2BAC REVIEW

2021

I. TENSES

Simple habits / routines Words like every day, every Hatim always drinks tea at
present general truths and facts time, always , sometimes , lunch.
often, …. Every day, Sana visits her
grandmother.
Simple past An event that happened and Yesterday , last .... week / My father didn`t go to France
finished in the past. year , … ago , 1990 …. last year.
Yesterday, our team played
against Barcelona.
I talked to Mohamed three
hours ago.
Simple future An event that happened in a Next ………, in 2022 Our school will host the next
certain time in the future competition.
Present An action happening right now Right now Right now, my kids are playing
continuous At this moment in the garden
Meanwhile Is he revising at this moment ?

Past An action that was happening for For ………… hours yesterday My father was painting the wall
continuous a long period in the past The whole evening yesterday for four hours yesterday.

Present An action that has just finished or No time expressions My team has just arrived at the
perfect that has finished in an unknown You may find words like yet, hotel.
time. since , …. They have not visited the
stadium yet.
Past perfect An action that happened before Before Amal had already eaten dinner
another one in the past. Already when her husband arrived.
They had spoke to the manager
before they took a day off

Future perfect An action that will have finished By next …….. , By next year, Said will have
in a certain time in the future. By 2060, built two houses in Agadir.
In three weeks time,

Put The Verbs Between Brackets In The Correct Tense

A. Part one
1. Morocco (to produce) …………… 40 of its energy needs via solar energy by the year 2020.
2. The Tramway (to leave/ already) …………. When we arrived at the station yesterday.
3. It is cloudy and windy, it (to rain) ……………….. soon.
4. Experts predict that the world population (to double) …… by the year 2060.
5. Experiments on animals should (to forbid) ……………..
6. Before Halima got home, her husband (already/ to prepare) ……………. Lunch.
B. Part two
1. A new nationwide poll shows that in a few years` time, women (to achieve) ……….. equal rights as men.
2. Our neighbors (to live) ………… in Fez before they moved to Ouarzazte.
3. Soon after I (to drop) ………… out of school, I began (to work) ……… for a non- governmental organization.
But in a month`s time , my contract (to expire) …………
4. Andrew (to complete) ………….. his compute course by the end of August.
 5. Salima( to graduate) ……………….. from university four years ago, but she (not/ find) ………. A job yet.
6. It is too late now. You should (to submit) ……………… your application last month.
7. I`m really bored with this job. I (to do) ………………….. the same job for 20 years now.

II. Passive voice

John read the novel yesterday

Steps
1. Identify the subject (john) , verb (read) and object (novel)
2. Start your new sentence with the object: the novel …………………………..
3. Identify the tense of the verb: “read” is used in simple past because we have yesterday
4. After the object, add verb to be in the tense of the main verb (simple past)
5. Add the main verb after you change it into past participle which is also read.
6. Add additional information (yesterday )
7. Add by john.
The result is
The novel is read yesterday by John.

Examples
Active voice Passive voice
Aya took a picture. A picture was taken by Aya.
Aya is taking a picture. A picture is being taken by Aya.
They have sold two cars so far. Two cars have been sold so far.
My father must take those pills. Those pills must be taken by my father.
They are going to buy a new house next month. A new house is going to be bought next month.

Pay attention
You need to write all information you have
My friend left a message in the voice mail.
A message was left in the voice mail by my friend.

Khalil will bring the exam papers which are in the administration.
The exam papers which are in the administration will be brought by Khalil.

A. Rewrite These Sentences As Indicated

1. Students are studying English two times a week.
English …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Ali is going to buy a beautiful car next month.
A beautiful car ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. The association has funded many social projects.
Many social projects……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Our school has used Massar, which is an educational website, to process students` marks.
Massar ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Mary wrote two letters to her best friend.
Two letters……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. In our hitel, we serve the best food to our clients.
In our hotel, the best food ………………………………………………….
7. We didn`t send the invitation on time.
 The invitation ………………………………………………………………………………
8. The police arrested the criminals in an area close to the frontier.
The criminals ………………………………………………………………………………..

