O t h th
0 . 2 8 5 0 . 0 1 6

one tenth more than 0.285 0.385 one tenth more than 0.016 0.116
one hundredth more than 0.285 0.295 one hundredth more than 0.016 0.026
one thousandth more than 0.285 0.286 one thousandth more than 0.016 0.017
c. O t h th d. O t h th
1 . 0 7 0 . 9

one tenth more than 1.07 1.17 one tenth more than 0.9 1.0
one hundredth more than 1.07 1.08 one hundredth more than 0.9 0.91
one thousandth more than 1.07 1.071 one thousandth more than 0.9 0.901

8. a. 10 thousandths makes a hundredth. 10 × 0.001 = 0.01 b. 10 hundredths makes a tenth. 10 × 0.01 = 0.1
c. 100 thousandths makes a tenth. 100 × 0.001 = 0.1 d. 100 hundredths makes one whole. 100 × 0.01 = 1

22
9.
a.
2. 0 4 9 b.
3.
0 0
9 c.
2. 0 7
d.
0. 0 5 6
0
0 e.
0. 7 1
f.
0. 3 9 2

Comparing Decimals, p. 89
1. a. 0.03

b.

c. 4.8, 4.9, 4.92, 5.01, 5.03, 5.1, 5.15, 5.19, 5.24, 5.3, 5.5
2. a. 0.6 > 0.006 b. 0.03 < 0.3 c. 0.8 > 0.008 d. 0.80 = 0.800
3. a. 2.1 > 2.009 b. 4.004 > 4.01 c. 5.007 < 5.4 d. 3.004 < 3.400
e. 3.005 < 3.50 f. 6.001 < 6.01 g. 3.002 < 3.02 h. 7.06 < 7.606

4. a. 7.892 b. 15.404 c. 2.377 d. 3.99 e. 0.366 f. 0.4

5. a. 5.006, 5.06, 5.066, 5.6, 5.606, 5.66 b. 7.7, 7.708, 7.77, 7.78, 7.8, 7.807

6.
0.003 0.052 0.04 0.03 0.002 0.504 0.405 0.501 0.506
0.005 0.011 0.019 0.02 0.001 0.15 0.3 0.45 0.459
0.004 0.013 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.1 0.078 0.099 0.46
0.007 0.008 0.046 0.045 0.06 0.093 0.12 0.05 0.463
0.14 0.225 0.038 0.46 0.068 0.111 0.108 0.469 0.477
0.109 0.87 0.843 0.8 0.245 0.109 0.6 0.56 0.5
0.191 0.9 0.42 0.684 0.63 0.619 0.606 0.506 0.55
0.96 0.931 0.943 0.8 0.74 0.62 0.616 0.602 0.556
0.981 0.903 0.934 0.548 0.359 0.298 0.56 0.483 0.538

7. Answers may vary. Check the student’s work.

a. 0.5 = 0.42 + 0.08 d. 0.2 > 0.3 – 0.101 (or greater) g. 0.6 < 0.5 + 0.101 (or greater)
b. 2.1 = 2.09 + 0.01 e. 2.16 < 2.1 + 0.061 (or greater) h. 0.07 > 0.1 – 0.031 (or greater)
c. 2.05 = 2.5 – 0.45 f. 1.2 < 1.3 – 0.099 (or less) i. 0.25 < 0.2 + 0.051 (or greater)

23
Rounding, p. 91

1. a. 2,8 94 ≈ 2,900 b. 20 6.8 ≈ 210 c. 36 .92 ≈ 37 d. 408.5 17 ≈ 408.5

2.
This rounded to unit This rounded to unit
tenth hundredth tenth hundredth
the nearest → (one) the nearest → (one)
5.125 5 5.1 5.13 5.073 5 5.1 5.07
5.170 5 5.2 5.17 5.390 5 5.4 5.39
5.467 5 5.5 5.47 5.103 5 5.1 5.10
5.934 6 5.9 5.93 5.957 6 6.1 5.96

3. Round to the nearest ... 0.709 14.097 23.892 12.995 44.385 2.905 79.992
... whole number 1 14 24 13 44 3 80
... tenth 0.7 14.1 23.9 13.0 44.4 2.9 80.0
... hundredth 0.71 14.10 23.89 13.00 44.39 2.91 79.99

4.
a. 2 a. 5 6 d. 1

5 d. 2. 3

b. 4 9. 9

e. 0.

c. 1 5 b. 8. 4 0

3 4 6

5. a. 0.56 + 0.39 = 0.95 ≈ 1.0 b. 1.09 − 0.549 = 0.541 ≈ 0.5 c. $0.55 + $1.63 + $2.87 = $5.05 ≈ $5.10

Puzzle corner: I am 4.957

Add and Subtract Decimals, p. 93

1. a. O t h th b. O t h th c. O t h th
0 . 2 8 5 0 . 0 1 6 1 . 0 7
1 tenth more: 0.385 2 tenths more: 0.216 5 tenths more: 1.57
1 hundredth more: 0.295 2 hundredths more: 0.036 2 hundredths more: 1.09
1 thousandth more: 0.286 2 thousandths more: 0.018 6 thousandths more: 1.076

2. a. 0.015 b. 0.069 c. 0.609 d. 1.4 e. 0.86 f. 0.806 g. 1.2 h. 0.12 i. 0.012

3. a. 1.289 b. 3.108

4. a. 0.47 + 0.03 = 0.5 c. 0.06 + 0.04 = 0.1 e. 3.99 + 0.01 = 4.0

b. 0.55 + 0.05 = 0.6 d. 0.97 + 0.03 = 1.0 f. 2.13 + 0.07 = 2.2

0.008 0.7
5. a. 0.008 + 0.003 ≠ 0.0011 + 0.003 b. 0.7 + 0.7 ≠ 0.14 + 0.7
0.011 1.4

