Writing (overview-email-para)
Writing (overview-email-para)
TEST FORMAT
The writing test consists of 2 tasks with the total time of 40 minutes.
In the first task, you have to write an email of around 80-100 words to your friend to give information,
ask for permission, tell a story or make an appointment, etc.
In the second task, you have to write an essay of about 200 words presenting the advantages and
disadvantages of something.
MARKING CRITERIA
Your writing competence is rated on 4 criteria as follows together with some advice given on how to
meet each criterion:
How to how well you how well is your how good is your how good is your
interpret answer the text structured vocabulary grammar
the criteria question
* Each of these criteria receives a score from 0 to 10 points. An arithmetic mean is calculated to
determine the writing total score.
MODULE 1: SENTENCE WRITING
Classified by its structure, a sentence can be of four types: simple sentences, compound sentences,
complex sentences and compound-complex sentences.
1. SIMPLE SENTENCES
- A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb.
- It expresses a single complete thought that can stand on its own.
Examples:
1. The baby cried for food.
^ There is a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought.
2. Professor Maple’s intelligent students completed and turned in their homework.
^ A simple sentence does not necessarily have to be short. It can have adjectives. In this case,
there are two verbs “completed” and “turned in.” However, the sentence expresses one complete
thought and therefore is a simple sentence.
3. Megan and Ron ate too much and felt sick.
^ Although there are two subjects and two verbs, it is still a simple sentence because both verbs
share the same subjects and express one complete thought.
2. COMPOUND SENTENCES
- A compound sentence has two independent clauses. An independent clause is a part of a
sentence that can stand alone because it contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete
thought.
- Basically, a compound contains two simple sentences.
- These independent clauses are joined by a conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so –
FANBOYS for short).
Examples:
1. The shoplifter had stolen clothes, so he ran once he saw the police.
^ Both sides of the conjunction “so” are complete sentences. “The shoplifter had stolen clothes”
can stand alone and so can “he ran once he saw the police.” Therefore, this is a compound
sentence.
2. They spoke to him in Spanish, but he responded in English.
^ This is also a compound sentence that uses a conjunction to separate two individual clauses.
3. COMPLEX SENTENCES
- A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A
dependent clause either lacks a subject or a verb or has both a subject and a verb that does not
express a complete thought.
- A complex sentence always has a subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or
relative pronouns (who, that, which).
Examples:
1. After eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory, Tim went to the gym to exercise.
^ The independent clause is “Tim went to the gym to exercise.” The subordinating clause before it
is dependent on the main, independent clause. If one were to say “after eating lunch at The
Cheesecake Factory,” it would be an incomplete thought.
2. Opinionated women are given disadvantages in societies that privilege male accomplishments.
^ The subject is “opinionated women” and the verb is “are given.” The first part of the sentence
“opinionated women are given disadvantages in societies” is an independent clause that expresses
a complete thought. The following “that privilege male accomplishments” is a relative clause that
describes which types of societies.
3. The woman who taught Art History 210 was fired for stealing school supplies.
^ The dependent clause in this sentence is “who taught Art History 210” because if removed, the
rest of the sentence would stand as an independent clause. “Who taught Art History 210” is an
adjective clause that provides necessary details about the subject, woman.
4. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES
- A compound-complex sentence has two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Examples:
1. After the two soccer players lost their game, they joined their other teammates for lunch, and
they went to the movies.
^ If we remove the dependent clause “after the two soccer players lost their game,” we have a
compound sentence. The dependent clause makes this sentence compound-complex.
2. The man believed in the system, and he knew that justice would prevail after the murderer was
sent to jail.
KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER: A summary to help you remember the four types of sentences
PRACTICE:
Identify whether the sentences are simple, complex, compound or compound-complex.
Please underline dependent clauses where it applies.