III. Relative pronouns

Who Whom When Where Which Whose That

Subject Object Time Place Objects / Possession Replaces who,
person Person animals whom, which

 Who Vs whom

Who comes before a verb

 Fatiha who is a student in the high school speaks fluent English.

Whom comes before a subject

 Fatiha whom I met yesterday is my sister`s friend.

 Where / when Vs which

Where replaces in +place

 Inbiaat stadium is in Agadir. I spent yesterday in Inbiaat stadium.

 Inbiaat stadium where I spent yesterday is in Agadir.

When replaces in+ time

 Hayat likes summer. She goes to the country side in summer.

 Hayat likes summer when she goes to the country side.

Which

 Inbiaat stadium is in Agadir. Inbiaat stadium is a recently built.

 Ibiaat stadium which is recently built is in Agadir.

Exercise

Use The Correct Relative Pronoun

1. The boy ……………. Won the regional public speaking contest is from your hometown.
2. Paolo Coelo, ………………….. novels are translated into many languages, has many fans.
3. Thanks giving is a day ………….. non-muslims give thanks to Allah.
4. Hard working students spend most of their time in the library, …………. They can find most of the books they
want to read.
5. May 1st is a day ……….. people in many countries honor workers.
6. The old man …….. lives next door has just died.
7. My neighbor, ………………… son is my close friend , invited me to go on a picnic with his classmates.
8. The novel …………… is lying on that shelf is for Alex.
 IV. Linking words

A. LINKING WORDS OF CONCESSION AND CAUSE AND EFFECT

TRANSITIONS

1. I have eaten a lot. As a result, I have a stomachache

Cause and effect 2. I have been walking for two hours. Therefore, I feel tired.

3. Ali had cheated in the exam. Consequently, the teacher gave him a zero

4. Hanan had cheated in the exam. However, the teacher didn't punish her.

Concession 5. I have been walking for two hours. Nevertheless, I don't feel tired.

6.My stomach hurts. Yet, I will eat this pizza

Exercise: Rewrite These Sentences Using The Words In Brackets

1. They spoke to the manager about the problem. He didn't do anything to fix it.

(Nevertheless) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Aya admitted stealing the phone. She didn't apologize.

(However) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Khalid was driving so fast. He did a car accident.

(As a result) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Part two

1. He was tired because he had been running for 3 hours.

Cause and effect

2. Because he had been running for 3 hours, he was tired.

3. They cannot talk to her as she is in a coma.

4.since they bought the tickets, they cannot postpone their flight.

1. Though she is in a coma, they talk to her every day

Concession 2. Although they feel sad, they arranged a farewell party to their friend.

3. They arranged a farewell party to their friend although they feel sad.
Exercise Rewrite Sentences As Indicated

1. The team won. They practiced well.

 Because …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Hanan speaks English. She was invited to a conference.
 Since ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
3. Some engineers volunteered to design the school. No work has been done yet.
 Although …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. He didn't do any mistake. They police asked him to stop.
 Even though ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Ahmed bought a motorcycle. He is stingy.
 Though ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Trainees were in a strike. They didn't like Mr.Karimi's constant absence.
 Because ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Due to khadija's constant complaints, they agency fixed the problem.

Cause and effect Thanks to Khalil's hard work, he succeeded

Because of the family's poverty, hind cannot finish her studies.

Despite khadija's constant complaints, the agency didn't react.

Despite the fact that khadija was constantly complaining, the agency didn't react.
Concession

In spite of khalil's hard work, he didn't succeed.

In spite of walking as fast as possible, hatim missed the train.

