Drainage System

KHUSHHAL
Asst.Prof.
Civil engineering department
RPS CET,BALANA
 Contents
• Drainage system • Laying sanitary and sewer pipes
• Trap • Inspection and testing
• Cesspool • Fixing accessories
• Sceptic tank • Problems in drainage and their
• Manhole
solution
• Cleaning blocked pipes and drain
 Drainage system
• It is the arrange.ent provided in a house or a
building for collecting and conveying waste water
through drain pipes by gravity to join a public
sewer or a domestic septic tank is termed as
building drainage or house drainage.
Or
• The drainage system is designed to carry waste
water from a building to the main sewage
network.
 There are four different systems of plumbing

1. One pipe system

2. Two pipe system
3. Single stack system
4. Partially ventilated single stack system
 One Pipe system
• In one pipe system only one pipe is provided for discharge waste water from wash
basin,sinks,water closet,urinal and kitchen,etc.
• Such pipe is called soil cum waste pipe bacause it carries both sullage and night soil.
• A separtate vemtilation pipe is provided to all floor traps,gully traps are not provided in this
system.
• This method is more economical and is used where all types of waste water taken together
in a common sewer line to the place of disposal.
• While adopting this system the following points should be kept in mind:-
1. Deep water seal of 75 mm depth should be provided in traps.
2. Diameter of ventilation pipe should not be less than 50 mm.
3. Air tight joint should be provided to the waste pipe.
 Two Pipe system
• In this system, two pipes are provided, one pipe(i.e. soil pipe) discharges the
foul material from W.C. and urinal whereas the other pipe (i.e. waste pipe)
discharges waste water from kitchen, bath, wash basin and sink.
• The soil pipe is directly connected to the drainage system and waste pipe is
connected to drainage system through gully trap.
• In this two ventilation pipes are connected to each stack.
• Thus in two pipes system four pipes are needed.
• In this system chances of blockage will be reduced.
• Four pipes required thus costly.
• They may be difficult to accommodate.
 Single stack system
• It is a sinpified form of one pipe system.
• This system is having a single pipe for night soil and waste without separate
ventilation pipe.
• It uses only one pipe which carries night soil as well as sullage and the same
pipe is extended 2 m above roof level with a cowl.
 Partially ventilated single stack system
• This is an improved form of single stack system.
• All the soil and waste fittings discharges waste water into a single soil cum
waste pipe.
• In this system traps of soil fittings i.e. W.C. and urinal are ventilated through
a separate ventilating pipe called relief vent pipe
 Trap
• It is defined as a bend provided in a drainage system which is
always full of water to prevent the entry of foul gases in the
atmosphere is known as trap.
• A trap prevents the entry of foul gases into the building from
sewer but it allows the sewage to flow through it.
• Water seal:-
The vertical distance between inside lowest point or dip and inside
highest point or crown weir is called seal or water seal.
 Requirements of good trap
• It should be made up of non absorbent material.
• It should provide an adequate water seal.
• Its inner surface should be smooth.
• Its fixing should be easy.
• It should be constructed of best enamelled substance so that
human excreta may not stick to it.
 Causes of breaking of seal
1. The seal may break due to faulty joints.
2. The seal may break due to crack in bottom of seal from
atmospheric agency.
3. The seal may break due to creation of partial vacuum in sewer
fittings.
4. The seal may break due to increase in pressure of sewer gases.
 Classification of trap
• The traps are classified as:-
1. On the basis of shape
2. On the basis of use of trap
 On the basis of shape
1. P-trap:-
• The trap having the P shape is
called P-trap.
• In this case, the legs of the trap
are perpendicular to each other.
2. Q-trap:-
• The trap having the shape of letter Q
is known as Q-trap.
• The legs of the trap meet at an angle
other than 90°.
3. S-trap:-
• The trap having the shape of
letter S is known as S-trap.
• in this case the legs of trap are
parallel.
 On the basis of use of trap
1. Floor trap:-
• It is a trap provided to collect waste
water from floor of
bathroom,kitchen,rooms,etc.
• They are provided at the starting point
of waste water flow i.e. in bath
rooms,kitchen and sink.
• At the top of it an iron grating is
provided to prevemt the entry of solid
matter in it and for cleaning of trap.
• Floor trap is also called as Nahni trap.
2. Gully trap:-
• These are provided at the junction of a
room or a roof drain and other drain
coming from bath,kitchen,etc.
• The sullage from bathroom ,kitchen,etc.
will enter through side inlet (called back
inlet) and room water or rain water will
enter from top.
• It may either S-trap type or P-trap type.
• It is generally made of stoneware with
iron grating at the top.
3. Intercepting trap:-
• This trap is provided at the junction of a house drain and a sewer is called an
intercepting trap.
• It prevents the entry of foul gases from entering into the house sewer.
• It is provided In a small man hole constructed near the house.
• A plug is provided at the top of trap for removing silted matter from trap.
• The plug is called cleaning eye.
• The depth of water seal is about 100mm.
Advantages Disadvantages
• It helps in quick removal of foul • It is difficult to clean trap through
matter into sewer. inspection arm.
• It helps in preventing the entry of • Ventilation of sewer is affected by
foul gases from sewer in building. it.
• It prevents entry of harmful • When the discharge from building
bacterias from sewer into the drain is less, then solid matter
building. retained in the trap and it will start
decomposing.
 Cesspool
• Building is connected to the main sewage network for disposal of waste water.
• Sometimes building is loctaed at a remote location and it is not possible to
connect it to the sewage network.
• In such instance the waste water from building is collected in cesspool.
• A cesspool is a simple collection point for waste water from building. These are
cylinderical pits dug in the ground of the owner and lined with bricks. This is
located below groumd level.
• The cesspool is required to be cleaned when it gets filled.
 Septic tank
• A septic tank is a masonry or concrete structure built below the ground level
where bio chemical reaction take place due to an aerobic bacteria.
• The septic tank is a combined sedimentation cum digestion tank in which the