1. Vampires Dairies is my favorite television show, but I also love True Blood.
2. The student wiped the white board that was filthy with last week’s notes.
3. The trendy fashion designer released her new line on Wednesday.
4. Trina and Hareem went to a bar in Hollywood to celebrate their anniversary.
5. Wicked Regina cast a spell on the entire city, so the citizens decided to rebel.
6. While waiting for the paint to dry, Angela went to Home Depot, and Martin organized the kitchen
appliances.
7. After listening to the Kanye West CD, I have new respect for his music.
8. After the teacher chose groups, John and Sara were selected as partners for a project, yet Sarah did
most of the work.
9. She smiled sweetly, and he grinned shyly.
10. Mary and Tom agreed to meet after school.
11. I had a poor background, and the subject was quite difficult; however, the teacher explained the
concepts very clearly.
12. Because the store was closed, we returned home. Complex
13. The old prospector was discouraged; however, when I suggested giving up, he was indignant.
14. Although my friends were lost for a while, they eventually found the restaurant that you
recommended.
15. The runner, who had trained for many months, won the race easily.
MODULE 2: EMAIL WRITING
Email is a system of sending written messages electronically from one computer to another. Email is
an abbreviation of ‘electronic mail’. (Collins)
1. INSTRUCTIONS FOR WRITING AN EMAIL
In this part of the test, you are given an email from an English friend or relative, and you are asked
to respond to it in about 100 words. This email contains annotations which help you identify
exactly what you need to respond to.
As regards the topics, they are usually not very difficult, as you are expected to write at an
intermediate level about topics you are familiar with: sports, hobbies, TV programmes, weather,
your town / city, best friend etc. Here is a sample email: MÔ-ĐUN 2: VIẾT EMAIL
Email là một hệ thống gửi tin nhắn bằng văn bản điện tử từ máy tính này sang máy tính khác.
Email là viết tắt của 'thư điện tử'. (Collins)
1. HƯỚNG DẪN VIẾT EMAIL
Trong phần kiểm tra này, bạn sẽ nhận được một email từ một người bạn hoặc người thân người
Anh và bạn được yêu cầu trả lời email đó trong khoảng 100 từ. Email này chứa các chú thích giúp
bạn xác định chính xác những gì bạn cần phản hồi.
Về các chủ đề, chúng thường không khó lắm vì bạn phải viết ở trình độ trung cấp về các chủ đề
quen thuộc: thể thao, sở thích, chương trình TV, thời tiết, thị trấn / thành phố của bạn, bạn thân,
v.v. email mẫu:
From: Sandy
Subject: Your visit!
Hi,
Me too I’m so excited that you’re coming to stay with me for a week!
Bạn phải trả lời câu hỏi này. Viết câu trả lời của bạn trong khoảng 100 từ trên phiếu trả lời.
Hãy đọc email này từ người bạn nói tiếng Anh Sandy của bạn và những ghi chú bạn đã viết.
Từ: Sandy
Chủ đề: Chuyến thăm của bạn!
CHÀO,
Tôi rất vui mừng vì bạn sẽ đến ở với tôi trong một tuần!
Vào buổi tối đầu tiên bạn đến đây, có một buổi hòa nhạc rock ở thị trấn của chúng tôi. Bạn muốn
đi xem hòa nhạc hay bạn muốn chúng tôi thư giãn ở nhà?
Ngoài ra, chúng ta có nên đi leo núi khi bạn ở đây không?
Greeting Hi Sandy,
Opening p Thanks a lot for writing back. I’m also really excited about visiting you!
On my first evening, I’d like to relax at home. I will probably be very tired
Main p.1 from the trip, so I need to rest and get ready for the other days. Is that okay?
Main p.2 As for climbing, I’m afraid I can’t. I forgot to tell you, but I hurt my knee last
week, so I can’t do sport now.
Main p.3 How about visiting some art galleries in your town? If you want, we could
go. You know I love art! What do you think?
Closing p. Well, I have to go now, but please let me know what you think.
Luis
Signature
Câu mở đầu Cảm ơn rất nhiều vì đã viết lại. Tôi cũng thực sự vui mừng được đến thăm bạn!
