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Transformer XII Physics Investigatory Project-PDF

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19 views

Transformer XII Physics Investigatory Project-PDF

Uploaded by

pavanbansal336
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INVESTIGATORY PROJECT FILE

Topic-To investigate the relation


between the ratio of (i) output and input
voltage and (ii) number of turns in the
secondary coil and primary coil of self
designed transformer

SESSION- 2024-25
CLASS: 12TH (A)

SUBMITTED BY: Aditya Bansal


SUBMITTED TO: Mr. Puspendra Yadav
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitudeto

my Physics Teacher Mr. Pushpendra Yadav as well as

our Principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do

this wonderful project which helped me in doing a lot of

research and also helped me in learning new concepts.

Secondly , I would also like to extend my thanks of


gratitude to my Parents who provided me with allthe
materials that was required.
This is to certify that Aditya Bansal of class 12th

SCIENCE has successfully completed the PHYSICS

project on the topic ” To investigate the relation

between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage

and (ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and

primary coil of selfdesigned transformer. ” for class

12th practical examination of the Central Board of

Secondary Education in the year 2024-25.

….……………….................. …….………………………….

EXTERNAL EXAMINER: INTERNAL EXAMINER:

DATE: / / / SCHOOL STAMP:


To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a


self made transformer

Fig: -
1

****
Aim
Introduction
Types Of Transformers
Theory And Mathematical Derivations
Simple Circuit Diagram
Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down Transformers
Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
Uses of Transformers
Bibliography

****
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according


to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the


A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low
and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an
amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few
tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundred of tones.

****
A transformer which increases the
voltages.

A transformer which decreases the


A.C. voltages.
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in
the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced
in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np
and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this


instant, we have

Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)


and

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)


Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2
by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np __________________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the


primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is

due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the


applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,


then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / RpE
– Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence

equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep

= Es / E
o output e.m.f / input e.m.f
o Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.

****
In a step-down transformer, There are many turns on the secondary
winding than in the primary winding in the step-up transformers.
Thus, the voltage supplied in the secondary
transformer is greater than the one supplied across the primary
winding. Because of the principle of conservation of energy, the
transformer converts low voltage, high-current to high voltage-
low current. In other words, the voltage has been stepped up.

You can find step-up transformers located near power plants


that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart from the
power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for local
and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which requires
about 50,000 volts to work. Even a micro-wave oven requires a small
step-up transformer to operate.
In a step-down transformer is one who secondary windings are
fewer than the primary windings. In other words, the
transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage. So, the transformer is designed to convert high-voltage,
low-current power into a low-voltage, high current power and it
is mainly used in domestic consumption.

A common case of step-down application is in the case of door


bells. Normally, door bells use 16 volts, but most household power
circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s step-down
transformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it to lower
voltage before supplying it to the doorbell.

Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the 220 volts


electricity to the 110 volts required in most domestic equipment.
• Iron Rod
• Copper Wire

• Hot Wire Voltmeter


• Hot Wire Ammeter
• Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind
a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say
60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

• Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound


relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.

• Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

• Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through


s1and s2.

• Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.

• Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by


changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
• In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.

• A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

• A step down transformer is used for obtaining large


current.

• A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays


and NEON advertisement.

• Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized


power supplies.

• Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long


distances:

• Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud


speakers and electric bells etc.
• Guidance from physics teacher.

• Baluni Public School lab.

• Physics NCERT textbook for

class XII

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