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Hysys Pipe Heat Transfer Page

heat loss through pipes

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Jose Luis Fernandez Infantes
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261 views11 pages

Hysys Pipe Heat Transfer Page

heat loss through pipes

Uploaded by

Jose Luis Fernandez Infantes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Pipe Segment Heat Model Page There are three types of Heat Flow models available in the Pipe Segment in Dynamics mode: + None - does not account for any heat loss + Simple - allows you to either specify the heat loss directly or have it calculated from specified values + Detailed ~ allows you to specify a more detailed set of heat loss parameters For accurate calculations, the Detailed Heat Loss model should be used. Otherwise, the contributions of metal and insulation will be ignored. Simple Heat Loss Model Using this model, you must specify an Overall U value and an Am| nt Temperature for each segment. ‘The Heat Transfer Area is the cylindrical area of the pipe with no allowance for head area, This value is calculated using the pipe dimensions specified on the Rating tab | Sizing page. Using the Simple Heat Loss Model, heat loss from the pipe segment is calculated using the following formula. The heat transfer area, A, and the fluid temperature, Tjyia, are calculated by HYSYS. Q =UA(Tytuid — Tambient) a Where: U = Overall heat transfer coefficient A= Heat transfer area ambient = Ambient temperature Note: The duty calculated can be applied to the pipe wall or directly to the fluid. The former would be used to model a fire and the latter to model a heater. Detailed Heat Loss Model This mode allows you to specify a more detailed set of heat loss parameters. It considers heat transfer through natural convection between the pipe fluid and the wall, conduction through the wall and the insulation, and natural convection from the insulation to the environment. There are three portions of the model that you must set up, + Temp Profile + Conduction + Convection ‘The radio buttons switch the view to allow you to configure these options. Note: The total area in the Detailed model consists of the cylindrical area. During 2 fire case, the pipe is covered with flame. In this case, heat loss to the surrounding atmosphere determined by taking a normal atmospheric temperature Is generally not correct, since the pipe surrounding temperature Is very high. Using the Detailed heat loss model to the environment assumes natural convection, which is an invalid assumption for a fire case scenario You should not use the Detailed heat loss model for a fire case. Temp Profile Option When you select the Temp Profile radio button, you can set the ambient temperature and the injection of additional heat into the unit operation. This can be added directly to the holdup or applied on the outside wall in the form of an energy stream. Conduction Option The Conduction section lets you manipulate the conductive properties of the wall and insulation. ‘To model a pipe without insulation, the insulation value thickness should be zero, You must specify the specific heat capacity of the materials, the density of the materials, and their conductivity. The metal wall thickness must always have a finite value (that is, it cannot be ) The following default values are provided by HYSYS + Cp: 0.473 ki/kg-C + Density: 7801 kg/m3 + Thermal Cond: 45 W/m-k Note: These default values do not serve as rigorous approximations. For your assistance, the table below provides values for common metals based on averages from various alloy composition variations Metal Density Specific Heat Thermal Conductivity kg/m 3 Wig K w/m K Mild Steel 7860 0.420 63 Stainless steel 7930 0.510 150 ‘Aluminum 2710 0.913 201 Titanium 4540 0.523 23 Copper 8930 0.385 385 Brass 8500 0.370 110 Convection Option The Convection section lets you directly manipulate the heat transfer coefficients for the inside and the outside of the pipe, as well as between vapor and liquid material inside the pipe. HYSYS computes heat transfer coefficients for the pipe outer wall to outside air and pipe contents to inner wall. These coefficients are computed according to Holman [1] and will be used in the detailed heat loss mathematical model. You can either use these defaults or edit the values. The values are used as follows: + Outer HTC: These parameters go directly into Equations (4) or (5), depending on the value of Grr X Pre. Notice that these C value is the same regardless of the pipe orientation. + Inner HTC: Eq. (7) is used When the Update while Integrating check box is selected, HYSYS updates the heat transfer coefficients while the Integrator is running. During Dynamics simulations, the heat transfer coefficient values will slowly change depending on the in/out temperatures. When this check box is cleared, HYSYS assumes a constant heat transfer coefficient. Auto Selected Correlations between the External Pipe Wall and the Ambient The assumed external ambient is air at atmospheric pressure and zero speed. In HYSYS, we begin by computing the Prandlt and Grashof numbers for the air at the film temperature