Introduction to X-86 Family

Q. 1 : Explain the advantages of pentium processor with respect to following features.

Ans : 1) Dual Pipelining : The use of super scaler architecture incorporates a dual pipelining in
pentium processor which lets to process more than one instructions
per clock cycle.
2) On Chip Caches : Both data and code on chip caches . It will improve the speed of
processor.
3) Branch Prediction : The pentium makes an educated guess where the next instruction
following a conditional instruction. This prevents the instruction
cache from running dry during conditional instruction.
4) 64 bit data bus : It has 64 bit data bus. It is as twice as fast as a processor of 32 bit data
bus.
Q. 2: Explain the features of following microprocessor.
Ans : 1) 8086 :
a) It is 16 bit microprocessor.
b) Its ALU , internal registers can work wth 16 binary bit at a time.
c) It has 16 bit data bus and 20 bit address bus.
d) It can address upto 1 Mb physical memory.
e) The least significant 8 bits of addess bus are passed on same 8 lines of data bus. This is known as
multiplexed bus.
f) Words are stored in two consecutive bytes.
g ) This processor supports multiplication and division operations.

2) 80286 :
a) It is 16 bit microprocessor.
b) This processor used in multiuser and multitasking operating system.
c) It has 16 bit data bus and 24 bit address bus.
d) In 1984 , IBM introduced PC/AT (Personal Computer / Advanced Technology) version of 80286.
e) It can address upto 1 Mb memory in real mode and 16 Mb of memory in protected mode.
f) The ability to work upto 1 Gb of virtual memory.
3) 80386 :
a) It is 32 bit microprocessor.
b) It is a logical extension of 286 and highly pipelined.
c) The instruction set is superet of other families.
d) It has 32 bit data bus and 32 bit non multiplexed address bus.
e) It can address upto 4 Gb physical memory.
f) It will be worked in two mode page mode and non paged mode.

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 4) 80486 :
a) It is 32 bit microprocessor.
b) It has 32 bit data bus and 32 bit address bus.
c) It has large integral circuit which contains built in math coprocessor, Memory Management Unit
( M. M. U. ) and 8 Kb of cache memory.
d) It has DX and SX versions.
e) All 486 processors have 32 bit data bus. SX version does not have on chip numeric coprocessor.
f) It has faster clock speed ,internal pipe lines architecture and use of reduced set instruction
computer. (RISC)
g) It has 486 DX2 and DX4 version with double and triple clock speed.
5) Pentium or 80586 :
a) It is 64 bit microprocesor.
b) It has 64 bit data bus and 32 bit address bus.
c) The use of superscaler architectutre incorporates dual pippe lined processor, to perform more
than one instruction per clock cycle.
d) Both data and code on chip to improve the speed.
e) Use of branch prediction that pentium makes an educated guess where the next instruction
following a conditinal instruction.

Q. 4 : Compare between 80486 and 80586 (Pentium)

Ans :
80486 80586
1) It is 32 bit microprocessor. 1) It is 64 bit microprocessor.
2) Operating Speed - 25 to 50 MHz. 2) Operating Speed - 50 to 100 MHz.
3) It has 32 bytes cache memory. 3) It has 8 kbytes cache memory.
4) It has external math coprocessor. 4) It has internal math coprocessor.
5) It was invented SX -1989 and DX - 1991 5) It was invented in 1993.

Q. 5 : Compare between 80386 with Pentium Processor.

Ans :
80386 Pentium
1) It is 32 bit microprocessor. 1) It is 64 bit microprocessor.
2) Operating Speed - 16 to 50 MHz. 2) Operating Speed - 50 to 100 MHz.
3) It has 16 bytes cache memory. 3) It has 8 kbytes cache memory.
4) It’s data cache is 256 bytes. 4) It’s data cache is 8 kbytes.
5) Word size is 16 bit. 5) Word size is 32 bit.
6) It has external math coprocessor. 6) It has internal math coprocessor.
7) It was invented 1985. 7) It was invented 1993..
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Q. 6 : Compare between 80286 and Pentium.
Ans :
80286 Pentium
1) It is 16 bit microprocessor. 1) It is 64 bit microprocessor.
2) Operating Speed - 6 MHz to 20 MHz. 2) Operating Speed - 50 to 100 MHz.
3) Address bus is 24 bit hence can access 16 MB 3) Address bus is 32 bit hence can access 4 GB
memory. memory.
4) It has external math coprocessor. 4) It has internal math coprocessor.