24
6. a. 0.6 + 0.4 = 1 d. 0.99 + 0.01 = 1 g. 0.999 + 0.001 = 1
b. 0.60 + 0.40 = 1 e. 0.87 + 0.13 = 1 h. 0.002 + 0.998 = 1
c. 0.61 + 0.39 = 1 f. 0.22 + 0.78 = 1 i. 0.304 + 0.696 = 1
7. a. 1 − 0.01 = 0.99 d. 1 − 0.001 = 0.999 g. 1 − 0.506 = 0.494
b. 1 − 0.04 = 0.96 e. 1 − 0.008 = 0.992 h. 1 − 0.56 = 0.44
c. 1 − 0.51 = 0.49 f. 1 − 0.021 =0.979 i. 1 − 0.411 = 0.589

8. a. 0.50 + x = 0.677 b. x + 1.52 = 2 c. 1 – x = 0.378 d. x – 0.5 = 1.27

x = 0.177 x = 0.48 x = 0.622 x = 1.77

9. – 0.06 – 0.08 – 0.1 – 0.04 – 0.2 – 0.07 – 0.02 – 0.03

8.28 8.22 8.14 8.04 8 7.98 7.91 7.89 7.86

10. + 0.05 + 0.1 – 0.26 + 0.01 + 0.072 + 0.028 – 0.19 – 0.01

2.2 2.25 2.35 2.09 2.1 2.172 2.2 2.01 2

11. a. 145.50 b. 190.000 c. 2530.00

– 4.93 342.250 – 451.55
120.57 + 45.808 2078.45
578.058 + 231.20
2309.65
12. 0.370 − 0.236 = 0.134 kg
13. a. 1.190 + 1.565 + 2.100 + 1.470 = 6.325 kg total b. 7.000 − 6.325 = 0.675 kg short
14. a. 2.300 + 1.055 + 0.670 = 4.025 miles b. 1.250 + 1.508 + 0.670 = 3.428 miles

Multiplying Decimals, p. 96

1. a. 8 × 0.4 = 3.2 g. 7 × 0.05 = 0.35 m. 4 × 0.004 = 0.016

b. 10 × 0.4 = 4.0 h. 8 × 0.05 = 0.40 n. 5 × 0.008 = 0.040
c. 100 × 0.4 = 40.0 i. 10 × 0.05 = 0.50 o. 3 × 0.012 = 0.036
d. 10 × 0.4 = 4.0 j. 10 × 0.09 = 0.90 p. 10 × 0.003 = 0.030
e. 100 × 0.4 = 40.0 k. 100 × 0.09 = 9.00 q. 100 × 0.003 = 0.300
f. 1000 × 0.4 = 400.0 l. 1000 × 0.09 = 90.00 r. 1000 × 0.003 = 3.000

2. a. 3 × 0.7 = 2.1 d. 12 × 0.5 = 6.0 g. 10 × 0.4 = 4.0

b. 3 × 0.07 = 0.21 e. 12 × 0.05 = 0.60 h. 100 × 0.04 = 4.00
c. 3 × 0.007 = 0.021 f. 12 × 0.005 = 0.060 i. 1000 × 0.004 = 4.000

3.
a. 0. 2 4 b.0. 9
0 2
7 c. 0. 7 0
2 4
d. 0. 9 9 0
8 e. 3.
0 e. 5. 0 0

25
4. a. 171 b. 1.093 c. $0.56
× 0.8 × 5 × 11
136.8 5.465 $6.16
5. 7 lb × $1.19 /lb + 3 × $11.45 = $8.33 + $34.35 = $42.68
6. a. 9 × 12.3 = 110.07
9 × 12.34 = 111.06
9 × 12.345 = 111.105
9 × 12.3456 = 111.1104
b. 9 × 12.34567 = 111.11103
(9 × 12.345678 = 111.111102)
9 × 12.3456789 = 111.1111101
7. a. 4 × 0.5 = 2 b. 12 × 0.05 = 0.6 c. 10 × 0.03 = 0.3 d. 10 × 0.009 = 0.09

8. 0.04 4 0.4
40 × 0.001 10 × 0.4 40 × 0.01
8 × 0.5 10 × 0.04
20 × 0.2 8 × 0.05
20 × 0.02

9. How did Mrs. Decimal feel when she lost her decimal point?

11.1 16.56 10.11 21.6 11.01 30.4 34 31 30.012 3.04

O U T O F P L A C E

Dividing Decimals, p. 99

1. a. 0.3 ÷ 3 = 0.1 b. 0.64 ÷ 2 = 0.32

c. 0.1 ÷ 10 = 0.01 d. 1.6 ÷ 4 = 0.4

e. 0.30 ÷ 10 = 0.03 f. 1.8 ÷ 3 = 0.6

2. a. 0.54 ÷ 6 = 0.09 b. 0.072 ÷ 9 = 0.008

3. a. 8 × 0.04 = 0.32 b. 5 × 0.4 = 2 c. 5 × 0.005 = 0.025

0.04 × 8 = 0.32 0.4 × 5 = 2 0.005 × 5 = 0.025
0.32 ÷ 0.04 = 8 2 ÷ 0.4 = 5 0.025 ÷ 0.005 = 5
0.32 ÷ 8 = 0.04 2 ÷ 5 = 0.4 0.025 ÷ 5 = 0.005

4. a. 0.024 ÷ 6 =0.004 d. 0.49 ÷ 7 = 0.07 g. 5.40 ÷ 9 = 0.6

b. 0.24 ÷ 6 = 0.04 e. 1.2 ÷ 3 = 0.4 h. 0.20 ÷ 4 = 0.05
c. 2.4 ÷ 6 = 0.4 f. 0.056 ÷ 7 = 0.008 i. 0.050 ÷ 10 = 0.005

26
 5. a. 0.3 ÷ 5 = 0.06 d. 0.06 ÷ 12 = 0.005 g. 0.9 ÷ 10 = 0.09
b. 0.3 ÷ 10 = 0.03 e. 0.2 ÷ 4 = 0.05 h. 0.6 ÷ 100 = 0.006
c. 3 ÷ 5 = 0.6 f. 2 ÷ 5 = 0.4 i. 0.02 ÷ 10 = 0.002

