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Chapter 28 Part B (pdf)_compressed

Physics serway ch 28

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30 views

Chapter 28 Part B (pdf)_compressed

Physics serway ch 28

Uploaded by

wnuas1977
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Kirchhoff’s Rules

Kirchhoff’s Rules
• Some circuits cannot be broken down into series
& parallel connections. For these circuits we use
Kirchhoff’s Rules.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


Kirchhoff’s Rules:
Their Underlying Physics
1. Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule (First Rule):
At a junction point, the sum of all currents entering
the junction equals the sum of all currents leaving it.
Physics: Conservation of
Electric Charge.
2. Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule (Second Rule):
The sum of the changes in Electric Potential V
around any closed loop in a circuit is zero.
Physics: Conservation of Energy
in the Circuit.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule
The sum of currents
entering a junction
equals the sum of the
currents leaving it.
• Currents directed into the junction
are entered into the equation as +I
and those leaving as -I.
• This is analogous to water flowing
in pipes at a junction.
See figure.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule
The sum of the
changes in Electric
Potential V around
any closed loop in a
circuit is zero.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule
• Traveling around the loop
from a to b:
• In (a), the resistor is traversed
in the direction of the current,
the potential across the
resistor is – IR.
• In (b), the resistor is traversed
in the direction opposite of the
current, the potential across
the resistor is + IR.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule
• In (c), the source of emf is
traversed in the direction of
the emf (from – to +), and
the change in the potential
difference is +ε.
• In (d), the source of emf is
traversed in the direction
opposite of the emf (from +
to -), and the change in the
potential difference is -ε.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


Problem Solving: Kirchhoff’s Rules
1. Label each current, including its direction.
2. Identify unknowns.
3. Apply the Junction &Loop Rules:
• The number of independent equations needed is
equal to the number of unknowns in the problem.
4. Solve the Equations, with
Careful Algebra!!!!
Be careful with signs!!!
• If the solution for a current is negative, that current is in
the opposite direction from the one you have chosen.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Example: Using Kirchhoff’s rules.
Calculate the currents I1, I2, and I3 in the three
branches of the circuit in the figure.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


Series & Parallel EMFs; Battery Charging
For two or more EMFs in series in the same
direction, the total voltage is the sum of the
separate voltages.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


For two EMFs in series in the opposite
direction, the total voltage is their difference.
In addition, the lower-voltage battery will be
charged by the higher voltage battery.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


Two EMFs in Parallel only make sense if the
voltages are the same. This arrangement can
produce more current than a single emf.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
The ammeter shown in Figure reads 2.00 A. Find I1, I 2, and ɛ.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


A dead battery is charged by connecting it to the live battery
of another car with jumper cables as shown in Fig. Determine
the current in the starter and in the dead battery.

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.


Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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