Ty, which is the average between the outer wall temperature and the ambient temperature: pV (2) Pry = gBATX' p* (3) pp = Gry F where: heat capacity aykg-k g v viscosity kg/m-s Kk thermal conductivity w/m-k 9 9.8 m/s? B thermal expansion coefficient Kt AT: temperature difference kK x pipe orientation dependent m p mass density kg/m The characteristic length X depends on the pipe orientation: it is the pipe axial length, for the vertical pipe case, or the pipe diameter, for horizontal pipes. From here, the product Gyr x Prr determines the type of natural convection regime. For values of G,¢ x Pr lower than 109, we are in laminar regime and: = ar\™ (4) A= o(42) with c pipe orientation dependent kw/m2-K m % ar temperature ditterence K x pipe orientation dependent m The constant C equals 1.42 x10° for vertical pipes and 1,32 x10° for horizontal pipes. For values of G;rx Pr higher than 109, we are in turbulent regime, so: h=C(AT)” (5) with c pipe orientation dependent kW/m?-K m % AT: temperature difference K where: C equals 1.31 x10"? for vertical pipes and 1.24 x10°3 for horizontal pipes. Auto Selected Correlations for the Inner Pipe Wall and the Pipe Contents The heat transfer coefficient for each phase inside the pipe towards the portion of the inner pipe wall in contact with that particular phase is calculated by means of the Nusselt number Nur which, in turn, depends on the pipe orientation and the fluid conditions, since it is a function of the corresponding Gry x Prt: Nu = 0.023 Re®§ Pr® (6) Where n depends on the service; 0.4 is used for heating and 0.3 is used for cooling. ‘The way Nur is correlated to this product is described in detail in Holman’s book and depicted in the curves below. For forced heat transfer inside the pipe, HYSYS uses the Dittus-Boelter Correlation for Nu, as described in the following source: McCabe, W.L,, J.C. Smith, and P. Harriott. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (6th Edition). McGraw-Hill, 2001, pp. 336-37, 339-40, 342-49, 365-71 Once the Nuris available, the heat transfer coefficient is obtained from: =10Nu,£ ” h=10-*Nus% with k: fluid thermal conductivity wim-k x: pipe orientation dependent m Detailed Model: Cartesian one-dimensional version When you clear the Radi I losses check box, HYSYS uses a Cartesian model. Heat Is lost (or gained) from the holdup fluid through the wall and insulation to the surroundings. There are several underlying assumptions that are considered during a heat loss calculation: + There is heat capacity associated with the wall (metal) and with insulation housing the fluid. + There is thermal conductivity associated with the wall and with insulation housing the fluid. + The temperature across the wall and the temperature across the insulation are assumed to be constant (lumped parameter analysis) + You can have different heat transfer coefficients on the inside of a pipe for the vapor and the liquid; the heat transfer coefficients between the holdup and the wall are not the same for the vapor and liquid. + The calculation assumes natural convection heat transfer on the inside and outside of the pipe. + The calculations do not take into account that temperatures vary along the height of the pipe depending on the phase they are in contact with at the corresponding height; this is what is meant by a one-dimensional model. In the figure above, we show the heat flow through the different material layers. A balance can be performed across the wall: Ter [A Ac att Pwattp,watt] =" = a ytuid,walt) — Ywall,ins) @) and the balance across the insulation TT owter in (9) [AActins pins pins] “ge = Awall,ins) — Yins,surr) @) with: W€fluidwatt) = hy gtuid,watt) A (Tytuia — Tinner watt) (10) Ains,surr) = A¢ins,surr)A (Touter ins — Tsurr ) (ay Tenner walt ~Touter ins (12) QUwall,ins) = sgt inn Awa (13) Twall Koa A Atins (14) Pins — Figs where: A__ heat transfer area 4x_ thickness P__mass density Gp __ heat capacity thermal conductivity h__convective heat transfer coefficient r___ thermal resistance for conductive h. transfer q__ tate of heat transfer T temperature t__time The temperature at the wall/insulation interface is calculated using a pseudo steady state assumption for viewing purposes. Detailed Model: radial one- When you select the Radial losses check box, HYSYS uses a radial model for pipe segments. This model yields considerably different predictions from those of the Cartesian model when the insulation thickness is comparable to the walll thickness. The radial model is active by default in all newly created pipe segments in Dynamics mode. ensional version In the analysis below, the figure listed in the "Detailed Model: Cartesian one-dimensional version” section is still useful if representing a small angular section of a long pipe. A balance across the wall would be: anor TPrwatt Leproatt [rs — 77] = a ptuid,watl) — Ywall ns) as) and the balance across the insulation: tr ie 16) Pins Lep,ins [Peg — 73] AE = Fwattsins) — Mins sur) (16) with: Uftuidswatt) = h¢fluidwatt) 27L4; (Tfruid — Tinner walt) (7) ins,eurr) = M(ins,eurr) 2 Ling (Touter ins — Toure) (18) Tenner watt~Teer ina (as) Uwall,ins) = ‘Rusatt} Ring — !lre/n) (20) Ruvall = Frail — 