6. Each friend gets $2.00 ÷ 5 = $0.40.

7. 5 heartbeats take 0.8 × 5 = 4 seconds, and ten heartbeats take 0.8 × 10 = 8 seconds.
8. a. 1.8m ÷ 0.3m = 6 pieces b. 4.2m ÷ 0.7m = 6 pieces c. 0.25m ÷ 0.05m = 5 pieces

9. a. 2 ÷ 0.5 = 4 d. 1 ÷ 0.2 = 5 g. 0.46 ÷ 0.02 = 23

b. 3 ÷ 0.5 = 6 e. 5 ÷ 0.2 = 25 h. 1.5 ÷ 0.1 = 15
c. 7 ÷ 0.5 = 14 f. 1 ÷ 0.02 = 50 i. 0.9 ÷ 0.01 = 90

10. a. 6 mi ÷ 1.2 mi/day = 5 days b. 60 mi ÷ 1.2 mi/day = 50 days

11. Jack has $1.45 ÷ $0.05 = 29 nickels.
12. 0.20 m ÷ 0.04 m = 5 sticks.
13. a. 5 m – 4 × 0.6 m = 2.6 m of material. b. (15 − 3) ÷ 1.5 = 12 ÷ 1.5 = 8 books

14. a. 1 d. 0. 5
a. 2 5 0
c. 1 1
b. 0. 0 0 2 e. 0.
0 e. 1 0
3 4

15. a. (3 × 0.04) + 1.1 = 1.22 d. (3 ÷ 0.2) – 0.7 = 15 − 0.7 = 14.3

b. 5 – (0.3 ÷ 0.06) = 5 − 5 = 0 e. 0.5 – (3 × 0.02) = 0.5 − 0.06 = 0.44
c. 0.2 + 0.24 + 0.005 = 0.445 f. (0.4 – 0.1) – 0.01 = 0.3 − 0.01 = 0.29

16. a. 0.025 ÷ 0.005 = 5 b. 1000 ÷ 20 = 50 c. 4200 ÷ 40 = 105

0.25 ÷ 0.05 = 5 100 ÷ 2 = 50 420 ÷ 4 = 105
2.5 ÷ 0.5 = 5 10 ÷ 0.2 = 50 42 ÷ 0.4 = 105
25 ÷ 5 = 5 1 ÷ 0.02 = 50 4.2 ÷ 0.04 = 105
250 ÷ 50 = 5 0.1 ÷ 0.002 = 50 0.42 ÷ 0.004 = 105

Puzzle corner: 987 ÷ 21 = 47

Long Division with Decimals, p. 103

1. a. 1.06 b. 0.24 c. 0.89 d. 0.398 e. 1.26 f. 2.506

2. a. 31 ÷ 4 = 7 R 3 b. 56 ÷ 5 = 11 R 1 c. 15 ÷ 8 = 1 R 7
31.00 ÷ 4 = 7.75 56.0 ÷ 5 = 11.24 15.000 ÷ 8 = 1.875
Check: 4 × 7.75 = 31 Check: 5 × 11.2 = 56 Check: 8 × 1.875 = 15

3. a. 0.130 kg × 3 ÷ 4 = 0.0975 kg b. 23 sec × 3 ÷ 5 = 13.8 sec

4. a. 2 ÷ 9 = 0.222... ≈ 0.22 b. 1 ÷ 3 = 0.3333... ≈ 0.333 c. 1 ÷ 6 = 0.1666... ≈ 0.167

5 6 7
5. a. = 0.625 b. = 0.857 c. = 0.35
8 7 20

27
6. a. 24 rolls and one loaf of rye bread cost $10.70. If the bread costs $2.30, find the cost of one roll.
“First subtract $2.30 from $10.70. Then divide that result by 24. One roll costs $0.35.”
b. ($10.70 − $2.30) ÷ 24 = $0.35
7. ($7.11 – $1.23) ÷ 7 = $0.84 for one muffin.
8. ($8.70 – 7 × $0.60) ÷ 3 = $1.50
9. 2 × (68.43 ÷ 3 + 2.9) = 2 × (22.81 + 2.9) = 2 × (25.71) = 51.42
10. Answers will vary. Check the student’s answers.
a. ($50 − $26) ÷ 3 = $8 Jane received $50.00 for her birthday and
spent all but $26.00 on three identical boxes of chocolate.
What did each box of chocolate cost?

b. ($100 − 25 × $1.40) ÷ 2 = $32.50 Jerry earned $100.00. He

bought 25 boxes of crayons for $1.40 each and then gave
half of what was left to his sister, so they each had $32.50.

Decimals in Measuring Units and More, p. 107

1. a. 0.7 m = 70 cm b. 0.01 m = 1 cm c. 2.31 m = 231 cm

0.3 m = 30 cm 0.08 m = 8 cm 4.6 m = 460 cm
8.2 m = 820 cm 0.56 m = 56 cm 6.08 m = 608 cm

2. a. 0.5 km = 100 m b. 0.04 km = 40 m b. 2.001 km = 2,001 m

0.7 km = 700 m 0.54 km = 540 m 0.009 km = 9 m
4.5 km = 4,500 m 3.29 km = 3,290 m 0.319 km = 319 m

3. a. 0.7 L = 700 mL b. 0.06 L = 60 mL c. 0.009 L = 9 mL

3.9 L = 3,900 mL 2.08 L = 2,080 mL 0.212 L = 212 mL
12.6 L = 12,600 mL 1.35 L = 1,350 mL 1.585 L = 1,585 mL

4. a. 0.3 kg = 300 g b. 0.02 kg = 20 g c. 1.1 kg = 1,100 g

0.8 kg = 800 g 0.05 kg = 50 g 6.03 kg = 6,030 g
2.6 kg = 2,600 g 0.152 kg = 152 g 2.093 kg = 2,093 g

