AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,

Experiment No. 4
BEENGALURU
TENSIONTEST

Aim: Todetermine the tensile strength of the given specimen.

Apparatus:
1
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with attachments
2 Test Specimen

Theory: The
tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of a test
are fixed into grips connected to astraining device and to a load- measuring device. Ifthe piece
load is small enough, the deformation of anysolid body is entirely elastic. An elastically applied
deformed
SOid will return to its original position as soon as load is removed. However, if the load is to
large, the material can be deformedi permanently. The initial part of the tension curve (fig.8), which
is recoverable
immediately after unloading, is termed as elastic and rest of the curve, which
Tepresents the manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. The stress
Delow which the deformation is essentially entirely elastic is known as the yield strength of
material. In some materials (like mild steel) the onset of plastic deformation is denoted by asudden
drop in load indicating both an upper and lower yield point. However, some materials do not
exhibit asharp yield point. During plastic deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot
compensate for the decrease in section and thus the load passes trough amaximum and then begins
to decrease. Atthis stage the' Ultimate strength ',which is defined as the ratio of the specimen to
original cross -sectional area, reaches a maximum value. Further loading willeventually cause
'neck' formation and rupture.
Usually a tension test is conducted at room temperature and the tensile load is applied
slowly. During this test either round or flat specimens may be used. The round specimens may
have smooth, shouldered or threaded ends. The load on the specimen is applied mechanically or
hydraulically depending on the type of testing machine.
Procedure
1. Measure the initial length and the diameter of the specimen.
2. Mark gage length on the specimen and make punching marks along the lines
marked.
3. Grip the specimen between the upper cross head and the adjustable crosshead of the
machine such that the punch markings are visible.
4. Fix the extensometer within the gauge length marked on the specimen. Adjust the
dial of extensometer to read zero.
5 Keep both the controlling and loading valves in closed position.
6 The hydraulic pump is now put into operation and loading is done uniformly.
7. Note down the extensometer readings at regular load increments along with the

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 AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU

readings on the ivory scale.

8. Load is applied till the specimen brcaks.
9. Notedown the yielding load, ultimate load and breaking load.
10. Remove the specimen from machine and observe the type of fracture.
11.
Keep the broken parts together and measure the reduced diameter at the neck and
final gage length.
12,. Tabulate the readings and plot the graph of Stress v/s Strain.
13. Repeat the experiment for different specimens.
Observations

Material: M.S / CI lAI

Total Length of the specimen, L= 30o mm

Initial Diameter, 12 mm

Initial Gauge Length, LË=

120 mm

Final Diameter at the neck, de= mm

Final Gauge Length, L= (27 mm

SI. Scale Reading Stress

Load in kN Strain
No. mm kN/mm²

SO o-44 o-0083
3' 63 2 O-55 ol66
70 3 o-6[9o-025
ol
72 o631-033
6 72:2 0-638 00416
o566005
62 O542|O-o58
60 O5300066
O5|3O075
|0.
50 0495o-08

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 AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
BENGALURU
SI. Scale Reading Stress
Load in kN Strain
No. nm kN/mm?

Calculations:
Initial cls area, A, = ||3-09 mm?
Final c/s area, A(= 5o 26 mm²

% elongation of length = L,-)00

L,
583%

% reduction in area (4-4) x100 = S5:557

Yield Strength = Load at yield point / Original area = = y9}:14N/mm?

Ultimate Strength = Maximum Load /Original area = = 629-54 N/mm
Breaking Strength = Breaking Load /Original area = -y45:|4 N/mm?
Stress
Young's Modulus,E= N/mm?
Strain

NOTE: As the yield point approaches, the pointer of load measuring gauge remains stationary
and the pointers of the extensometer move very rapidly indicating the flow of the material
without corresponding increase in the load. This is called as yielding of the material. At this point
the extensometer is removed from the specimen otherwise it will get damaged as the deformation
will be higher in the plastic stage.
Lock the specimen with the locking handle provided along the adjustable cross head and release
it after applying 5 to 10% of the breaking load otherwise the specimen jams in the cross head.

Result: Wasking s uriversal teting Machine

wmdenoo and by plotting the values on the
gaph sas obtained
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 AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU

brsECTIONGRIP SECTION
GRIP

SHOULDERS
DISTANCE
BETWEEN
DIA. oVERALL
LENGTH
"REDUCED"
SECTION
OR
WIDTH

Fig: (a) Universal Testing Machine (UTM), (b) Standard Tensile Testing Specimen

Strain Hardening Necking,

Fracture
Praportional limit Point

Ulimate Strength
Ssans Yield Paint

Strain

Fig: Stress -Strain curve for ductile materials

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 AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, BENGALUDI1

(Space for calculations, inferences and rough work)

2
A I (di)= (2)= 1309 mn

Ap = (a T(s= s0 26
Le = 29 Li = I20

%. Elongion =Le-li 100

X =53/.
Aven udaction =(Ai-Ae) X(00 = 5555/
Ai

Unltwate stoength = 2

Bseakin stngt 556 X1o

Yield sthemathe 2
49t6l NJmn
XI2

Staun = AL ?-0058
L 120

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