suspended solids of sewage settles down ro the bottom. This is further
accompanied by the aerobic digestion of sludge. By this volume of sludge is
reduced and foul gases like co2 ,methane and hydrogen sulphide are released.
• The effluent from septic tank should never be allowed in an open drainage
system because it may cause health hazard.
• The septic tank should be cleaned after every 6 to 12 month.
• Air vent pipe should be provided for proper ventilation.
• The top of septic tank is covered with rcc slab and a manhole is provided for
insoection purpose.
Construction details of tank
 Manhole
• It is an opening provided in a sewer for the purpose of permitting
a man to enter in the sewer.
• Objectives of manhole
• To provide an excess for inspection purpose
• It provides ventilation to sewer.
• It allows the jointing of savers.
 Location Of manhole
• At the junction of main and branch sewer line
• At sufficient distances vatying from 50m to 200m if length is
straight.
• At all changes of direction.
• At all changes of gradient.
 Classification of manhole
• Shallow manhole
• These are Having depth about 0.7 to 0.9m.
• Medium manhole
• These are having depth about 1.5 m.
• Deep manhole
• These are having dept more than 1.5 m.
 Constructional features of manholes
• Cover and frame
• These are provided at the top of manhole.
• The cover and frame are made of cast iron.
• These are mostly circular in shape.
• Access shaft
• The upper portion of the manhole is known as access shaft.
• It provides an entry for working chamber.
• The minimum size of access shaft is 75cm ×60cm for
rectangular shape and 60 to 75 cm in diameter in case of circular
shape.
• Working chamber
• The lower portion of the manhole is called working chamber.
• It may be rectangular or circular.
• It provides space for cleaning and inspection of sewer line.
• The height of working chamber should not less than 1.8 metre.
• For circular manhole its diameter is about 1.2 m.
• Bottom or invert
• It is the lowermost part of the manhole.
• It is made of concrete bed 15 to 30 cm thick.
• A semicircular channel is constructed having diameter equal to sewer.
• Steps or ladder
• These are provided to facilitate entry and exit of workers into the manhole
these are made of cast ironSidewall and baseThe side walls are generally
made of brickwork it may be of stone masonry or RCC. Base is the bottom
part of manhole made of plain cement concrete
 Cleaning blocked pipes and drain
• After certain time with
hair,grease,Kitchen waste etc. waste
pipes may easily become blocked.
The water will cease to flow and also
smell from the drain and rotting
materials becomes inside the
building if not cleared.
• So cleaning of pipe is necessary to prevent blockage and
to maintain hygienic environment in the building.
 Clearing U-Bend trap
• This is situated below the plug hole of all sinks,bath and wash
basins. This band trap is filled with water at all times to prevent
drain smells from escaping inside the building. When an object
Falls between the gaps of the plug hole,it will lie at the bottom of
trap rather than flowing down the waste pipe to the sewer.
• The simplest way to clear a blocked U Bend is to unscrew the
retaining Caps using a wrench. The trap falls into the bucket first.
Then empty the water and clear using a length of wire. Flush the
bend with a little detergent to ensure that the bacteria is removed
before reconnecting.
 Clearing waste pipe
• When the wash basin is not draining the water properly and the
U-bend has been checked and found to be not at fault then it is
likely that a blockage has formed in the waste pipe work at some
point. The best way is to use chemical drain cleaner. This process
will take a sufficient time to remove the blockage.
• If thin blockage is not removed by chemical cleaner then try a
sink plunger. Firmly hold the plunger over the plug hole. Fill the
wash basin with water enough to cover the rubber cup. Place a
wet cloth into the overflow outlet. Pump the plunger up and
down a number of times. This process is repeated till the water
runs smoothly from the appliance.
 Unblocking the soil pipe and W.C. Pans
• When the toilet is blocked this can be cleared by
using a large plunger known as cooper's plunger.
• Put the plunger into the Water closet pan. Check
that the rubber Cup is in the U-bend. Move the
handle of the plunger till the blockage is removed.
This will be noticeable as the water level will drop.
 Cleaning bottle trap
• It is easy to clean such type of trap. Remove the base cap to find
access to the pipe. Use a wrench to free the fittings if the fittings
are stiff. Clean the cap and trap pipe with detergent to remove
bacteria if any before reconnecting.
 Cleaning blocked Gully or Hopper
• When the bath is drained and we notice that the gully or Hopper
is overflowing it indicates that T is blocked with leaves. To clean it
take off the grill and remove all the debris by using a gloves on
hand. Clear the bottom of the gully pipe clean it also by pouring
some disinfectant down the Hopper pipe and gully pipe to
remove any bacteria. If the flooded gully appears to be clear of
debris but still continues to flood then check the blockage at the
nearest chamber.
Laying sanitary and sewer pipe
• The process of placing sewer at the correct alignment with proper
gradient known as laying of sewer.
• Laying of sewer pipes is generally started from their tail and
towards the starting end.
 Setting out centre Line of sewer
• An offset line parallel to sewer Centre line is marked on the
ground at a distance of 2 to 3m from centre line.
• Along offset line pegs are driven at an interval of 15m. When
excavation is carried out this line will help in locating the center
line for sewer.
 Excavation of Trench
• After swtting out alignment, the next step
is excavation of Trench.
• Trench is excavated upto the required
depth with proper gradient.
• Excavation is carried out by pick axes
and power shovel.
• The excavated soil is deposited on one
side of trench other side is used for
lowering of sewer.
 Checking the gradient of sewer line
• The sewer must be laid at a suitable gradient to ensure gravity
flow this is done with the help of boning roads and dumpy level.
 Timbering of Trench
• In this step the side of trench are
supported.
• Requirement of timbering
depends upon the type of soil
and depth of Trench.
• To prevent the soil from falling
into trench timbering is done.
 Bedding of Trench
• In this process the trench bed is compacted and levelled so that
laying of pipes can be done easily and to provide proper gradient
to the sewer line.