5. a. 0.5 mi = 2,640 ft b. 0.9 mi = 1,584 yd c. 5.4 mi = 28,512 ft

0.7 mi = 3,696 ft 2.5 mi = 4,400 yd 5.4 mi = 9,504 yd
1.2 mi = 6,336 ft 0.4 mi = 704 yd 8.3 mi = 14,608 yd

6. a. $0.7 M = $700,000 b. $0.01 M = $10,000 c. $2.78 M = $2,780,000

$2.5 M = $2,500,000 $0.04 M = $40,000 $12.03 M = $12,030,000
$10.9 M = $10,900,000 $0.39 M = $390,000 $410.29 M = $410,290,000

7. Jake is 1.88 m − 0.16 m = 1.72 m or 172 cm tall.

8. 50 ml or 0.05 L. Calculate the difference by subtracting 520 ml − 470 ml = 50 ml
9. 135 g. Solution: 0.18 kg = 180 g, and 180 g ÷ 4 = 45 g, and 3 × 45 g = 135 g.
10. They completed 0.7 mi + 0.6 mi + 3 × 0.5 mi = 2.8 mi. 2.8 mi × 5280 ft/mi = 14,784 ft.
11. The company imported (4.5 + 6.15) − (4.8 + 5.62) = 0.23 million kg more spring wheat.
12. They spent $2.85 M − $0.35 M = $2.5 M = $2,500,000.

28
The Metric System, p. 110
1.

a. 2 cm = 2/100 m = 0.02 m b. 3 dam = 30 m c. 6 mm = 0.006 m

6 dm = 6/10 m = 0.6 m 9 km = 9,000 m 20 cm = 0.20 m
8 mm = 8/1000 m = 0.008 m 2 hm = 200 m 8 dm = 0.8 m

2.
a. 2 ml = 2/1000 L = 0.002 L b. 7 dl = 0.7 L b. 3 dag = 30 g
6 cl = 6/100 L = 0.06 L 6 mg = 0.006 g 8 kg = 8,000 g
8 dg = 8/10 g = 0.8 g 8 dl = 0.8 L 2 hl = 200 l

3.

a. 75.4 m 7 5. 4 c. 4.6 km 4. 6
km hm dam m dm cm mm km hm dam m dm cm mm

b. 843 mm 8 4 3 d. 35.49 dam 3 5. 4 9

km hm dam m dm cm mm km hm dam m dm cm mm

4.
to m to dm to cm to mm
a. 75.4 m 75.4 754 7,540 75,400
b. 843 mm 0.843 8.43 84.3 843

5.
to hm to dam to m to dm
a. 4.6 km 46 460 4,600 46,000
b. 35.49 dam 3.549 35.49 354.9 3,549

6. a. hectograms b. centigrams c. decigrams

7. a. 4,500 dl b. 450.0 L (or 450 L) c. 45.00 dal (or 45 dal) d. 4.500 hl (or 4.5 hl)
8.
a. 5,000 mm b. 380 cm c. 6.5 dm
meters 5m 3.8 m 0.65 m
decimeters 50 dm 38 dm 6.5 dm
centimeters 500 cm 380 cm 65 cm
millimeters 5,000 mm 3,800 mm 650 mm

9. 10 days. 200 ml is equal to 20 cl.

10. a. Hannah 151 cm; Erica 136 cm b. Hannah 175 cm; Erica 160 cm c. Hannah 165 cm; Erica 150 cm
11. a.200 × 14 dg = 280 grams. b. four boxes

29
Rounding and Estimating, p. 113

1. a. 8.19 m ≈ 8 m; b. 362 cm ≈ 4 m; c. 417 cm ≈ 4 m;

rounding error = 0.19 m rounding error = 0.38 m rounding error = 0.17 m
d. 1 m 54 cm ≈ 2 m; e. 14.208 m ≈ 14 m; f. 8 m 9 cm ≈ 8 m;
rounding error = 0.46 m rounding error = 0.208 m rounding error = 0.09 m

2. a. 602 m ≈ 1 km; b. 10.189 km ≈ 10 km; c. 8.057 km ≈ 8 km;

rounding error = 0.398 km rounding error = 0.189 km rounding error = 0.057 km
d. 2,643 m ≈ 3 km; e. 6 km 55 m ≈ 6 km; f. 3,288 m ≈ 3 km;
rounding error = 0.357 km rounding error = 0.055 km rounding error = 0.288 km

3. a. 1.5 m − 0.67 m = 0.83 m b. 6.08 m + 0.45 m + 1.2 m = 7.73 m c. 1.08 m + 2.55 m = 3.63 m
≈ 0.8 m ≈ 7.7 m ≈ 3.6 m

4. a. 2,100 m − 293 m = 1,807 m b. 6,070 m + 452 m = 6,522 m c. 2,075 m + 3,800 m = 5,875 m

≈ 1,810 m ≈ 6520 m ≈ 5,880 m
5. 2.2 cm ≈ 2 cm. 18 × 2 cm = 36 cm
6. 235 cm ≈ 2.5 m. 2.5 m × 12 = 30 m OR: 235 cm ≈ 2 m. 2 m × 12 = 24 m
7. a. Estimate: 4.0 in ÷ 0.8 in = 5. Exact: 4.0 in ÷ 0.78 in = 5.128 (5 whole books).
b. Estimate: 4.2 ÷ 0.7 = 6. Exact: 4.18 ÷ 0.64 = 6.531 (6 whole pieces).
c. Estimate: $6.00 ÷ $0.60 = 10. Exact: $6.00 ÷ $0.59 = 10.169 (10 whole cans).
d. Estimate: 0.400 ÷ 0.025 = 400 ÷ 25 = 16. Exact: 0.400 ÷ 0.024 = 16.667 (16 whole papers).
8. The room is 146 cm × 2.5 ≈ 150 cm × 2.5 = 375 cm ≈ 4 m wide.
9. Elizabeth: 1.43 + 0.27 = 1.7 m = 170 cm Her little sister: 1.09 + 0.27 = 1.36 m ≈ 140 cm
10. Exact: 3 × 1.425 km = 4.275 km. To the nearest hundred meters: 4,300 m
11. a. Estimate: 4 + 3 + 11 + 2 + 8 = $28 b. Exact: $28.50 c. Error: $28.50 − $28.00 = $0.50