Q. 7 : Compare between 80286 and Pentium.

Ans :
Attributes 80286 80486
1) Data Bus 16 bits 32 bits
2) Address Bus 24 bits 32 bits
3) Operating Speed 6-20 MHz 25-50 MHZ
4) Physical Memory Address 16 M bytes 4 G bytes
5) Internal data word size 16 bits 32 bits
6) Introduction 1982 1989

Q. 8 : State any six advanced features of X- 86 microprocessor family.

Ans : Advanced features of X - 86 family are ads follows.
1) It is capable of performing various computing functions and making decisions to change the sequence of
program execution.
2) It is very powerful computing device.
3) Advanced microprocessor are supported by nemeric coprocessor.
4) It has seperate CPU which performs arithematic and trignometric functions.
5) It works with multiuser and multitasking operating system.
6) It supports virtual memory technique for storing large amount of data,
7) It includes special instruction and internal hardware which allow a programmer to write software
without knowning how much memory is available.

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Q. 9 : Explain the programming model of X-8 family with 16 bit and 32 bit version.

15 8 7 0 31 16 15 8 7 0

AH AL Accumulator(AX) EAX AH AL Accumulator(AX)

AX
BX BH BL Base Index (BX) EBX BH BL Base Index (BX)

CX ECX Count (CX)

CH CL Count (CX) CH CL
DX Data (DX) EDX DH DL Data (DX)
General DH DL
Purpose SI ESI SI Source Index
Source Index
Registers
DI Destination Index EDI DI Destination Index

BP Base Pointer EBP BP Base Pointer

SP Stack Pointer ESP SP Stack Pointer

CS Code Segment CS Code Segment

SS Stock Segment SS Stock Segment

Segment
Registers DS
ES ] Data Segment
DS
ES
Data Segment
FS

GS

31 16 15 0

IP Instruction Pointer IP Instruction Pointer

Flags E Flags Flag H Flag L

16 bit version 32 bit version

8086 / 80286 80386 / 80486
( 16 bit) ( 32 bit )

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Q. 10 : Draw a neat labelled diagram of flag registers of 8086 microprocessor.
Ans :

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

U U U U OF DF IF TF S Z U AC U P U Cy

Cy - Carry Flag
P - Parity Flag
AC - Auxilliary Carry Flag
Z - Zero Flag
S - Sign Flag
TF - Single step Trap
IF - Interrupt Flag
DF - Direction Flag
OF - Over Flow Flag

Q. 11 : Draw a neat labelled diagram of flag registers of X- 86 Family.

Ans :

31 ............ 18 17 16 15 14 1312 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Reserved A C VM RF O NT IO PL O D I T S Z A P C

Cy - Carry Flag IOPL - I/O Privileage Level

P - Parity Flag NT - Neasted Task Flag
AC - Auxilliary Carry Flag RF - Resume Flag
Z - Zero Flag VM - Virtual Mode Flag
S - Sign Flag AC - Alignment Check Flag
T - Trap Flag
I - Interrupt Flag
D - Direction Flag
O - Over Flow Flag

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Q. 6 : Select correct alternative and rewrite the following.
1) Data bus of 80286 MPU is of size ______
a) 8 bit b) 16 bit c) 32 bit d) 64 bit
Ans : c) 16 bit
2) The maximum physical memory can be addressed by 80286 microprocessor is _____
a) 640 KB b) 1 MB c) 16 MB d) 4 MB
Ans : c) 16 MB
3) The duty 32-bit microprocessor from the following is _____
a) 8086 b) 8085 c) 80386 d) 8056
Ans : c) 80386
4) 80386 is a ______.
a) 8 bit microprocessor b) 16 bit microprocessor
c) 32 bit microprocessor d) 4 bit microprocessor
Ans : c) 32 bit microprocessor
5) Intel 80586 was introduced in _____
a) 1978 b) 1993 c) 1996 d) 1984
Ans : b) 1993
6) Which of the following microprocessor does not use multiplexed data / address bus ________
a) 8085 b) 8086 c) 80386 d) 80186
Ans : c) 80386
7) Pentium process has _______ bit data bus and _______ bit address bus.
a) 64 , 32 b) 32 , 64 c) 32,32 d) 16,32
Ans : a) 64 , 32
8) The microprocessor 8088 is a _______ bit processor.
a) 8 bit b) 16 bit c) 12 bit d) 64 bit
Ans : b) 16 bit
9) The processor 80386 falls in ________ generation of MPU.
a) first b) Second c) third d) Fourth
Ans : d) Fourth
10) In flag registers of 8086 _______ bits aur unused.
a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7
Ans : d) 7