Vào buổi tối đầu tiên, tôi muốn thư giãn ở nhà. Có lẽ tôi sẽ rất mệt sau chuyến đi nên tôi cần nghỉ ngơi
và chuẩn bị cho những ngày còn lại. Điều đó có ổn không?
Về việc leo núi, tôi e rằng mình không thể. Tôi quên nói với bạn, nhưng tôi bị đau đầu gối vào tuần
trước nên bây giờ tôi không thể chơi thể thao.
Bạn nghĩ thế nào về việc ghé thăm một số phòng trưng bày nghệ thuật trong thị trấn của bạn? Nếu bạn
muốn, chúng ta có thể đi. Bạn biết tôi yêu nghệ thuật! Bạn nghĩ sao?
Bây giờ tôi phải đi đây, nhưng xin vui lòng cho tôi biết suy nghĩ của bạn.
Bảo trọng,
Luis
In the example above, the different parts of an email are well defined. It’s important that the
writing is visually appealing, apart from having good grammar and vocabulary. This means that
the paragraphs should be well defined, with a space in between, and that you should know when
to break lines. This is especially important after greetings, after opening and closing paragraphs,
and after saying goodbye. This will make your text visually appealing, as it will look like a real
email.
Trong ví dụ trên, các phần khác nhau của email được xác định rõ ràng. Điều quan trọng là bài viết
phải hấp dẫn về mặt hình ảnh, ngoài việc có ngữ pháp và từ vựng tốt. Điều này có nghĩa là các
đoạn văn phải được xác định rõ ràng, có khoảng cách ở giữa và bạn nên biết khi nào nên ngắt
dòng. Điều này đặc biệt quan trọng sau lời chào hỏi, sau khi mở đầu và kết thúc đoạn văn, và sau
khi chào tạm biệt. Điều này sẽ làm cho văn bản của bạn trở nên hấp dẫn về mặt hình ảnh vì nó sẽ
trông giống như một email thực sự.
WRITING PRACTICE
Now that we know what expressions we should be using in our writing, we are going to take a look
at another task and then practice your writing:
Read this email from your English-speaking college classmate Alex and the notes you have
made. Write your email to Alex using all the notes.
From: Alex
Subject: College science presentation
TẬP VIẾT
Bây giờ chúng ta đã biết nên sử dụng những cách diễn đạt nào trong bài viết của mình, chúng ta
sẽ xem xét một nhiệm vụ khác và sau đó thực hành bài viết của bạn:
Hãy đọc email này từ Alex, người bạn cùng lớp đại học nói tiếng Anh của bạn và những ghi chú
bạn đã viết. Viết email của bạn cho Alex bằng cách sử dụng tất cả các ghi chú.
Từ: Alex
Chủ đề: Thuyết trình khoa học đại học
Hi,
It’s great that we are going to work together on the college science presentation. Do you think
we should choose the rainforest as our topic?
No, but…
We only have two weeks to prepare, so can we start tomorrow? Where can we go to prepare
the presentation? My cousins are staying at my house at the moment, so we can’t work there
because it’s too noisy.
Sorry… Suggest…
We can give our presentation to the class either in the morning or the afternoon. Which would
you prefer?
Let me know
Tell Alex
Alex
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……… CHÀO,
Thật tuyệt vời khi chúng ta sẽ cùng nhau thực hiện bài thuyết trình khoa học ở trường đại học.
Bạn có nghĩ chúng ta nên chọn rừng nhiệt đới làm chủ đề không?
Chúng ta chỉ có hai tuần để chuẩn bị, vậy chúng ta có thể bắt đầu vào ngày mai được không?
Chúng ta có thể đến đâu để chuẩn bị bài thuyết trình? Hiện tại các anh họ của tôi đang ở nhà tôi
nên chúng tôi không thể làm việc ở đó vì quá ồn ào.
Chúng ta có thể thuyết trình trước lớp vào buổi sáng hoặc buổi chiều. Bạn thích cái nào?
