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 SUMMARY OF
THINGS WE NEVER GOT OVER
BY
Lucy score

NOBLE PUBLISHING

Copyright © 2023 SAS JERRY

All rights reserved. No part of this book may
be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording,
scanning, or otherwise without prior written
permission from the copyright owner.
The views and opinions expressed are solely
those of the author and do not necessarily
reflect the official policy or position of any
other agency, organization, employer or
company.
Published in 2023

IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT THIS BOOK

You are viewing a summary of the content from the book

“THINGS WE NEVER GOT OVER BY LUCY SCORE”
The contents of the summary are not poised to replace the
original book. It is meant as a complement to enhance the
reader's understanding.

Once again, the intention of this complimentary guide is to

encourage the reader to get the original book to further
their comprehension and understanding.
The information provided in this book is based on the
author’s personal experience, research, and opinions.
suitability, or availability of the content of this book.

Copyright © 2023 SAS JERRY

Published in 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BOOK REVIEW

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 – 10

CHAPTER 11 – 20

CHAPTER 21 – 30

CHAPTER 31 – 40
CHAPTER 41 – 50
 BOOK REVIEW

A+! I liked this book. Despite its length, this book is worth
reading. I loved the town and its people. I loved every
character in this book because Lucy Score did such a great
job of making them unique. Knox Morgan is *a chef's kiss*
amazing. I liked how he struggled with his demons and
changed over time. Naomi's relationship with Waylay also
warmed my heart.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Lucy is a Wall Street Journal and #1 Amazon Kindle Store
bestseller of romantic comedies and contemporary
romance. Rural Pennsylvania gave her time and
imagination. She was the oldest of three bookworms.
Family dinners were often silent as everyone read. At five,
she taught her brother to write on the bathroom door.
She began writing about Mayflower pilgrims in second
grade and progressed to essays, articles, blogs, and books.
Since her breakout hit "Pretend You're Mine," she's written
full-time.
Event planners, bartenders, newspaper lackeys, and yoga
instructors are non-romance-writing jobs.
Lucy and Mr. Lucy enjoy beach time with their 1.7 million
nieces and nephews and umbrella drinks.

INTRODUCTION
First-person chapters switch between Naomi Witt and Knox Morgan.
To assist her twin sister Tina, Naomi Witt travels to Knockemout, Virginia.
Naomi wants to help her sister because she skipped her wedding to a
wealthy entrepreneur days earlier. During the rehearsal, Naomi squeezed
out of a church bathroom window, realizing her mistake.
She loses her car and money to her sister. Waylay, her 11-year-old daughter
is left behind. Naomi bonds with the girl and accepts her guardianship.
CHAPTER 1 – 10
Naomi Witt arrives in Knockmout, Virginia, wearing a daisy. Naomi needs
coffee before meeting her estranged twin sister Tina, who called her. Naomi
sees a photo of her sister, who looks like her, above the cash register as a
banned customer at the café. Knox Morgan enters as Naomi resolves the
server issue. Naomi thinks the man looks "hot as hell" and "like he'd just
stormed off a marauding Viking vessel". Naomi dislikes the man's rudeness
despite their sharp banter. Naomi leaves the restaurant without her car.
Knox drives her to the police station, assuming they towed it.

Knox notices Naomi is unlike her twin. Naomi is classier than her sister, not
just because of her daisy hair. He jokes about hog-tying Naomi to his truck if
she refuses his ride to the police station. Naomi replies, “Your chivalry
stinks”.

Knox warns the police not to confuse Naomi with her troublemaker twin at
the station. Naomi's car isn't towed, the police say. Knox guesses: “Your
asshole sister stole your car”. Naomi collapses after driving unprepared and
exhausted. Knox offers a ride to her hotel.

Knox finds Naomi's hotel door open and the lock broken. He enters with
Naomi. The bathroom mirror has "sucker" written in lipstick. A girl in the
room is unsettling. Knox knows Waylay, Tina's 11-year-old daughter. Naomi
felt like she "had been shot out of a cannon" when she discovered her sister
had a daughter.

