Electronic L3
Electronic L3
Ohms Law
Basic Laws
1. Ohm’s Law
2. Nodes, Branches, and Loops
3. Kirchhoff’s Laws
4. Series Resistors and Voltage Division
5. Parallel Resistors and Current Division
6. Wye-Delta Transformations
Ohm’s Law (resistance)
• The ability to resist current, is known as resistance and is
represented by the symbol R.
• The resistance of any material with a uniform cross-sectional
area A depends on A and its length 𝑙.
𝒍
𝑹=𝝆
𝑨
• where 𝝆 is known as the resistivity of
the material in ohm-meters.
Ohm’s Law (resistance)
Resistivities of common materials
Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage 𝑣 across a
resistor is directly proportional to the current 𝑖
flowing through the resistor.
𝑣 120
𝑅= = = 60Ω
𝑖 2
Ohm’s Law
• When current flow from a higher potential to a
lower potential (i.e. in the direction of voltage 𝑣 = +𝑖𝑅
drop) 𝑣 = +𝑖𝑅.
1 𝑆 = 1 Ʊ = 1 𝐴/𝑉
Ohm’s Law (Power Dissipated)
• The power dissipated by a resistor can be expressed in terms of R.
𝑣2
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑖2𝑅 =
𝑅
• The power dissipated by a resistor can be expressed in terms of G.
𝑖2
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣2𝐺 =
𝐺
Note:
• The power dissipated in a resistor is a nonlinear function of either current or
voltage.
• Since R and G are positive quantities, the power dissipated in a resistor is
always positive. Thus, a resistor always absorbs power from the circuit. This
confirms that a resistor is a passive element, incapable of generating energy.
Ohm’s Law (Example)
In the circuit shown in the Figure, calculate the current i, the
conductance G, and the power p.
• The current
• The conductance
• The power
or
or
NetworkTopology: Branches, Nodes,and Loops
𝒃= 𝒍+𝒏−𝟏
NetworkTopology: Series andParallelConnection
• Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a single
node and consequently carry the same current.
Four branches
Three nodes
The 5-Ω resistor is in series with the 10-V
voltage source
The 6-resistor is in parallel with the 2-A current source
Ohm’s Law (Example)
How many branches and nodes
does the circuit in Fig. have? Identify
the elements that are in series and
in parallel.
Five branches
Three nodes
1. Ohm’s Law
2. Nodes, Branches, and Loops
3. Kirchhoff’s Laws
4. Series Resistors and Voltage Division
5. Parallel Resistors and Current Division
6. Wye-Delta Transformations
Kirchhoff’s Laws (KCL)
• Kirchhoff’s first law is based on the law of conservation
of charge, which requires that the algebraic sum of
charges within a system cannot change.
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic
sum of currents entering a node is zero.
𝑁
∑ 𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑛=1
Gustav Robert
• where N is the number of branches connected to the Kirchhoff
node and n is the nth current entering or leaving the (1824–1887)
node. German physicist
Kirchhoff’s Laws (KCL)
• Currents entering a node may be regarded as positive, while currents
leaving the node may be taken as negative.
𝑁
∑ 𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑛=1
𝑖1 + −𝑖2 + 𝑖3 + 𝑖4 + −𝑖5 = 0
𝑖1 + 𝑖3 + 𝑖4 = 𝑖2 + 𝑖5
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
Kirchhoff’s Laws (KVL)
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of
all voltages around a closed path or loop is zero.
𝑀
∑ 𝑣𝑚 = 0
𝑚=1
∑ 𝑣𝑚 = 0
𝑚=1
−𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 − 𝑣4 + 𝑣5 = 0
The sign on each voltage is
𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + 𝑣5 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣4 the polarity of the terminal
encountered first as we
Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises travel around the loop.
Kirchhoff’s Laws (Combined Voltage Source)
• When voltage sources are connected in series, KVL can be applied to
obtain the total voltage. The combined voltage is the algebraic sum
of the voltages of the individual sources.
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 − 𝑉3
Example 2.5
For the circuit in the Figure, find voltages 𝒗1 and 𝒗2.
Solution:
• Assume the current 𝑖 flows through the loop.
• From Ohm’s law
𝑣1 = 2𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 = −3𝑖
• Applying KVL
−20 + 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 0
• Substituting for 𝑣1 and 𝑣2
−20 + 2𝑖 + 3𝑖 = 0 ⟹ 5𝑖 = 20 ⟹ 𝒊 = 𝟒𝑨
−16 + 4𝑖 − 6𝑖 = 0 ⟹ 𝒊 = −𝟖 𝐀
∴ 𝒗𝒐= 𝟒𝟖 𝑽
Example 2.7
Find current 𝒊o and voltage 𝒗o in the circuit
Solution:
Applying KCL to node a, we obtain
3 + 0.5𝑖𝑜 = 𝑖𝑜
∴ 𝒊𝒐= 𝟔𝑨
For the 4Ω resistor, Ohm’s law gives
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟒𝒊𝒐 = 𝟐𝟒𝑽
Example 2.8
Find currents and voltages in the circuit
Solution:
• From Ohm’s law
−𝑣2 + 𝑣3 = 0 ⟹ 𝑣3 = 𝑣2
6𝑖3 = 3𝑖2
𝑖2
𝑖3 =
2
30 − 3𝑖2 𝑖2
𝑖1 − 𝑖2 − 𝑖3 = 0 ⟹ − 𝑖2 − = 0
8 2