12. a.

b. Estimate: $50 – 10 × $2.50 = $25.00 c. “$50 – 10 × $2.46” d. $50 – 10 × $2.46 = $25.40

30
Multiplying Decimals by Decimals, p. 115
1. a. 3 b. 12 c. 40 d. 240 e. 8 f. 128
2. a. 4 b. 8 c. 12 d. 20 e. 24 f. 36
3. a. 0.15 d. 0.032
b. 0.54 e. 0.045
c. 0.28 f. 0.014
g. 0.03 j. 0.024
h. 0.08 k. 0.063
i. 0.27 l. 0.088
m. 0.009 p. 2.1
n. 0.009 q. 0.21
o. 0.09 r. 0.21
4. b. There are as many decimal places in the answer as there are decimal digits in the factors.
5. a. 0.32 b. 0.77 c. 0.018 d. 0.01 e. 0.018 f. 0.33 g. 0.21 h. 0.32 i. 0.072
6. a. 0.2 b. 1.2 c. 0.09 d. 2 e. 0.3 f. 2.7 g. 0.3 h. 2 i. 0.06 j. 4.4 k. 2.4 l. 12

More Decimal Multiplication, p. 118

1. a. 0.16 b. 0.016 c. 0.16 d. 0.016 e. 0.63 f. 0.063
g. 0.063 h. 0.63 i. 0.63 j. 0.063 k. 0.63 l. 0.063
2. Answers will vary. Please check the students' work.

a. 0.3 × 0.8 = 0.24 c. 0.6 × 0.07 = 0.042 e. 0.6 × 0.9 = 0.54

b. 0.2 × 1.2 = 0.24 d. 6 × 0.007 = 0.042 f. 9 × 0.06 = 0.54

3. Examples: 0.4 × 0.7 = 0.28; 4 × 0.07 = 0.28; 0.04 × 7 = 0.28; 0.004 × 70 = 0.28; 40 × 0.007 = 0.28
4. a. 0. 0 7 1
b. 0. 9 9
0 0 c. 0.
2 9 0
d. 0. 5 5 e. 0. 0 6
6 6 4
8 f. 3. 3 3

5. a. 3.5 b. 0.35 c. 0.035 d. 1.6 e. 33 f. 0.36 g. 0.6 h. 120 i. 36

6. a. 0.66 kg b. 0.12 liters c. 0.242 pounds
7. One eraser would cost $0.63 on sale.
8. The item is 1.26 miles down the trail from the beginning of the trail.
9. a. 0.06 and 0.94 b. 0.078 liter of bleach and 1.222 liters of water.
10. 7 grams of salt and 1,393 grams of water.
11. a. less than 0.435; less than 0.8 b. less than 3, more than 0.096
12. a. > ; < b. < ; > c. < ; <
13. a. 0.66 b. 0.74 c. 0.098 d. 0

31
Multiply and Divide by 10, 100 and 1000, p. 120
1. a. 0.4 b. 4 c. 40 d. 5.6 e. 56 f. 560 g. 0.48 h. 4.8 i. 48
2.a. 20.6 b. 543.9 c. 403 d. 415.9 e. 3,060 f. 3,054 g. 307.3 h. 7,450.9 i. 90,310.3
3. a. 0.04 b. 0.004 c. 0.044 d. 0.154 e. 2.103 f. 0.039 g. 0.56 h. 0.349 i. 0.23
4. a. 0.002 b. 0.587 c. 0.049 d. 0.72 e. 0.729 f. 7.29
g. 0.6 h. 0.64 i. 0.604 j. 0.04 k. 0.047 l. 0.47
5. a. 2.39 b. 23.9 c. 23.909 d. 354.03 e. 35.403 f. 3.403
g. 6.9 h. 0.69 i. 16.9 j. 2,034.93 k. 203.493 l. 26.34
6. One pound of nuts costs $7.20.
7. a. $0.80 b. $2.55 c. $12.60
8. a. $0.78 b. $0.04 c. $3.90
9. 100 ping pong balls cost $89.00.
10. The number is 3.
11. The new price is $20.30.
12. a. $100.80 b. $42.75
13. Model A costs $60.83 after discounts and Model B costs $56.25, so Model B is cheaper.
14.
4,200 1000 100 35.5 100 0.042 10 0.355 1000
H E D I D N ' T S E E

230 100 10 23 1000 4.2 4,200 42

H I S P O I N T

Long Multiplication, p. 124

1. a. 83.643 b. 0.58674 c. 0.124312
2. a. estimate 0.3 × 1 = 0.3, exact 0.357 b. estimate 6 × 3 = 18, exact 15.68 c. estimate 3 × 4 = 12, exact 14.028
3. Riddle: What did number 22 say to 21.21? “YOU'RE...