Naomi can't decide. She calls her sister, Naomi's driver, for answers. She
says she has "shit to do" and that her daughter would "hold her back". Knox
and Waylay notice Naomi's wedding dress as she unpacks. Knox called the
police after finding the room ransacked, so they arrived before she could
explain.

The police chief, Knox's brother Nash Morgan, tells Naomi that the only way
to keep Waylay out of Child Protective Services is to take guardianship (CPS).
Knox takes Naomi and Waylay to Tina's trailer outside town because the
hotel door lock is broken. Naomi, "running on fumes," agrees.

Eviction notices, overflowing garbage cans, pizza boxes, and bourbon bottles
litter the trailer. Knox offers Naomi and Waylay a place to stay as long as
they need when Naomi is too exhausted to clean the trailer. Knox takes
them to a large log cabin with a "storybook cottage" behind them. Naomi
adores the cottage. Knox tells her that Liza J., the landlady, lives in a big
house down the road and they will meet after Naomi and Waylay sleep.

Naomi, still groggy, finds Waylay eating a PB&J sandwich and drinking a soda
in the kitchen. Waylay asks Naomi why her arms and knees are scraped as
they share peanut butter. Naomi says she climbed out of a church basement
window without explaining.

Naomi thinks she should be honeymooning in Paris as she and Waylay bike
to town. Naomi finds her wedding money at the grocery store. Naomi buys
fruits and vegetables for Waylay. She notices the staring. Tina shoplifted.
After shopping, Sherry Fiasco approaches Naomi and offers her a job as a
server at Honky Tonk, a local tavern: "Can you deliver beer and be generally
charming?" Naomi accepts.

Summary Knox growls when his brother Nash brings Naomi news. The
brothers fight suddenly: “Fists were how they settled countless arguments
for decades”. Naomi stops the fight in a sundress. Knox is uncertain about
this outsider. Naomi is unique. Nash tells Naomi Warner Dennison III of Long
Island reported her car stolen two days ago. Naomi, embarrassed, admits
Warner gave her the car.

Naomi enjoys Knox's grandmother Liza J.'s scrappiness and generous

hospitality at her landlady's dinner. Knox admires Naomi's sundress as she
eats meatloaf.
Liza J. shows Naomi the house after dinner. Liza J. confronts Naomi in the
dark study about the town's rumors that she is a runaway bride. Naomi
admits it, softened by hospitality and alcohol. Liza J. offers her and Waylay
the cottage rent-free.

Liza J. warns Naomi about Knox and Nash. The brothers fight over Naomi
during dinner. Nash gives Naomi a permanent guardianship brochure.
Naomi shudders at "permanent." Nash informs her that Tina has a new
boyfriend from a Washington crime syndicate.
Nash assures her that even if she returned, a court would unlikely grant her
custody of the child she abandoned.

While sipping coffee on the cottage deck, Naomi tries to establish a routine.
Knox urinates next door, shocking Naomi. Naomi observes Knox's physicality
with "a full ten seconds of open-mouthed ogling."

Waylay visits the library to check her email. Sloane, the library's saucy,
unconventional librarian, helps Naomi use a computer. Naomi is shocked
when her ex-fiancé cancels their joint credit cards. She emails her parents,
who are on a cruise, to say she is in Virginia, okay, and that marrying Warner
would have been a mistake. She informs her close friend Stef, who planned
the elaborate wedding, about Waylay.

He works. Naomi keeps him thinking. He arrives at Whiskey Clipper, his

barbershop and apartment complex. He purchased these properties two
years after winning the state lottery. He looks at his framed family photos in
his office. He regrets their split. "Another example of how relationships
end". He finds engagement news on Naomi's Google search.
He is impressed by her photos but dismisses her for having anything to do
with a straight-laced man who "ironed his pants".
CHAPTER 11 – 20
Naomi's first night at Honky Tonk is a challenge. Naomi handles the locals
with ease. Her "grumpy, urinating neighbor" bothers her. Naomi discovers
Knox owns the bar when he arrives. The bar needs her, but Knox is unhappy.
While adjusting to working together, sparks fly. One of the servers points
Naomi to a rowdy table in the corner and says they're hers.

Knox can see Naomi "strutting her high-class ass" at Honky Tonk. "She had
expectations and long-term plans." After 40, he thought he was done with
relationships, but Naomi made him reconsider. Knox protects Naomi from a
drunken regular.