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 Microcontroller
Q. 1 : Explain the features of 8051 microcontroller .
Ans : The following are the features of 8051 microcontroller .
1) An 8 bit ALU
2) 4 k x 8 ROM ( or EPROM)
3) 128 x 8 RAM
4) Dual 16 bit timer event counter
5) 32 I/O lines ( Four 8 bit I/O ports)
6) Address 64 k bytes of program memory
7) Address 64 k bytes of data memory
8) Powerful 111 instruction set
9) Full featured serial port
10) Upto 12 MHz clock frequency
11) Two external interrupt
Q. 2 : What is microcontroller ? State its applications.
Ans : 1) Microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system consisiting of microprocessor and limited amount
of RAM , ROM .EPROM and I/O.
2) This system is built on a single integrated circuit.
3) The microcontroller is used to perform control function.
4) It is fully implementred of a standard microprocessor.
Application of microcontroller:
1) It is used as slave in distributed processing.
2) They are used as machine tools , chemical processes, , medical instrumentation and sophisticated
guidence control.
3) Many low cost products such as electronic toys , microwave ovens, VCR are based on microcontroller.
4) A home security system.
5) A tape deck system and Intelligent multimeter.
6) It is used in personel keyboard.
Q. 3 : Comparison between microcontroller and microprocssor.
Ans :
Microcontroller Microprocessor
1) It is chip which is called single chip computer. 1) It is general purpose device which is called a CPU.
2) It includes RAM , I/O ports , ROM , Timer in 2) It do ot contain RAM , I/O ports , ROM , Timer
single chip. in single chip.
3) It has no advantage of desiging RAM, ROM and 3) It has advantage of desiging RAM, ROM and I/O ports.
I/O ports.
4) The cost is less. 4) The cost is more.
5) It has more I/O components. 5) It has less I/O components.
6) It can be used in many intelligent and low cost 6) It can not be used in intelligent and low cost products
products. 1..
Q. 4 : Explain 8051 memory mapping for 8051 microcontroller with the help of diagram.
Ans :

FFFF FFFF
FFFF
Upto 64 Kbytes
Upto
of external ROM
64 Kbytes Upto
or EPROM
of 64 Kbytes
external 0000 of
ROM external
or FFFF 00F8 Special - function RAM
Upto 4 Kbytes
0080 Registers
EPROM of external ROM
007F 128 bytes
or EPROM 0000 RAM
0000 0000
0000

Program Memory Data Memory

(ROM) (RAM)

The 8051 addresses has two memory space.

1) The program memory space is read only memory (ROM)space.
2) It is used for storing programs and variable data.
3) The program instruction is read from this memory but cannot write anything into this memory.
4) The instruction fetches are taken from program memory.
5) The data memory space is read /write memory (RAM)space.
6) The processor can read from this memory and can write into this memory.
7) It can not execute instruction from this memory space.
Q. 5 : Give the main features of 8048 microcpntroller.
Ans : 1) The clock frequency is 2 MHz to 4 MHz.
2) It has 27 I/O lines.
3) It has 1 Kbyte ROM or EPROM.
4) It has 64 bytes RAM.
5) It has one 8 bit timer event counter.
6) Adress capacity is 4 KB.
Q. 6 : Explain the features of 8048 , 8049 and 8050 microcontroller.
Ans : 1) 8048 , 8049 , 8050
1) 8048 supports 1 K byte of internal memory. 8049 supports 2 K byte of internal memory and
8050 supports 4 K byte of internal memory.
2) 8048 has 64 bytes internal RAM including 32 bytes of register/memory location.
3) 8049 has 128 bytes of RAM and 8050 has 256 byte of RAM.
4) These are low cost products and hence very popular.
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 2) 8052
1) 8052 is a simple expansion of 851.
2) It has 8 K bytes of onboard ROM and 256 bytes of onboard RAM.
3) 8052 allow progammer to write larger program.
4) The cost of 8052 is more than 8051.
5) It has one extra 16 bit counter timer.
3) 8031 and 8032
1) These devices has any onboard ROM.
2) It may use eternal ROM for program memory.
3) These are excellent devices for prototyping and low volume products.

4) 8052 AH-BASIC
1) This is another form of 8052.
2) This special 8052 has BASIC programming language in ROM.
3) Using BAISC instruction programer can write instructions rather than assembly language.

