Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA 2022)

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22J88-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-8271-4

Microcontroller based Smart Agriculture System

Kavali Varshini Nakka Swathi .

Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and Communication
2022 6th International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA) | 978-1-6654-8271-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICECA55336.2022.10009361

Communication Engineering Engineering.

Vardhaman College of Engineering (jntuh). Vardhaman College of Engineering(jntuh).
Shamshabad, Telangana, India Shamshabad, Telangana,India.
[email protected] [email protected]

Maram Sadhvik Reddy J.Swetha Priyanka

Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Communication engineering Communication and Engineering
Vardhaman College of Engineering (jntuh). Vardhaman College of Engineering(jn tuh)
Shamshabad, Telangana, India. Shamshabad ,Telangana,India.
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—Agriculture pl ays a vital role in the moisture, temperature is not detected in the existing
economics and provi des food and fabrics. Usage of technique.
pestici des shoul d be reduce d as it is harmful to
humankind as well as environment. Most the farmers Keywords—ESP8266(Espressif System) module,
are using pesticides to kill the insects. This paper 89c2051 microcontroller, Light Emitting Diode, Ultra
describes different ways to reduce pesticides to kill the Violet Light, Liquid Crystal Display.
insects. Light traps coul d sol ve this problem by
attracting the i nsects that are not killed even when the I. INTRODUCTION
pestici des are used. This paper also expl ains how to Agriculture plays an important role in the develop ment of
mini mize pestici des as well as fl ying insects. Most of the society as it contributes about 17% to the total GDP and
flying insects may escape while s praying the li qui d type provides employment to over 60% of the population. Over
pestici des, whereas these insects will be attracted the past few decades, Indian agriculture has grown
towards ultra vi olet lights during the knights and there significantly. The largest food grain production since
by this research work is initiated to attract cretin type of independence was 250 MT in 2011–12, up fro m 51 million
flying insects. Solar energy is used to energize the light tone’s (MT) in 1950–51. The production of oilseeds (the
automatically during the dark and the same light will be nine primary o ilseeds) also grew throughout this time, rising
de-energized automatically in early morning. The fro m 5 MT to 28 MT. Indian agriculture has established its
embedded system designed wi th 89c2051 microcontroller influence on a wo rld wide scale thanks to the rapid g rowth.
is programmed to read the solar panel voltage India is one of the top three countries in the world for
conti nuously and dependi ng up on these voltage levels producing a variety of agricultural products, including
light will be controlled automatically to attract more paddy, wheat, pulses, groundnuts, rapeseeds, fruits,
types of insects, here the light is designed wi th two vegetables, sugarcane, tea, jute, cotton, tobacco leaves, etc.
di fferent LED’s, UV LED’s and white high-glow LEDs (GOI, 2008-09).In the production of agricultural products,
are used and these lights will be energized one bunch pesticides are essential. Farmers have used them to control
after another bunch with a ti me del ay of 5 mi nutes each. weeds and insects, and it has been noted that they have led
This study also measures the parameters like moisture to notable gains in agricultural output.[1] Every day, there is
and temperature by using ESP8266 module. A Wi-Fi a greater need for energy the entire wo rld. Using
controller applicati on is used i n the mobile to read conventional energy limited resources include coal and
di fferent parameter values and these values are also petroleum. Resources for renewable energy will be
dis played by using the LCD attached to the kit. This significant future role. Food production is a major line o f
model is ecofriendly and more useful to farmer. Sol ar work in India, and over 70 Agriculture emp loys % of the
insect trap is one of the techni ques used to trap the population. Insect The main issue for farmers is bugs.
insects but the techni que provi ded is not of higher Significantly decreasing their inco me by causing crops in
maintenance, battery backup and ESP8266 Wi-Fi the field. Nu merous safeguards exist exterminations for pest
module is not included and di fferent parameters like issues, including mechanical, chemical, bio logical, and

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 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22J88-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-8271-4