Nash assures Naomi he resolved the grand theft auto issue. He informs her
that a chop shop near Washington found her car in pieces. He provides a
ride home.
Knox fantasizes about pinning Naomi against the wall and kissing her,
assuring his brother that he takes care of his employees. Naomi leaves at
the shift's end, though. After he tells her he's not always an "asshole" and
that "a quick fuck" wouldn't satisfy her, she reconsiders.
Weeks have passed since Naomi and Waylay met. Naomi buys Liza J. and
Waylay pizza with her tips. Liza J. attempts to explain her "mule-headed"
grandsons' behavior over lunch. When Knox won the lottery, their
relationship sours, she tells Naomi. Mysteriously, the $11 million changed
everything. Working part-time in his businesses, Knox lived comfortably. Liza
J. hopes Naomi will convince Knox to leave bachelorhood. Naomi visits
Whiskey Clipper after lunch. Naomi experiences an "annoying pulse of
desire" while watching Knox cut hair.

Sloane and her niece Chloe invite the town to a potluck picnic. Knox joins
the picnic after Knox's basset hound runs next door. What is "simmering"
behind Naomi's smoky, hazel eyes unsettles him? Knox struggles to get her
alone due to his brother's pestering. Waylay and Naomi discuss Naomi's
school friendship concerns when they're alone. Knox guarantees her and
Naomi's safety.
Naomi recoils and warns him to mind his own business. She says, "I don't
need anyone else." Nash arranges a surprise meeting with the CPS agent
about Waylay's guardianship.

Naomi tells Waylay they're going shopping for school clothes two days later.
Naomi worries about money and knows she should sell her Long Island
house, but that would mean giving up "that dream." Naomi agrees to let
Knox drive them to the mall since she doesn't have a car. She's surprised
when he joins them and shops generously. Over Naomi's objections, he
buys Waylay's clothes, Naomi's underwear, and a phone. Naomi notices
how many women in the mall ogle Knox. Naomi notices Knox's erection
while shopping for her pants and goes into "five-alarm arousal." Knox warns
Naomi on the way home from shopping that a New Yorker asked about her
in the café.

A wine-bearing man greets them at Naomi's cottage. Naomi's best friend,

gay entrepreneur Stefan Liao, is Stef. He flew in to check on Naomi after
canceling the wedding. Naomi introduces him to Waylay and Knox. Knox
leaves uncertain of his response. Naomi thanks him and kisses him.

Stef and Naomi talk about their wedding after Waylay falls asleep. Stef tells
Naomi he never cared for Warner and only wishes she let him help her
escape. He's shocked when she denies sleeping with her "grumpy next-door
neighbor."

Knox wakes up the next morning to Stef's coffee. Knox needs Stef's Naomi
update. He tells him Naomi spent her life trying to be the perfect daughter,
sister, and friend to make up for her twin's behavior. Stef advises Knox that
Naomi doesn't need a "heavy" relationship that "will get messy". Stef
promises he'll regret hurting Naomi. Naomi enjoys "getting her hands on a
disaster and making it shine." He advises Knox not to undervalue her. Stef
departs.

Naomi and Waylay are offered makeovers by Stef at the Whiskey Clipper.
One stylist, Jeremiah, interests Stef. Waylay tells Stef and Naomi that her
mother cut her hair short as a punishment. Naomi realizes her sister took
Waylay's pride. Knox tells Waylay that her aunt Naomi is not like that and
that she should come to get him if anyone picks on her again. Naomi
exclaims, “The man's hotness just escalated into underwear-melting
hotness.”
Naomi cuts her hair "stylish and short," shedding Warner's long hair. She
spontaneously emails her parents about her granddaughter.
Naomi looks 10 years younger with her new hairstyle. She discovers the
bar's backroom poker game. The men's tips are good. Naomi, in a short
skirt, is energetic. Lucien, Knox's volatile childhood friend, plays a role. Knox
storms in and demands Naomi leave. He pins her between him and the
door and orders her out. She desires. Knox's call interrupts their kiss.