2.736 0.424 0.42 2.415 3.28 2.25 0.14 1.6 2.16 3.553 3.5 0.12 0.4 1.2
B E S I D E Y O U R S E L F

32
Divide Decimals by Decimals, p. 125
1. a. 3 b. 3 c. 3 d. 3 e. 50 f. 50 g. 50 h. 50

2. a. 0.1 ÷ 0.02 = 5 b. 0.056 ÷ 0.008 = 7 c. 0.84 ÷ 0.04 = 21

1 ÷ 0.2 = 5 0.56 ÷ 0.08 = 7 8.4 ÷ 0.4 = 21
10 ÷ 2 = 5 5.6 ÷ 0.8 = 7 84 ÷ 4 = 21
100 ÷ 20 = 5 56 ÷ 8 = 7 840 ÷ 40 = 21

3. a. 0.445 ÷ 0.05 b. 2.394 ÷ 0.7

0.445 4.45 44.5 2.394 23.94

= = = 8.9 = = 3.42
0.05 0.5 5 0.7 7

c. 0.832 ÷ 0.4 d. 0.477 ÷ 0.09

0.832 8.32 0.477 4.77 47.7

= = 2.08 = = = 5.3
0.4 4 0.09 0.9 9

e. 9.735 ÷ 0.003 f. 1.764 ÷ 0.006

9.735 97.35 973.5 9735 1.764 17.64 176.4 1764

= = = = 3,245 = = = = 294
0.003 0.03 0.3 3 0.006 0.06 0.6 6

Number Rule Puzzles, p. 127

1. The rule: A − B = C or C + B = A or B + C = A.

A 22 0.5 4.5 9,000 1.056 6.7 0.43 0.501 6.694

B 15 0.05 4.2 2,301 0.05 0.09 0.38 0.482 3.194
C 7 0.45 0.3 6,699 1.006 6.61 0.05 0.019 3.5

2.The rule: A ÷ 7 =B or B = A ÷ 7 or A = 7B.

A 5.6 0.91 1.12 8.456 0.42 3.444 28.063 6.65 8.4
B 0.8 0.13 0.16 1.208 0.06 0.492 4.009 0.95 1.2

3. The rule: A + 1 = B or B = A + 1 or A = B − 1.
A 0.42 2,001 0.9 0.04 9.023 0.083 179 1.032 1.05
B 1.42 2,002 1.9 1.04 10.023 1.083 180 2.032 2.05

4. The rule: B = 0.3 × A or A = B ÷ 0.3.

A 1 0 0.02 1.5 0.6 1.6 5 20 0.04
B 0.3 0 0.006 0.45 0.18 0.48 1.5 6 0.012

33
Problems to Solve, p. 128
1. a. The piece was originally 6 m long (4.67 m ÷ 7 × 9 = 6.004 m) b. The piece cut off was 1.33 m.

2. a. $20.80 for a bouquet of roses. ($15.60 ÷ 3 × 4 = $20.80) b. 2 × $15.60 + 3 × $20.80 = $93.60

3. Lily paid $3.90 and Brenda paid $7.80. (Lily paid 1/3 of the total cost and Brenda paid 2/3 of it,
so you will find Lily's share by dividing by 3.)

4. $35.60. ($44.50 × 0.8 = $35.60)

5. a. The sandals are $8.75 b. The tennis shoes cost $18.13 c. $26.88

Lessons in Problem Solving, p. 130

1. His change is $5.60.
The small carpet costs: $55.50 ÷ 5 × 2 = $22.20. Two small carpets cost $44.40. His change is $50 - $44.40 = $5.60.
2. Four large and five small containers hold 5.625 L, so yes, they will hold 5 liters of soup.
The smaller container holds: 0.7 × 0.75 L = 0.525 L.
Four large containers hold 4 × 0.75 L = 3 L. Five small containers hold 5 × 0.525 L = 2.625 L.
Together they hold 3 L + 2.625 L = 5.625 L.
3. One bag of nuts and one bag of bolts would weigh together 2,000 grams or 2 kg.
One bag of bolts weighs 25 kg ÷ 20 = 1.25 kg. One bag of nuts weighs 15 kg ÷ 20 = 0.75 kg.
Together they weigh 1.25 kg + 0.75 kg = 2 kg.
4. a. The medium jar weighs 503 grams and the smallest jar weighs 335 grams.
b. Total weight 1,508 grams.
5. Initially Karen had $16.32 more than John.
Initially, John had $30.60 ÷ 5 × 9 = $55.08. Initially, Karen had $30.60 ÷ 3 × 7 = $71.40.
The difference is $71.40 − $55.08 = $16.32.
6. $140.50.
Initially, the first washer cost $316.80 ÷ 9 × 10 = $352. Initially, the second washer cost $295.50 ÷ 3 × 5 = $492.50.
The difference was $492.50 − $352 = $140.50.
7. The cheaper rake costs $8.55.
As explained in the problem, ($22.70 − $5.60) ÷ 2 = $8.55 gives us the “green” part.
8. The lighter weight is 2.08 kg and the heavier weight is 3.58 kg.
The lighter weight is solved by (5.66 kg − 1.5 kg ) ÷ 2 = 2.08 kg.

34
9. $8.10.
The cheaper spade costs ($6.89 − $1.50) ÷ 2 = $2.70. Three of them cost 3 × $2.70 = $8.10.

10. Hint: The amount of savings has to be figure out in three parts:
1. The savings from cutting those people's salary by 1/10 who earn $1,552;
2. The savings from cutting those people's salary by 1/10 who earn $1,267;
3. The savings from cutting the operating costs by 2/10.
Each one of those needs to be calculated separately. Also remember there are several persons earning the salaries.
Solution:
The savings from cutting the salary of $1,552 by 1/10 would be $1,552 × 0.1 = $155.20.
That multiplied by three gives savings of $465.60.
The savings from cutting the salary of $1,267 by 1/10 would be $1267 × 0.1 = $126.70.
That multiplied by two employees would be savings of $253.40.
The savings from cutting the operating costs of $8,490 by 2/10 would be $8,490 × 0.2 = $1,698.
Now, adding all savings together we get $465.60 + $253.40 + $1,698 = $2,417.
Puzzle Corner
a. To get 0.1, he pushed 1 ÷ 10 =
To get 0.81, he pushed 81 ÷ 100 =
To get 0.492 he pushed 293 ÷ 1000 =
To get 3.55 he pushed 355 ÷ 100 =
b. Push 138 × 39 ÷ 100 ÷ 100 = , or 138 ÷ 100 × 39 ÷ 100 = . There are a few other variants of this that will also work.