physical. There are strategies for reducing insect pests. This notify these parameters in the mobile phone using Wi-Fi
results in plant residue that endangers customers and has controller application installed in it. The proposed model
serious negative health effects when consumed with fru its uses ultraviolet light (a series of b lue LEDs) to produce
and vegetables. Light traps have long been used to reduce electro magnetic energy in the form of light that can be
and manage insect populations. Insect light traps come in a radiated into space for a limited distance. UV light may
variety of models and designs, but according to Reddy et al. travel a great d istance compared to conventional light in
(2010), a solar-powered trap with a collection net was general. The ability to draw particu lar fly ing insects
designed that is independent of wind power, mechanical commonly seen in agricultural fields is one of the main
power, fuel, and electricity. Th is device runs on automatic, benefits of emp loying this light. To make different types of
turning on the light at night and turning it off before dawn. fly ing insects attracted to white light, a second group of
Maharashtra's Vidarbha and Marathwada areas are facing white h igh glow LEDs are added beside the blue LEDs. One
significant losses as a result of a pest (bollwo rm) attack on after the other, these two LED bunches of LEDs will begin
the cotton crop, which has affected at least eight lakh to glow. The program for the controller is prepared such
hectares of land across 20 districts.[2] The primary that, both color group of LED’s will glo w one after another
foundation of Pakistan's pest management strategy is for 3 minutes each. As this multi-colored light is to be
chemical pesticides are eventually harmful to the arranged over a mechanical structure at certain height in the
environment rising quickly. The use of extremely dangerous form, flying insects will be attracted towards the light. The
chemical pesticides introduced to the agro-ecosystem, which mechanis m contains cone type funnel mechanism arranged
is harmful to everyone animate objects. Attention is needed just below the light, by which insects will be dropped in to
in this case. Researchers will develop some natural pest the funnel .
control technologies. Light traps have been used in Western
nations effectively used to combat household pests, yet
these farmlands have seldom ever been tested for III.SYSTEM DISCRIPTION
technology. This a study has been done to determine the
most efficient light spectrum, which can draw more people
and a variety of insects at night on a screen (Baker and The block diagram consists of Arduino nano which is main
Butler and Kondo (1991; Sadovy 1978)). These facts might component that connects all other components.
be very useful for creat ing a light trap that will be emp loyed Microcontroller boards come in several varieties, and
against harmful agricultural insects. In order to comprehend Arduino.cc created the Arduino Nano. A microcontroller
this experiment's premise co mpletely. It is critical to have a such as the Atmega328 can be used to construct it. The
basic understanding of light and insects. In the light Arduino UNO uses this microcontroller as well. A little
spectrum, there are seven different hues, including red, board with many different applications, it is very adaptable.
orange, blue, violet, indigo, green, and yello w. These six Other Arduino boards mostly include Arduino Mega,
were utilized for the experiment (red, yello w, wh ite, b lack, Arduino Pro Mini, Arduino UNO, Arduino YUN, Arduino
and green and azure). Vis ible lights come in a spectrum o f Lilypad, Arduino Leonardo, and Arduino Due. AVR, PIC,
seven colors. lights (Henderson, 1996). There are different Raspberry Pi, Intel Edison, MSP430 Launchpad, and ESP32
light colors. the frequencies and wavelengths. Red's is the boards are some addit ional development boards. Similar to
longest violet has the shortest wavelength, lowest frequency, an Arduino Duemilanove board, this board includes a lot of
and longest wavelength and highest frequency. The visible features and capabilit ies. This Nano board's packaging is
light spectrum has wavelengths between 400 and 700 unique, though. It lacks a DC jack, so the power supply
nanometers (White, 1980; Ditchburn, 2001). [3] In Thailand, must be provided via a tiny USB port or by connecting
farming is the main line of work. Farmers deal with bug directly to pins like VCC and GND. A s mall USB port on
issues every year that gravely devastate their crops. There the board can be used to supply this board with 6 to 20
are numerous methods for both preventing and eliminating volts.
pest issues, including mechanical and physical method,
biological method, an The solar panel arranged over the top of metal structure can
chemical method. Using pesticides and other chemical generate a maximu m power of 0.8 current under the bright
methods has a direct impact on agriculturalists and Sun. The energy stored in to the battery will be utilized
consumers, fo r instance, are concerned that pests are during the kn ights. Battery rating must be defined such that,
becoming more resistant to chemicals, wh ich is causing though the solar energy is not available for 1 to 2 days,
farmers to use more and mo re pesticides. This results in stored energy should able to run the system for three days.
plant residue that is hazardous for consumers, has an
adverse impact on the environment and ecology. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module is a self-contained SOC with
integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any
II.RELATED WORK microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network. Any
The existing model does not provide any microcontroller can connect to your Wi-Fi network with the
higher rating maintenance free type of rechargeable battery ESP8266 W i-Fi Module, a self-contained SOC with an
for long back-up time, device ratings, energy calculations integrated TCP/IP protocol stack. Either an application can
etc. The existing model also does not consists of ESP8266 be hosted on the ESP8266 or all Wi-Fis networking tasks
Module which is one of essential component. The proposed can be delegated to another application processor. Each
model displays different parameters like temperature and ESP8266 module is already pre-programmed with an AT
mo isture content where ever this model is placed and it also command set firmware to receive nearly the same amount of

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 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22J88-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-8271-4

Wi-Fi functionality as a Wi-Fi Shield (and that's right out of

the box)! With a large and continuously expanding
community, the ESP8266 module is a very affordable board.

Repeller bo x system consist of ultraviolet light (group of

blue LED’s) used in the system can generate
electro magnetic energy in the form o f light which can be
radiate in to the space up to certain distance. In general,
when compared with normal light, UV light can reach long
distance.