The bar receives his brother. Nash checks on Knox and Lucien at the poker
game, and Lucien assures him everything is fine. He even jokes about
helping the Morgan brothers "bury the hatchet". Lucien invites Knox to
dinner the next night. Nash tells Knox before he leaves that Tina is running
with a boyfriend who is trying to start a massive stolen goods business in
Washington.

After drinking, Knox resumes the poker game. Naomi is now at the table,
easing his concerns. She's using her winnings. Winning $22,000 with a high
straight. Naomi enchants the table, so everyone contributes. Naomi leaves
Knox.
CHAPTER 21 – 30
Twenty-two thousand dollars richer, Naomi returns to Honky Tonk. Lucien is
asked why Knox and his brother are always fighting. Lucien tells Naomi the
brothers are opposite and stubborn. He tells her their feud started when
Knox won the lottery and gave his brother a portion of his winnings. Nash
gave the money to the police department to build a new station, refusing to
be a charity case.

Stef calls Naomi to tell her Nash was shot and taken to the hospital. Naomi
is hospitalized. Knox tells her to go home and to find "the motherfucking
bastard who did this to his brother." Naomi embraces Knox and calls them
both "idiots" for their lottery winnings dispute. After his brother's surgery,
Knox kisses Naomi before leaving.

Knox tells his brother, still groggy after surgery, that Naomi thinks their
money dispute is ridiculous. After sleeping, he leaves. Knox and Lucien
investigate Nash's assailant. They discover Nash was left for dead at a traffic
stop. They'll find out who did it. Knox exits.

Knox's banging wakes Naomi. Knox's "hard and demanding mouth" kisses
her. Naomi cooperates. Knox's erection is "arousing and intimidating" as he
probes between her legs. Naomi's oral sex is "magic." First, of many
orgasms, her body explodes. They make love furiously and orgasm as she
guides him inside her.

Naomi wakes up to find Knox asleep next to her. He "looked so peaceful and
so sexy," she says. A knock comes while she makes coffee. Amanda and Lou
were anxious to meet their granddaughter. Knox comes to the stairs, still
naked, as Naomi lets them in. Amanda applauds Knox.

Naomi introduces Knox and tells her parents they're not in love. Knox says
after dressing, “You raised a smart, beautiful, stubborn woman.” Naomi
takes Knox outside to tell him they need to act like a couple. Before they can
decide, CPS arrives.
Knox likes the idea of faking a relationship to help Naomi. He checks in with
the police about his brother. Nash pulled over a stolen car whose
driver/shooter fled. He returns to Naomi's for Stef's free-flowing lunch.
Waylay swims in Naomi's creek.

Knox and Amanda talk on the porch. She says her daughter has never been
impulsive or unpredictable. She cares only for others. Her ex-fiancé
exploited her willingness to be controlled.

Amanda and Lou love their granddaughter, especially since her mother
abandoned her. Knox is captivated by Naomi's appearance from the creek
where she swam with Waylay. She kisses and touches his erection. Later,
she'll give him more.

Naomi starts her Honky Tonk shift. She wants a car with poker winnings.
Other servers know she and Knox had sex and want details. She is starting to
feel good about her life when Sloane texts her that Waylay is being singled
out by her teacher. Naomi immediately confronts Mrs. Felch at school. “Way
is being treated the way she deserves to be treated,” Mrs. Felch says,
surprising Naomi. Naomi notices someone else in the classroom before
responding.

When Knox arrives at Honky Tonk, the staff informs him of the school's
message. Knox knows Tina slept with her husband a few months earlier,
unlike Naomi. Knox rushes to school, convinced Naomi is being duped.

His grandmother and Naomi's parents are in the bar parking lot. Waylay
never returned from school, worrying them. They carpool to school. They
enter Mrs. Felch's room as she tells Naomi how Tina ruined her life. Waylay
in the room relieves them. Mrs. Felch calls Waylay a "juvenile delinquent"
like her mother. Naomi says Waylay will be expelled from her class because
she has no right to take out her anger on her. “You and Waylay both deserve
better than the hand you were dealt,” she sympathizes. Naomi tells Waylay
to tell her if she needs anything as they leave the school. Knox promises to
drive Naomi home after the night shift at the bar.