Q. 7 : Compare between 8051 and 8052.

Ans :
Attributes 8051 8052
1) ROM 4 kbytes 8 kbytes onboard
2) RAM 128 bytes 256 bytes
3) Timer event counter Dual 16 bit extra 16 bit
4) Costs Less More
5) Programs writing Short Large

Q. 8 : Select correct alternative and rewrite the following.

1) 8051 is _____ bit microcontroller.
a) 8 b) 16 c) 32 d) 64
Ans : a) 8
2) 8051 has ______ special function registers.
a) 11 b) 22 c) 33 d) 44
Ans : b) 22
3) 8051 occupy memory space from _______
a) 80 H to F8 H b) 08 H to F8 H c) 80 to F8 H d) None of these
Ans : a) 80 H to F8 H

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4) ______ is a microcontroller.
a) 8086 b) 8051 c) 8088 d) 80286
Ans : b) 8051
5) The 8051 internal ROM is _______ of ROM in the program memory space.
a) 4 kbytes b) 8 kbytes c) 16 kbytes d) 32 kbytes
Ans : a) 4 kbytes
6) 8051 microcontroller has instruction set of ______ instructions.
a) 111 b) 72 c) 74 d) 100
Ans : a) 111
7) The 8051 is a _______ generation microprocessor.
a) second b) first c) third d) fourth
Ans : a) second
8) Intel 8051 microcontroller has _____RAM.
a) 128 * 8 b) 4K * 8 c) 64 * 8 d) 8K * 8
Ans : a) 128 * 8
9) ______ is not a characterstics features of 8051 micrcontroller.
a) 4 kbyte of internal RAM b) 4 kbyte of internal ROM
c) 4 parallel bidirectional I/O port d) full featured serial port
Ans : a) 4 kbyte of internal RAM
10) The 8051 internal ROM is _____
a) Found in the data memory space
b) Used to store variable program data
c) 4 kbytes of ROM in the program memory speace
d) All of the above
Ans : c) 4 kbytes of ROM in the program memory speace
11) The 8051 microcontroller pan address ______program memory.
a) 8 k byte b) 16 k byte c) 32 k byte d) 64 k byte
Ans : d) 64 k byte
12) 8051 microcontroller IC have ________ number of 8 bits I/O ports.
a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 8
Ans : c) 4
13) _______is a characerstics of features of 8051 microcontroller.
a) Four 8 bit I/O port b) Two 8 bit I/O port
c) 4 Kb RAM d) Four External Interrupts
Ans : a) Four 8 bit I/O port

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14) 8051 has _________RAM.
a) 128 bytes b) 34 kbytes c) 1 kbytes d) none of these
Ans : a) 128 bytes
15) The additional feature of 8051 microcontroller over 8085 microprocessor is that , it has additional _____
a) Internal RAM only b) Internal ROM only
c) 16 bit ALU d) Both Internal RAM and ROM
Ans : d) Both Internal RAM and ROM
16) ______ IC consists of internal RAM.
a) 8080 b) 8085 c) 8051 d) 8086
Ans : c) 8051
17) 8051 has clock upto ________ frequency.
a) 12 MHz b) 4 MHz c) 9 MHz d) 6 MHz
Ans : a) 12 MHz
18) The 8051 microcontroller has an ALU of _______ bit capacity.
a) 8 b) 16 c) 32 d0 64
Ans : a) 8
19) In 8051 size of internal ROM is _________.
a) 4 KB b) 2 KB c) 8 KB d) 16 KB
Ans : a) 4 KB
20) Which of the following is not a part of an 8051 single chip microcontroller.
a) 4 kbytes of ROM b) Dual serial port c) 128 byte RAM d) Four 8 bit I/O port
Ans : b) Dual serial port
21) Internal data memory of 8051 microcontroller is __________
a) 128 bytes b) 128 kbytes c) 256 bytes d) 4 kbytes
Ans : a) 128 bytes
22) ________ is microcontroller chip.
a) 8080 b) P-IV c) 8052 d) 8086
Ans : c) 8052
23) __________ is a microcontroller.
a) INTEL 8085 b) INTEL 8086 c) INTEL 8052 d) INTEL8008
Ans : c) INTEL 8052
24) Microcontroller 8052 has _______ external interrupus.
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
Ans : b) 3
25) Microcontroller 8052 has _______ bytes of RAM.
a) 64 b) 128 c) 256 d) 32
Ans : c) 256

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