1n(tine/r0) (21) Rins = Dekinel where L pipe length pipe inner radius To pipe outer radius Ting __ insulation outer radius e mass density p__heat capacity k thermal conductivity h convective heat transfer coefficient thermal resistance for conductive h. transfer q rate of heat transfer temperature time References [1] Holman, J.P.: “Heat Transfer”, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1972. Heat Transfer Page The Heat Transfer page is used to enter data for defining the heat transfer, There are four ways of defining heat transfer, each with an associated ply + Specified heat loss (Heat Loss ply) + Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) (Overall HTC ply) + HTC specified by segment (Segment HTC ply) + Estimated HTC (Estimate HTC ply) Note: For the Compressible Gas Pipe model, a simplified heat transfer model is used that allows you to specify the ambient temperature and an overall heat transfer coefficient. The Ambient ‘Temperature is the bulk ambient temperature, and Overall HTC is the overall heat transfer coefficient based upon the outside diameter of the pipe. Heat Loss The default setting is to display the Heat Loss as a calculated value on the Heat Loss page. Note: In Dynamics mode, you can use the Heat Loss page to specify the type of Heat Loss model. For more information on the types of Heat Loss models available in the Pipe Segment, refer to the Pipe Segment Heat Loss Page help topic. If the Overall heat duty of the pipe is known, the energy balance can be calculated immediately. Each increment is assumed to have the same heat loss. You enter the heat loss for the pipe in the Heat Loss field. This assumption is valid when the temperature profile is flat, indicating low heat transfer rates compared to the heat flows of the streams. This is the fastest solution method. If both inlet and outlet temperatures are specified, a linear profile is assumed and HYSYS can calculate the overall heat duty. This method allows fast calculation when stream conditions are known. Note: The value in the Heat Loss field is black, signifying that the value was generated by HYSYS Overall HTC When you select the Overall HTC ply, the page appears as shown below. - Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient [Ambient Temp [ ) [Overall HTC (based on 0.0) zempty> Individual Heat Transfer Coefficient Internal Film (based on.) [| | Ecternal Film (based on OD) Pipe Wall (based on 0.D) Extinsulation (based on OD) cempty> If the overall HTC and a representative ambient temperature are known, rigorous heat transfer calculations are performed on each increment. Note: Overall HTC is the overall heat transfer coefficient based upon the outside diameter of the pipe Segment HTC When you select the Segment HTC ply, the page appears as shown below. Segment Heat Transfer Info ‘Amb, Temp. ic [eyh-m2-C] heal bel careers aoe 2 fe| comps compeys 3 ee cempty> If the heat transfer coefficient and a representative ambient temperature are known for each segment. You can specify the ambient temperature and HTC for each pipe segment that was created on the page. HYSYS performs rigorous heat transfer calculations on each increment. Note:Segment HTC is based upon the outside diameter of the pipe. Estimate HTC When you select the Estimate HTC ply, the page appears as shown below. Heat Transfer Coefficient Estimation Ambient Temperature: (Cl Include Pipe Wall @ Globat By Segment [ Indude inner HTC: (Correlation Profes’ [ Indude insulation Insulation Type [Urethane Foam Thermal Conductivity %.8000e-002 Wim-K Thickness [indude OuterHTC: [Ambient Medium [Ground GroundType Dry Peat (Ground Conductivity 0.17000 W/m-K Buried Depth 1.0000 m When Ground is selected from the Ambient Medium drop-down list, the pipe calculates heat transfer between the pipe and ground. In this case, specify the temperature of the ground at a depth of zero for the Ambient Temperature Note: The Overall HTC and Estimate HTC can be used together to define the heat transfer information for the pipe. Note: If you only know the Ambient Temperature, you can supply it in the Overall HTC section and have the Overall HTC value calculated by the Estimate HTC section. Likewise, you must specify the Ambient ‘Temperature in the Estimate HTC section for the pipe segment to have enough heat transfer information to solve. If the pipe’s HTC is unknown, you can enter information in this property view and HYSYS calculates the HTC for the pipe. Inside Im Convection You can prompt HYSYS to estimate the inside film heat transfer coefficient using one of the five correlations provided. The Petukov, Dittus, and Sieder methods for calculation of inner HTC are limited to single phase applications and essentially turbulent flow only. Two and three phase systems are modeled using the single phase equations with “averaged” fluid properties. A correction for laminar flow is applied but this is not particularly effective. It is recommended that these three methods be used only for single phase pipelines operating at high Reynolds numbers (> 10000) The Profes and HTFS methods should provide much better results for two and three phase systems, and in the laminar flow region at the cost