Knox skips work and drives them to his high school make-out spot. He tells
her she is doing well with Waylay and not to beat herself up over things she
cannot control. Kissing leads to sex in his truck. Naomi says, "I feel like being
reckless." Their mutual desire amazes her.
They orgasm several times in the truck. Knox exclaims, "I almost went cross-
eyed." He feels "born again" after the final climax.

Knox transports Naomi. Waylay and Liza J. are alone tonight. Naomi is
unsure if this is a relationship or great sex. She worries about town gossip.
Knox only wants them to sleep. They finally sleep together.

Naomi wakes up early to get ready before going home. Knox advises locking
her doors. Naomi, freshly showered, says she always locks her doors. Knox
tells Naomi she doesn't have to be the good girl and make everyone else
happy as he watches her get ready to go home and erase any signs of great
sex. Naomi disagrees. She doesn't want Knox's relationship to hurt her
Waylay guardianship petition.

Naomi returns to the cottage to find Stef making Waylay and her parent's
breakfast. Her father suggests car shopping. Liza J. tells her Nash is home
from the hospital today.

Naomi confides in Stef. “Did it ever occur to you that this may be your
chance to start living a life you choose?” Stef asks her to stop overanalyzing.
Waylay overhears them and asks if Naomi and Knox "are a thing". Knox and
Knox's dog make s'mores that night.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Learning to
fly in the U.S. Army
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Learning to fly in the U.S. Army

a manual of aviation practice

Author: E. N. Fales

Release date: February 8, 2024 [eBook #72902]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1917

Credits: Bob Taylor, Gísli Valgeirsson and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEARNING

TO FLY IN THE U.S. ARMY ***
LEARNING TO FLY
IN THE
U. S. ARMY
McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.
PUBLISHERS OF BOOKS FOR

Coal Age Electric Railway Journal

Electrical World Engineering News-
Record
American Machinist The Contractor
Engineering & Mining Journal Power
Metallurgical & Chemical Engineering
Electrical Merchandising
A Group of U.S. Army Student Aviators.
Frontispiece
 LEARNING TO FLY
IN THE

U. S. ARMY
A MANUAL OF AVIATION
PRACTICE
BY
E. N. FALES
FORMERLY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CHAIR OF AERONAUTICS, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

First Edition
Second Impression

McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc.

239 WEST 39TH STREET. NEW YORK

LONDON: HILL PUBLISHING CO., Ltd.

6 & 8 BOUVERIE ST., E. C.
1917
 Copyright, 1917, by the
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

THE MAPLE PRESS YORK PA

 PREFACE

This book is primarily intended for non-technical readers; and for

the student aviators who, called from non-technical occupations,
must cram themselves at short notice with the gist of airplane flying;
and who must omit everything except the outstanding fundamentals.
The desired essentials are here given without sacrificing accuracy
to brevity. It has been necessary to omit many technical details of
interest to the aeronautical engineer, to whose needs other larger
textbooks are adapted as a complete survey of technical
aeronautics. In brief, the book presents the main principles of
aviation, such as the aviator must know in order properly to
understand his airplane, keep it trued up, and operate it in cross-
country flights as well as at the flying field.
Out of the 2000 aeronautical books now in existence, a few are
adapted to use as textbooks for the present need, but none give the
particular and abridged information in tabloid form such as must be
adopted for the best time economy of these students.
It is by the kind permission of Professor E. A. Holbrook, Mr. O. S.
Beyer, and Mr. C. M. Hebbert that chapters VI to XI have been
included. Acknowledgment and full credit is due them as co-authors.
Chap. VI, VII, and part of Chap. XI were prepared by Prof. E. A.
Holbrook; Chap. IX, X, pages 152-157 of Chap. VIII, and pages 173-
177 of Chap. XI were prepared by Mr. O. S. Beyer; Chap. VIII, pages
133-152, was prepared by Mr. C. M. Hebbert.
In the Chapter on “History of Aviation” only those experiments are
treated which have a bearing on flight today; this chapter is to be
used in conjunction with the Chapter on “Principles of Flight,”
especially as regards controlling the airplane.
The question of Airplane Motors has not been touched, because to
do it justice would unduly increase the size of this volume, and
because adequate treatises on the subject are available.
Dec. 12th, 1917.
 CONTENTS
Page
Preface vii
Chapter
I. History of Aviation 1
II. Types of Military Airplanes and Uses 18
III. Principles of Flight 39
IV. Flying the Airplane 80
V. Cross-country Flying 89
VI. The Rigging of Airplanes—Nomenclature 113
VII. Materials of Construction 120
VIII. Erecting Airplanes 133
IX. Truing up the Fuselage 158
Handling of Airplanes in the Field and at the Bases
X. 166
Previous to and After Flights
XI. Inspection of Airplanes 173
LEARNING TO FLY
IN THE
U. S. ARMY