Temperature sensor is a device, typically, a thermocouple o r

resistance temperature detector, that provides temperature
measurement in a readable form through an electrical
signal.A thermo meter is the most basic form of a
temperature meter that degree of hotness and coolness.
Moistures sensor measures the amount of water content in
the soil.
Figure 1:Block diagram of proposed model

The volu metric water content of the soil is measured by soil A.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
mo isture sensors. Soil mo isture sensors measure the
volumetric water content indirectly by using another
characteristic of the soil, such as electrical resistance,
dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a stand -
in for the mo isture content. This is done because the direct
gravimetric measurement of free soil mo isture requires
removing, drying, and weighing of a sample. It is necessary
to calibrate the relat ionship between the measured property
and soil mo isture since it can change based on the
environment, including the soil type, temperature, and
electric conductivity. The soil moisture has an impact on the
reflected microwave radiation, wh ich is employed fo r
remote sensing in agriculture and hydrology. Farmers and
gardeners can both employ portable probing tools. The ratio
of liquid water to soil volu me is known as the volumetric
water content. Typically , a percentage is used to express it.
The volumetric water content (VW C) of 25%, for instance,
equals 0.25 cubic inches of water per cubic inch of soil.
Vo lu metric water content (VW C) measurements can be
used to determine the soil's water deficit for irrigation
scheduling when co mpared to the maximu m amount of
water that the soil can store or the field's capacity:
The difference between the current soil water content and
the soil water content at field capacity is the soil water Figure 2: circuit diagram.
depletion/deficit (inches) (inches).
As per the diagrams, the functional process starts from the
solar panel, because this is the main device wh ich is aimed
to drive entire system. The solar panel used here can deliver
0.8amps current at 12V DC (means 0.8X 12 = 9.6watts).
This is fact because it is observed with concern instruments
during our trail runs. Another important observed fact is that
this is the peak current, means under bright Sun at mid-day,
maximu m output will be delivered fro m the panel and
during this period (12p m to 4p m) the battery will be charged
effectively. The output of the panel is monitored through
operational amp lifiers (op-amps),here with the help of two
op-amps configured in voltage comparators panel voltage
levels are identified and triggered at specific voltage levels.
The first op-amp is used to detect the dusk (Sun set) voltage
of panel, during Sun set the panel output voltage will be

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 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22J88-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-8271-4

fallen down to less than 3V. At this condition the op -amp The required PCB’S (Printed Circu it boards) are fabricated
should able to generate a high signal for the microcontroller. by COSM IC CIRCUITS, Kushaiguda Industrial Estate,
Here with the help of a potential dividing network designed Hyderabad. Kushaiguda Industrial Estate is very famous for
with t wo resistors connected in s eries, reference voltage will fabricating the Industrial grade PCB’s.
be generated and this voltage is applied to the inverting
input (Pin no. 2) of op-amp. Th is voltage varies according to C.SOFTWARE
the output of solar panel and it is compared with non - Language:C
inverting input voltage applied to pin no. 3 of op -amp. In
detail, as per the circuit diagram two resistors of 220ohms IV.RESULTS
and 2.2k are connected in series and this network is
connected across the solar panel, now the reference voltage
is taken from the mid -point and it is applied to the inverting The figure shows the physical implementation of the smart
input point. Suppose if the op-amp must be triggered at 3v, agriculture system bunch of liquid crystal display and as the
ref-v = R2 (2.2K) / R1 + R2 (.22 + 2.2) X Vcc (3v), result fly ing insects will attracts and can capture using
according this equation reference voltage will be 2.72v. As funnel.
the panel voltage decreases, at one stage the voltage applied
to the inverting input of op-amp will be around 2.7v, if this LCD liqu id crystal display different parameters like
voltage is equal or slightly less than the non-inverting input humidity
voltage, than comparator out will become high And temperature.
automatically. Here with the help of another potential
dividing network a fixed reference voltage applied to the
non-inverting input of op-amp, as this network is connected
across the fixed voltage source, this reference voltage
remains as it is with the help of a 5v regulator (7805)
connected across the battery a stable reference voltage is
generated and fed to the op-amp. The main function of the
op-amp configured in voltage co mparator mode of operation
is to co mpare the d ifference between the two inputs of op -
amp. If a variable reference voltage source obtained fro m
the solar panel, if it is less than the fixed reference voltage
source, than output of the op-amp will beco me high.
Likewise, three op-amps are used for detecting the three
voltage levels, two op- amps are used to detect the dawn
(Sun rise) and Dusk (Sun set) conditions and the third op -
amp is used to detect the battery voltage. This third op amp
is used to protect the battery fro m deep d ischarge, means
if the battery voltage falls by less than 8v, proportionate
reference voltage will be developed and based on this
voltage level op-amp will be triggered and generates logic
high signal for the controller. Based on this signal, the
controller switches off the light automatically. LM 324 is
used, this is a quad op-amp IC, means this chip is having
four op-amps internally and out of four here three op-amps
are used.

B.HARDWARE DISCRIPTION

The ICs and other important components used in this

research work are procured fro m the Hyderabad Electronics
Market. The details or data sheets of the IC’s are down
loaded fro m the Internet. The following are the web sites
that can be browsed for collecting the data sheets.
• www. Texas Instruments.com
• www. National semiconductors.com
• www. Fairchild semiconductors.com
The following are the ICs and other important co mponents
used.
(1) ESP8266 module.
(2) 89C2051 Microcontroller Chip
(3) Z44 Power mosfet
(4) LM324 Op-amp IC
(5) Voltage Regulator

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 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22J88-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-8271-4

[5] T aiwan, 2014

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