Exercise

1. I received an urgent call. I went out.

 Because of ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. He is passionate about maths. Ali gets good marks.
 Thanks to ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. The employees are on a strike. The factory is closed
 Due to ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. My friends went abroad. They didn't find a job.
 Despite …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Ahmed had taken a loan. He didn't set up a business.
 In spite of ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Sana is intelligent. She was admitted in Harverd university
 Thanks to ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

B. Linking Words of Purpose

 So as to + Verb
 In order to + verb
 So that + Subject + verb
 1. He is reading about buildings' design. He wants to be an architect

He is reading about building's design in order to be an architect

He is reading about building's design so as to be an architect

He is reading about building's design so that he becomes an architect

2. The company sold some of its shares in a low price. The company wants to pay some of its debts.

The company sold some of its shares in a low price so that it can pay some of its loan.

The company sold some of its shares in a low price So as to pay some of its debts.

Exercise

1. Many people learn computer skills. They want to get better jobs. (so as to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. The government has launched a project. The government wants to reduce illiteracy. (in order to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Anass was waiting for his teacher. He wanted to get his mark. (so as to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. The local authorities opened new schools. They wanted to serve their community better. (so as to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Parents should read books at home. They want to make their children value education. (in order to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
C. LINKING WORDS OF ADDITION

Besides / furthermore/ furthermore / also / in addition Both …………. And

 Ahmed raised an awareness - raising campaign. Ahmed  Sana likes physics. Sana likes biology.
donated a lot of money to the local council.  Sana likes both physics and biology.
 Ahmed raised an awareness - raising campaign. In addition,
he donated a lot of money to the local council.

Not only …………. But also

 Halima and Najat revised for physics together yesterday.  Karim decorated his bedroom. Karim decorated his office.

Halima and Najat watched some educational videos.  Karim decorated not only his bedroom but also his office.

 Halima and Najat not only revised for physics together

yesterday but also watched some educational videos.

Exercise: Rewrite These Sentences With Linking Words In Brackets

1. They met Karima in the stadium. They met Hassan in the stadium. (Both …….. and)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 2. That policeman is looking tired. That policeman is looking anxious. (Not only ………… but also)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The committee decided to accept the project. The committee will give a promotion to Imad.
(Furthermore)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. By the end of this month, our teacher will have finished the course. By the end of this month, our
teacher will have shared our homework. (Not only …….. but also)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Yesterday, my sister drank all the milk. Yesterday, my sister drank the juice. (Both …. And)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
V. Reported Speech

A. Report The Following Statements As Suggested.

1. “Keep the environment clean!”, He said.

The city councilor ordered the residents…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. “We want peace and harmony in the world”. They shouted.

 The crowd shouted……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. “You must unload your luggage so that I can check it”. The customs officer said.

The customs officer told me ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. “I’ll phone you back later in the evening”. He told me.

He let me know……………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………

5. “I’ll buy you a new computer soon”. My father promised.

My father promised………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………..

6. “Never walk alone at night again”. The mother warned her daughter.

The mother warned her daughter…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7. “I can’t put up with the noise you are making”. She said.

She told the children ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. “I’ve never really loved my husband !”. Susan said.

Susan confessed………………………………………………………………….………………………………..

B. Report The Following Questions As Indicated :

1. " Where are you from ?", He asked Tom.

He asked Tom…………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. "Did you finish your exercises ?", The teacher asked his students.

The teacher asked his students…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. "How can I run this engine ?", I asked the worker.

I asked the worker……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….

4. "Can you trust that man ?", My mother enquired.

My mother wanted to know …………………….………………………………………..………………………………………………

5. "Is Ouajda a nice place to live in ?", A group of tourists asked.

A group of tourists wondered…………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………

6. “What harm has he done to you?”. Adil asked.

Adil wanted to know ………………………………………………………………………….....................................................

7. "How long will it take us to get to Rabat ?", the passenger asked the bus driver.

The passenger asked the bus driver……………………………………………………….……………………………………………..

VI. Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs

The rule: Subject + modal verb + main verb (infinitive without to).
Modal Uses Present/Future Past
May 1- polite request (only with May I borrow your pen?
“I” or “We”)
2- formal permission You may leave the room.

3- 50% or less certainty -Where’s John? He may have been at the

library.
-He may be at the library.