A MANUAL OF AVIATION
PRACTICE
 CHAPTER I
HISTORY OF AVIATION
That part of the history of Aviation which has especial interest for
aviators is of recent date, and extends back only two dozen years.
Of course efforts have been made toward manflight ever since the
early sixteenth century, when Leonardo da Vinci invented the
parachute and became the first patron of aeronautics; between the
time of this famous artist and the present many experimenters have
given their attention to the problem, but previous to the last decade
of the nineteenth century nothing practical was achieved. Then, with
the perfection of the steam engine and the development of the
gasoline engine, there came inducement to sound experimentation,
bringing forth such well-known figures as Maxim, Langley, Lillienthal
and Chanute.
The work of each of these men is an interesting story by itself,
especially that of Langley, who approached the matter from a strictly
scientific viewpoint, established testing apparatus and built
successful self-propelled steam models years before the Wright
brothers reported their independent successes. He reproduced his
models to full scale with every expectation of success, but failed, due
to exhaustion of his capital.
Langley’s Experiments in Aerial Navigation.—In all the history
of aerial navigation one of the most romantic stories is that
describing the scientific researches begun in 1887 by Langley and
culminating in 1896 in the first really successful case of mechanical
flight using a prime mover; continuing up to 1903 when this first
successful machine, a model of 12-ft. span, was reproduced to full
scale and manned for its trial flight by a human pilot; and ending with
the destruction of this full-sized machine on launching, so that
Langley missed the glory of being the actual discoverer of manflight
only by a hair’s breadth, dying shortly afterward of a broken heart, as
is conceded by those who knew him. If this full-scale machine had
performed as successfully in 1903 as it actually did after being rebuilt
and partly remodelled a decade later by the Curtiss company,
Langley would have antedated the first successful flight made by the
Wright brothers by a narrow margin of about 2 months.

(Courtesy S. S. McClure Co.)

Fig. 1.—The Langley steam model flying machine.
It flew a mile in 1896, the first successful airplane to fly with a prime mover.

Lillienthal (Germany, 1894).—But omitting details regarding the

early experimenters we will consider only that part of the history of
aviation most important to the prospective aviator. We will confine
ourselves to the sequence of gliding and power experiments begun
by Lillienthal, carried forward by Chanute and brought to completion
by the Wrights.
 (Courtesy Jas. Means’ “Aeronautical Annual.”)

Fig. 2.—Lillienthal’s biplane glider in flight, 1894.

Note.—(a) Arched wings; (b) fixed tail; (c) method of balancing by swinging legs.
 (Courtesy Jas. Means’ “Aeronautical Annual.”)

Fig. 3.—Chanute’s biplane glider, 1896.

Note improvement in rigidity by bridge-type trussing.