of some increase in calculation time. In general the Profes option is recommended for most pipeline applications since it takes into full account the flow regime in the pipe and is reasonably efficient in calculation, The HTFS option is more calculation intensive, particularly in two phase applications where additional flash calculations are required, It is recommended for use in cases with a high heat flux with high delta temperatures between the pipe contents and ambient conditions. ‘The five correlations provided are: + Petukov (1970) (4) ReaPr a) > Eo + Dittus and Boelter (1930) (2) where 0.4 > for heating ~ 0.3 for cooling + Sieder and Tate (1936) For two-phase flow: 3 ha—phase = 40.027 Ref Pris ( 8) For single phase flow: 4) Fa pase = [(Pham)"® + (ba pase)? ]™ where: Fiam = 3.66 + 0.06682 x Re x 4 2 14-0.04(£RePr) 5 + Profes. Implements the methods used by the Profes Pipe Simulation program (formerly PLAC). The methods are based on the Profes flow maps for horizontal and vertical flow, and appropriate correlations are used to determine the HTC in each region of the flow map. + HTES. Implements the methods used by HTFS programs. Separate correlations are used for boiling and condensing heat transfer, and for horizontal and vertical flow. The methods used are documented in the HTFS Handbook!3. You can choose to include the pipe’s thermal resistance in your HTC calculations by selecting the Include Pipe Wall check box. Activating this option requires that the thermal conductivity be defined for the pipe material on the detail property view of each Pipe Segment. Default values of thermal conductivity are provided for the standard materials that can be selected in the Pipe Segment. Outside Conduction/Convection Outside convection to either Air, Water, or Ground can be included by selecting the Include Outer HTC check box. For air and water, the velocity of the ambient medium is defaulted to 1 m/s and Is user modifiable, The outside convection heat transfer coefficient correlation is for flow past horizontal tubes (J.P. Holman, 1989): h = £0. 25Re Pr038 ) If Ground is selected as the ambient medium, the Ground type can then be selected. The thermal conductivity of this medium appears but is also modifiable by typing over the default value ‘The Ground types and their corresponding conductivities are tabulated below: Ground Type __Conducti Dry Peat 0.17 w/mk ‘Wet Peat 0.54 W/mK Icy Peat 1.89 W/mK Ground Type _Condui Dry Sand __0.50 W/mK Moist Sand 0.95 W/mK Wet Sand 2.20 W/mK Dry Clay 0.48 W/mK Moist Clay 0.75 W/mK. Wet Clay 1.40 W/mK. Frozen Clay 2.50 W/mK. Gravel 1.10 W/mK Sandy Gravel 2.50 W/mK Limestone 1.30 W/mk Sandy Stone 1.95 W/mk Ice 2.20 W/mK Cold Ice 2.66 W/mk Loose Snow 0.15 W/mK Hard Snow __ 0.80 W/mK In HYSYS, the surrounding heat transfer coefficient value is based on the following heat transfer resistance equation Howvoundings = Foztcaaa ° (7) 2254/42 —Dh Reurroundings = ela [ where: Heurroundings = surrounding heat transfer coefficient Rsurroundings = Surrounding heat transfer resistance Zp = depth of cover to centreline of pipe kg = thermal conductivity of pipe-surrounding material (Air, Water, Ground) Dot = outer diameter of pipe, including insulation Note: Unit of Measure is [hr ft2 F/Btu]. Heat resistance is the ratio of temperature difference to heat flux expressed in Thickness/thermal conductivity. Conduction Through Insulation Conduction through the insulation or any other pipe coating can also be specified. Several representative materials are provided, with their respective thermal conductivities. You must specify a thickness for this coating. Insulation / Pipe Conductivity Evacuated 0.005 W/mk Annulus Urethane Foam —_0.018 W/mK Glass Block 0.080 W/mK Fiberglass Block 0.035 W/mK Insulation / Pipe _Conducti y Fiber Blanket 0.070 w/mk Fiber Blanket-Vap 0.030 W/mK Barr Plastic Block 0.036 W/mK Asphalt 0.700 w/mk Concrete 1.000 W/mK Concrete 0.500 W/mk Insulated Neoprene 0.250 W/mK PVC Foam 0.040 w/mk PVC Block 0.150 W/mk PolyStyrene Foam 0.027 W/mK The Profiles page allows you to access information about the fluid stream conditions for each specified increment in the Pipe Segment. The page contains a summary table for the segments which make up the Pipe Segment. The distance (length), elevation, and number of increments appear for each segment. You cannot modify the values on this page. To view the Pipe Profile property view, click the View Profile button. This view consists of a Table tab and a Plot tab. The Table tab displays the following information for each increment along the Pipe Segment: + Length + Elevation + Pressure + Temperature * Vapor Fraction + Heat Transferred + Flow Regime * Liquid Holdup + Static Gradient + Accel Gradient + Liquid Reynolds Number + Vapor Reynolds Number » Liquid Velocity + Vapor Velocity + Deposit Thickness + Deposit Volume The Plot tab graphically displays the profile data that is listed on the Table page. Select one of the radio buttons to view a profile with Length as the x-axis variable. You can modify the plot by right-clicking on the plot area, and selecting Graph Control from the object inspect menu.

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