Review, p. 135
1.

a. 0.2 + 0.04 = 0.24 b. 0.09 + 0.05 = 0.14 c. seven hundredths d. 0.6

2. a. 2.5 + 1.5 = 4 b. 0.21 + 0.79 = 1 c. 0.004 + 0.006 = 0.01 d. 0.391 + 0.609 = 1

3. a. 0.042 b. 0.047 c. 0.05 d. 0.055 e. 0.062

4. a. > b. > c. < d. > e. <

5. a. 0.03 b. 0.048 c. 1.209 d. 3.39

3 15 8 38
6. a. 1 b. 2 c. d.
10 100 1000 1000

7. a. 5.908 b. 1.48 c. 1.87

8. rounded to... nearest one nearest tenth nearest hundredth rounded to... nearest one nearest tenth nearest hundredth
4.608 5 4.6 4.61 2.299 2 2.3 2.30
3.109 3 3.1 3.11 0.048 0 0.0 0.05

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 9. a. 0.4 × 8 = 3.2 d. 20 × 0.5 = 10 g. 0.9 × 0.2 = 0.18
b. 0.07 × 11 = 0.77 e. 0.2 × 9 = 1.8 h. 0.4 × 0.9 = 0.36
c. 6 × 0.009 = 0.054 f. 100 × 0.3 = 30 i. 0.06 × 0.3 = 0.018

10. a. 0.35 ÷ 5 = 0.07 d. 0.4 ÷ 10 = 0.04 g. 0.38 ÷ 10 = 0.038

b. 4.5 ÷ 9 = 0.5 e. 5 ÷ 100 = 0.05 h. 0.202 ÷ 2 = 0.101
c. 0.088 ÷ 8 = 0.011 f. 22 ÷ 100 = 0.22 i. 7 ÷ 1000 = 0.007
11. a. 3.944 b. 0.099

12. a. 0.9 m = 90 cm b. 0.6 L = 600 ml c. 2.2 kg = 2,200 kg

45 cm = 0.45 m 5,694 ml = 5.694 L 390 g = 0.390 kg
1.5 km = 1,500 m 0.09 L = 90 ml 0.02 kg = 20 g

13. 6 km

Review 2, p. 137
1. 1.817
2. a. 0.355 b. 0.85
3. Answers will vary. See some example answers below:
The answer is less than 0.7 because you multiply 0.7 by a number that is less than one.
The answer has to be less than 0.7 because multiplying by 0.43 means you are taking a fractional part of 0.7.
Multiplying by 0.43 means taking 43/100 part of 0.7, and 43/100 is less than 1, so the answer is less than 0.7.
4. a. Each box weighs 5.2 kg. b. $15.60 per box.
5. a. Each child has about $3.00 left. b. 25 ÷ 5 – $2.05 c. Each child has $2.95 left.
6. 1.54 meters
7. Edward earns $446.50. He takes home $357.20 after taxes.
8. The total bill is $24.96.
9. The smaller pitcher holds 1.55 liters and the larger holds 2.1 liters.
10. x = 5.632. To solve x, subtract 3 × 1.456 from 10.
11. x = $34.58. To solve x, first find 1/2 of $207.48, and then divide the answer to that by 3.

36
Chapter 4: Statistics and Graphing

Coordinate Grid, p. 141

1. A (1, 2) B (3, 4) C (2, 9) D (6, 5) 4. a.
E (8, 3) F (8, 8) G (10, 9) H (10, 1)
2.

b. A (5, 2) B (8, 3) C (6, 6)

5. a. The line segment was moved three units down
3. A house: and two to the left.
The original coordinates are A(8,6) B(10, 8) and C(9, 5).
The coordinates of the moved triangle A'B'C' are
A' (6, 3), B'(8, 5), and C'(7, 2).
b. The point moves two units up and one unit to the left.
The coordinates of the moved triangle are
A(7,8) B(9, 10) and C(8, 7).

Introduction to Functions, p. 144

1. a. b.

37
2. a.
x 0 2 4 6 8 10
y 0 1 2 3 4 5

b.
x 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 10 8 6 4 2 0

c. Answers vary. Check students' answers.

3.

x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
y 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

4. a. The rule is y = x − 1.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 0 1 2 3 4 5

b. The rule is y = 5x.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

5. a. (0, 5), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1), and (5, 0)
b. The rule is y = 5 − x. Or, you can also write it as x + y = 5. Both are correct.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 5 4 3 2 1 0

6. The answers will vary. Check the students' answers.

38
Line Graphs, p. 148
1. a, b, c:

d. 6 days.
2. a.

b. The temperature went up. The family probably ate lunch then and had to open the fridge several times before and
after eating, which made the fridge temperature go up.
c. The temperature went up again. The family probably ate supper then and had to open the fridge several times before
and after eating, which made the fridge temperature go up.
3. It is easiest to make the gridlines go by 20s.

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4.
rounded to
Month Visitors
the nearest 50
Jan 1039 1050
Feb 1230 1250
Mar 1442 1450
Apr 1427 1450
May 1183 1200
Jun 823 800
Jul 674 650
Aug 924 900
Sep 1459 1450
Oct 1540 1550
Nov 1638 1650
Dec 1149 1150

In the summer Janita’s blog had many fewer visitors than in the spring or fall.
The three months with the fewest visitors were June , July , and August.
The three months with the most visitors were September , October , and November

5. a.

Time Distance
0s 0m
1s 30 m
2s 60 m
3s 90 m
4s 120 m
5s 150 m
6s 180 m
7s 210 m
8s 240 m
9s 270 m
10 s 300 m
11 s 330 m
12 s 360 m

b. The car will have traveled 3 km in 100 seconds, or 1 min 40 s.

40
6. a

b. Answers may vary. Maybe during 2001-2003 the sports club had a leader that the
students didn’t like. Or maybe during those years some other activity was offered
that was much more popular.