Lillienthal was the first man to accomplish successful flights

through the air by the use of artificial wing surfaces. After many
years of experiment and study of soaring birds he constructed rigid
wings which he held to his shoulders and which, after he had gained
considerable velocity by running forward downhill, would catch the
air and lift his weight completely off the ground. The wings were
arched, for he observed this was the case in all birds; flat wings
proved useless in flight, and suggested a reason for the failure of
previous experimenters. To these rigid wings Lillienthal fastened a
rigid tail; the wings and the tail comprised his “glider.” There were no
control levers and the only way the operator could steer was to shift
the balance by swinging his legs one way or the other. Lillienthal
constructed an artificial hill for his gliding so that he could coast
downward for some distance without striking the ground and he was
able to accomplish many glides of a couple of hundred yards in
length.
Chanute (Chicago, 1896).—Chanute’s experiments in gliding
were quite similar to Lillienthal’s and were made on the sand dunes
along Lake Michigan outside of Chicago. His apparatus was more
strongly constructed, being of trussed biplane type, a construction
suggested to him by his experience in bridge building, and one which
persists today as the basis of strength in our present military
biplanes.
The Wright Brothers, 1901.—Lillienthal was killed in a glide,
having lost control of his apparatus while some distance above the
ground. The Wright brothers read of his death and commenced
thinking over the whole problem. Lillienthal’s method of balancing his
large apparatus by the mere effect of swinging his legs appeared to
them as a very inadequate means of control. They came to the
conclusion that the immediate problem in artificial flight was the
problem of stability, which they felt should be solved by an entirely
different means than that employed by Lillienthal and Chanute. The
work already done had demonstrated without question that support
in the air had been established; with the addition of controllability the
Wrights looked forward to doing something worth while in the way of
artificial flight.
To improve Lillienthal’s method of shifting the weight, they
conceived the idea of leaving the pilot in an immovable position in
the glider, and instead of obliging him to shift his weight this way and
that, they proposed to manipulate the surfaces of the wings
themselves by means of levers under the pilot’s control, so that the
same result of balancing could be obtained by quite a different and
superior method.
They set out, therefore, deliberately to solve the whole question of
airplane stability. There was the fore and aft or horizontal stability, for
which Lillienthal had swung his legs forward and backward; there
was in addition the sidewise or lateral stability for which Lillienthal
had swung his legs to left and right. The fundamental requirements
to be met were that during flight the glider should be kept in its
proper attitude without diving or rearing up, and without rolling into
an attitude where one wing tip was higher than the other, i.e., the
machine was to be kept level in both directions.

First Wright
Final Wright glider.
glider.
With front elevator, With rudder and elevator. Note A successful downhill
shown flying empty right wing warped downward to glide. Pilot lies prone on
as a kite. raise right wing tip. bottom wing.

Fig. 4.

Fore and Aft Control.—After some preliminary trials the Wrights

found that the fore and aft balance could be controlled by an elevator
or horizontal rudder, supported on outriggers on the front of the
airplane, and operated by a lever. If the pilot found the glider pitching
too much downward, and tending toward a dive, he would tilt the
elevator upward by moving the lever, thus turning the glider back into
its proper attitude. This elevator in modern machines is back of the
airplane, a better place for it than was chosen by the Wrights. It may
be said that their chief reason for first putting it in front was that they
could see it there and observe its effect. They soon realized that the
rear location gave easier control, and they acted accordingly.
Lateral Control.—After satisfying themselves regarding fore and
aft control, the Wrights took up lateral control. Their problem was to
devise a means for keeping the span of the wings level so that when
for any reason one wing tip should sink lower than the other, it could
be at once raised back to its proper position. Lillienthal had tried to
do this by swinging his legs toward the high side; the shifted weight
restoring the position. The Wrights, to obviate this inadequate
method, bethought themselves to restore equilibrium by means of
the wind itself rather than by gravity. They observed an interesting
maneuver employed by a pigeon which seemed to secure its lateral
balance in exactly the way they wanted; this bird was seen to give its
two wings each a different angle of attack, whereat one wing would
lift more forcibly than the other, thereby rotating the bird bodily in any
desired amount or direction about the line of flight as an axis. To
copy this bird apparatus in a Wright glider, it was found sufficient to
alter the angle of the wing tips only, leaving the chief part of the
supporting surface in its original rigid position. In other words, the
wing tips were to be warped; the one to present greater angle of
attack, the other less angle, exactly as in the case of the pigeon.
Suppose the airplane to develop a list to the left, the wing on that
side sinking, the pilot was to increase the angle at the tip of this left-
hand wing by moving the warping lever, and at the same time
decrease the angle of the right-hand wing by the same lever. He was
to hold this position until the airplane was righted and brought back
to level position.
This arrangement proved to have the effect anticipated and
maintained stability easily on a glider much larger than Lillienthal
ever managed with his leg-swinging method.
Directional Control.—We have now followed the development by
the Wrights of airplane control as regards:
1. Fore and aft or “pitching” motion, accomplished by an elevator
operated by lever.
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