• It is necessary to prevent the unequal settlement.

 Jointing of sewer
• Sewer of smaller
sizes are joined
together by joints.
• The joints should be
watertight .
 Back filling of Trench
• The process of placing the excavated soil back into the
trench after the construction and testing of sewer line is
known as backfilling.
• The earth should be filled in layers of 15 cm thickness
each layer should be properly watered and temped.
• The refilling earth should be free from pebbles, stone
pieces.
Inspection
and
Testing of
sewer pipe
 Problems in drainage
• The following problems are likely to arise if the paipes are not properly laid out or when the
material used are of poor quality. It may occur due to poor workmanship.
1. It causes foul smell.
2. Health problem respiratory disorder to those lying in the building.
3. Dampness in walls and floors.
4. Damage to rhe structure of building.
5. Leakage in pipes.
6. Dipping faucet
7. Clogged toilet,shower
8. Low water pressure
 Maintenance
1. Phenyl or any other disinfectant should be used regularly to maintain good
sanitary conditions.
2. The washers of leaky taps should be replaced at regular intervals.
3. The entire system should be cleaned at least once in a month.
4. Use a drain guard on all your plug holes to reduce the amount of waste that
gets washed down your sink.
5. One of the easiest way to maintain a healthy drain is to wash it with hot
water once in a week.
6. Call a service provider.