Might 50% or less certainty -Where’s John? He might have been at the
library.
-He might be at the library.
Should / Ought to advisability -I should study tonight. -I should have studied last
night, but I didn’t.
-I ought to study tonight.
-I ought to have studied last
night, but I didn’t.
Had better advisability (with threat of You had better be on time, or (past form uncommon)
bad result) we will leave without you.
Must 1- strong necessity I must go to class today. I had to go to class
yesterday.

2- prohibition (negative) You must not open that door.

3- 95% certainty Mary isn’t in class. She must Mary must have been sick
be sick. yesterday.
Have to 1- necessity I have to go to class today. I had to go to class
yesterday.
2- lack of necessity I don’t have to go to class I didn’t have to go to class
today. yesterday.
(negative)
Will 1- 100% certainty He will be here at 6:00.
2- willingness -The phone’s ringing.

-I’ll get it.

3- polite request Will you please help me?

Can 1-ability/possibility I can run fast. I could run fast when I was a
child, but now I can’t.
2-informal permission You can use my car
tomorrow.
3- informal polite request Can I borrow your pen?
 4- impossibility (negative That can’t be true! That can’t have been true!
only)
Could 1- past ability I could run fast when I was a
child.

2- polite request Could I borrow your pen?

3- suggestion -I need help in maths. You could have talked to

your teacher.
(affirmative only) -You could talk to your
teacher.
4- 50% or less certainty -Where’s John? He could have been at home.

-He could be at home.

5- impossibility (negative That couldn’t be true! That couldn’t have been
only) true!
Would 1- polite request Would you please help me?

2- preference (would rather) I would rather go to the park I would rather have gone to
than stay home. the park.

3- polite for “want” (with I would like an apple, please.

“like”)
4- unfulfilled wish I would have liked a cookie,
but there were none in the
house.
Shall 1- polite question to make a Shall I open the window?
suggestion
2- future with “I” or “We” as I shall arrive at nine.
subject
(“will” = more common)

Exercise

Modal Examples Function

Can 1. I can come to your party. 1. ………………………………….
2. I can’t drive a car. 2. …………………………………
3. He can’t have known about her problems. He was absent. 3. ………………………………….
4. Can I open the window? 4. ………………………………….
5. Can you lend me your dictionary? 5. ………………………………..
Could 1. Could I leave now? 1. ……………………………………
2. Could you lend me some money? 2. …………………………………..
3. He could swim when he was ten years old. 3. ……………………………………

May 1. May I have a cup of coffee? 1. ……………………………………

2. Morocco may win the match. 2. …………………………………...
 3. You may not smoke here. 3. ……………………………………
Must 1. You must respect the traffic law. 1. ………………………………….
2. You mustn’t smoke in the classroom. 2. ………………………………….
3. He has bought a new Porsche. He must be rich. 3. ………………………………….
Might 1. Morocco might win the match. 1. ……………………………………
2. Richard wasn’t at home. He might have gone out. 2. ……………………………………
Ought to 1. Students ought to switch off their phones in the exam. 1. …………………………………..
2. You ought to drive carefully in this bad weather. 2. …………………………………..
Shall 1. Shall I help you with your baggage? 1. …………………………………
2. Shall we go to the cinema? 2. …………………………………
Should 1. We should solve this problem sooner rather than later. 1. …………………………………..
2. You should go on a diet if you want to lose weight. 2. …………………………………..
Would 1. Would you mind if I open the window. 1. …………………………………….
Need not 1. You need not prepare dinner; we are going to the restaurant 1. …………………………………….
today.
Mustn’t 1. You mustn’t cheat in exams. 1. …………………………………….
2. You may not bring your dog to school. 2. …………………………………….

Fill In The Blanks With The Correct Modal Verb

a. You …………….. carry this suitcase, the concierge

Needn`t - couldn`t - wouldn`t
b. When we arrived at the top of the mountain, we ……………… see the whole city.
must - can - could
c. I`m not really sure about the place of our meeting tomorrow. It ………………… in the same conference
room.
Might be - had been - must be
d. Our team ……………….. win next competition if they train well.
May - needn`t - should