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pmnhung21
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Bitcoin Script

Technical overview

[email protected]

Knowledge Engineering Department

December 19, 2024

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Introduction to Bitcoin Script

Bitcoin Script is a stack-based programming language used by Bitcoin.


It is not Turing complete, which increases security by preventing
infinite loops.
Used for defining transaction processing rules.

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Structure of a Bitcoin Transaction

Transaction Input: References an existing unspent transaction


output (UTXO).
Transaction Output: Contains the amount and a locking script
(scriptPubKey) defining spending conditions.
Unlocking Script (scriptSig): Provided by the spender to satisfy
the conditions of the locking script.

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Bitcoin Script Basics

Stack Operations: Operations manipulate data on a stack.


Opcodes: Instructions that perform various operations.
Examples:
OP DUP
OP HASH160
OP EQUALVERIFY
OP CHECKSIG

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Example Script Execution
Funding Transaction (scriptPubKey)

OP DUP OP HASH160 <PubKeyHash> OP EQUALVERIFY OP CHECKSIG

OP DUP: Duplicates the top stack item.


OP HASH160: Hashes the top stack item twice.
<PubKeyHash>: Public key hash from the recipient.
OP EQUALVERIFY: Verifies that the top two stack items are equal,
removes them if true.
OP CHECKSIG: Verifies the transaction signature.

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Example Script Execution
Spending Transaction (scriptSig)

<Signature> <PublicKey>

<Signature>: Signature created by the sender’s private key.


<PublicKey>: Sender’s public key.

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Step-by-Step Verification Flow

1 Initialization:
Combine the scriptSig and scriptPubKey.
Resulting script: <Signature> <PublicKey> OP DUP OP HASH160
<PubKeyHash> OP EQUALVERIFY OP CHECKSIG.
2 Execution:
Push <Signature> onto the stack.
Push <PublicKey> onto the stack.
OP DUP: Duplicate the public key.
OP HASH160: Hash the duplicated public key.
Push <PubKeyHash> (from script) onto the stack.
OP EQUALVERIFY: Check if hashes are equal.
OP CHECKSIG: Verify the signature.

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Script Execution Example
Detailed Steps

scriptPubKey:
OP DUP OP HASH160
ab6809ae7b19d5f785e899017cfa6dd1e30f8c3f OP EQUALVERIFY
OP CHECKSIG
scriptSig:
3045022100d0a8b046f7e465fa02b9cba8f0-
90b1f8b76b0b6f93eacff33b8bcf84d5767e-
1d02202e5044313fa76ebcaddf49e7a50947-
2abf1d6b21f53101d5f243a2ff7a0d2688
04b0bd634234abbb1ba1e986e884185c6b38-
90bc5f40e6db70a0ad34a4f5a02c276de0b0-
b91a0da7e6d23243adfc6cdd99d0d96a50a6-
1138a334ce37e3a4d1b8b

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Script Execution Example
Execution Steps

1 Push 3045022100d0a8b046... (signature) onto the stack.


2 Push 04b0bd6342... (public key) onto the stack.
3 OP DUP: Duplicate the public key.
Stack: [signature, public key, public key]
4 OP HASH160: Hash the duplicated public key.
Stack: [signature, public key, hash160(public key)]

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Script Execution Example
Execution Steps

1 Push ab6809ae7b19d5f785e899017cfa6dd1e30f8c3f (expected


hash) onto the stack.
Stack: [signature, public key, hash160(public key),
ab6809ae7b19d5f785e899017cfa6dd1e30f8c3f]
2 OP EQUALVERIFY: Compare the two topmost items.
If equal, continue. Stack: [signature, public key]
If not, script execution fails.
3 OP CHECKSIG: Verify the signature using the public key.
If valid, the script returns true, and the transaction is accepted.
If invalid, the script returns false, and the transaction is rejected.

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Advanced Bitcoin Scripts
Multi-signature (multisig): Require multiple signatures to spend.
Timelocks (CheckLockTimeVerify and CheckSequenceVerify):
Restrict spending until a certain time or condition.
Pay-to-Script-Hash (P2SH): Allows complex scripts to be hidden
behind a single address.

Figure: P2SH (Magnus Hensley )

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Advanced Bitcoin Scripts
Multi-signature (multisig): Require multiple signatures to spend.
Timelocks (CheckLockTimeVerify and CheckSequenceVerify):
Restrict spending until a certain time or condition.
Pay-to-Script-Hash (P2SH): Allows complex scripts to be hidden
behind a single address.

Figure: P2SH for MultiSig (Magnus Hensley )

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Comparison with Ethereum’s Solidity

Bitcoin Script is simpler and more secure due to non-Turing


completeness.
Solidity allows for more complex smart contracts but with higher risk
of vulnerabilities.

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Submission guidelines

Contents:
Source code in <Code> folder.
Project report (Report.pdf).
Format: Group’s ID.zip

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Q&A

Questions?

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