Reading Line Graphs, p. 152

1. a. If you continue the line on the line graph in a similar trend as from 1980 to 1990, the farm population in the year 2000
would have been between 2,000,000 and 3,000,000 people. Of course, this does not guarantee that actually happened.
Looking at the numbers given, the decrease from 1980 to 1990 was about 1,500 thousands of people; so if a similar
decrease occurred, the farm population might have been 3,000,000 people.
b. In the 1940s and 1950s.
c. In the 1940s, the farm population decreased by about 7,499,000 people. From 1950 to 1960,
it decreased by about 9,603,000 people.
d. The farm population decreased to under 10 million people in about 1969.
e. The farm population decreased to under 5 million people in about 1986.
2. a. 293; 422 b. 750; 1,201 c. mammals d. fishes e. reptiles and birds

Double and Triple Line Graphs, p. 154

1. a. Mom sent 12 + 6 + 8 + 11 + 5 + 6 + 10 = 58, and dad sent 4 + 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 3 + 1 = 20.
b. Mom sent 11 − 6 = 5 more messages.
c. On Sunday the difference was 10 − 1 = 9 messages.
d. On Friday (5 − 2) and on Saturday (6 − 3) the difference was only 3 messages.

41
2. a. In 2005 there were 2 + 4 + 9 + 5 + 7 + 3 + 1 = 31 storms; in 2006 1 + 3 + 2 + 4 + 0 = 10 storms;
and in 2007 1 + 1 + 0 + 3 + 8 + 1 + 0 + 1 = 15 storms.
b. 2005 season was unusually active.
c. September, since the total number of storms for September is the highest (5 + 4 + 8 = 17 storms).
3. (Answers will vary.)

4. a.
b. Anna improved quite a bit.
c. The difference was the greatest (85 − 59 = 26 points) in test 4.
It was the smallest (66 − 62 = 4 points) in test 2.

Making Bar Graphs, p. 156

1. 37,460,000 own a cat. 2,087,000 own a horse.

2. a. Assuming the student chooses the scaling for the horizontal axis to go from 0 to 4,000 with tick marks at every 100,
the graph will look as below. If the student chooses some other scale, such as each tick mark 150 or 200 units apart,
then the bars in the graph appear smaller and there will be lots of empty space in the right part of the graph.

b. About three times as long. c. About two times as long.

42
3.

a.
b. About 1,100,000 + 720,000 + 390,000 = 2,210,000 households.
c. The number of households owning a hamster, a guinea pig, or a gerbil is approximately: 830,000 + 630,000 + 190,000 =
1,650,000. Since about 2,210,000 households own a turtle ,a lizard, or a snake, the latter is more popular.
4.

Number of
frequency
siblings
0 3
1 7
2 6
3 2
4 0
5 1
6 1

Making Histograms, p. 158

1.

point count frequency

12-18 2
19-25 5
26-32 6
33-39 3
40-46 3

43
2. The bin width of 4 works well: (73 − 58)/4 = 15/4 = 3.75, rounded up to 4.

weight frequency
58-61 2
62-65 6
66-69 4
70-73 3

3. The bin width is 9: (43 − 0) / 5 = 8.6, rounded up to 9.

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Double Bar graphs, p. 160
1. a. can cannot
Grade
swim swim
1 20 30
2 26 24
3 38 12
4 46 4
5 48 2

b. It increases. c. It decreases.
2. a. biographies, mysteries, and poetry
b. About 25,000 + 32,000 + 26,000 = 83,000 loans.
(The three most popular genres in 2006 were mysteries, children’s, and romance.)
c. About 13,000 + 7,000 + 6,000 = 26,000 loans
The three least popular genres in 2007 were comics poetry, biographies
3. a.

b. science fiction and fantasy

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Average (Mean), p. 162
1. a. 4 b. 16
2. a. 5.4 b. 301.3
3. a. The average is 1,210.7 b. 807 c. 1,446.5

4. The total rainfall calculates to 5.067 mm/day × 15 days = 76.005 mm. Actually, it probably was exactly 76 mm,
and the calculated average given in the problem is rounded to three decimals.

5. a. The average weight is 1,527 g.

b. 1527 − 1250 = 277 g c. 1820 − 1527 = 293 g
d. 1,570 g. The average decreased by 1570 − 1527 = 43 grams
6. a. Mean = $12,969 ÷ 9 = $1,441.
b. Mean = ($12,969 − $3,400) ÷ 8 = $1,196. The mean decreased by $245 when the highest salary was not included.
This shows how “sensitive” the mean can be for small changes in the actual data.
7. $531. Guess and check works well. However, you can also think logically that since the average is $567, and two of
the given prices are higher than the average, then the last unknown price is not likely more than $567.

46
Mean, Mode, and Bar Graphs, p. 165
1. “Now married”

2. a. “Pop” b. “What is your favorite drink?” or “What did you drink yesterday at suppertime?”
or “What is your least favorite drink?” etc.

3. a. “Vanilla.”

b.
c. It isn’t possible.
4. a. There are three modes: 12, 18, and 19.

b.
c. The average is: 336 / 24 = 14
5. a. The mode is “B.”

b.
c. It isn’t possible
d. There were 50 students in all. 16/50 (or 8/25) of the students got a “B.”

47
Review, p. 168
1. The rule is: y = 9 − x.

x 0 1 2 3 4
y 9 8 7 6 5

x 5 6 7 8 9
y 4 3 2 1 0

2. The mean is 11.67; the mode is 10.

3. a. There were slightly over 3,500,000 tractors in the year 2000.

b. From 1940 to 1950, the increase was about 1,750,000 tractors
c. Slowly declining (but at a slightly increasing rate of decline).
d. In 1930 there were about 1 million tractors; in 1960 about 4 1/2 million. So the increase was 4 1/2-fold.
4. a. In 2007: June, July, August, and November.
In 2008: March, May, July, August, and November.
b. June.
5. a.

b. The mode is 9 hours.

c. The latter (6, 10, 8, 8, 9, 7, 11, 10, 9, 10, 11,...)
d. 3827 hours ÷ 408 students = 9.38 hours/student ≈ 9.4 hours

48