Cho tôi biết
Alex
Sample answer:
Hi, Alex
I’m very glad to work with you. I think we shouldn’t choose the rainforest as our topic because
I’m not good at this topic. I would like to prepare the science presentation about deserts. In my
opinion, it will be interesting.
Sorry, but my parents have gone to another town and I must look after my little brother so we
can’t start to prepare tomorrow. What about starting in 2 days?
We can prepare the presentation in my house because no one will disturb us.
I would prefer to give our presentation to the class in the afternoon as this is the most
convenient time.
Best wishes
Grette
Câu trả lời mẫu:
Chào Alex
Tôi rất vui được làm việc với bạn. Tôi nghĩ chúng ta không nên chọn rừng nhiệt đới làm chủ đề
vì tôi không giỏi chủ đề này. Tôi muốn chuẩn bị bài thuyết trình khoa học về sa mạc. Theo ý
kiến của tôi, nó sẽ rất thú vị.
Xin lỗi, nhưng bố mẹ tôi đã đi đến thị trấn khác và tôi phải chăm sóc em trai mình nên chúng
tôi không thể bắt đầu chuẩn bị vào ngày mai. Còn việc bắt đầu sau 2 ngày thì sao?
Chúng ta có thể chuẩn bị bài thuyết trình ở nhà vì sẽ không có ai làm phiền chúng ta.
Tôi muốn trình bày bài thuyết trình của chúng ta trước lớp vào buổi chiều vì đây là thời điểm
thuận tiện nhất.
Lời chúc tốt nhất
Grette
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Read this email from your English-speaking friend Grace and the notes you have made. Write
your email to Grace using all the notes.
Hãy đọc email này từ người bạn nói tiếng Anh Grace của bạn và những ghi chú bạn đã thực
hiện. Viết email của bạn cho Grace bằng cách sử dụng tất cả các ghi chú.
From: Grace
To: Nick
Subject: Family dinner
Hi Nick,
We’re having a family dinner for my mum’s birthday next week
My brothers and I are each going to cook a course. Do you think I
should make the starter, the main course or the dessert?
Where can I find some good recipes?
Have you ever made anything for your family? What did you make?
Was it a success?
Love
Grace
Từ: Grace
Tới: Nick
Chúng tôi sẽ tổ chức bữa tối gia đình nhân dịp sinh nhật của mẹ tôi vào tuần tới
Anh em tôi và tôi mỗi người sẽ nấu một món. Bạn nghĩ tôi nên làm món khai vị, món chính hay
món tráng miệng?
Tôi có thể tìm thấy một số công thức nấu ăn ngon ở đâu?
Bạn đã bao giờ làm được điều gì cho gia đình mình chưa? Bạn đã làm gì? Đó có phải là một
thành công?
Yêu
Duyên
MODULE 3: PARAGRAPH WRITING
A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related to a single
topic.
Almost every piece of writing you do that is longer than a few sentences should be organized into
paragraphs. This is because paragraphs show a reader where the subdivisions of an essay begin and
end, and thus help the reader see the organization of the essay and grasp its main points.
Paragraphs can contain many different kinds of information. A paragraph could contain a series of
brief examples or a single long illustration of a general point. It might describe a place, character, or
process; narrate a series of events; compare or contrast two or more things; classify items into
categories; or describe causes and effects.
1. PARAGRAPH FORMAT
- Most paragraphs in an essay have a three-part structure—introduction, body, and conclusion. You
can see this structure in paragraphs whether they are narrating, describing, comparing, contrasting,
or analyzing information. Each part of the paragraph plays an important role in communicating
your meaning to your reader.
COHESION
- Creating cohesion means ‘tying’ your words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs together, to
create a text where the relationships between these elements is clear and logical to the reader,
giving the text ‘flow’. You can create cohesion at all these levels (word, phrase, sentence and
paragraph) in order to direct readers’ attention to the development of your argument.
- Cohesion can be created by various ways, including repetition (use a particular word or phrase
across different sentences or paragraphs), synonym (use a word or phrase in a later sentence which
has the same or similar meaning to a keyword in the first sentence) and pronouns (use a pronoun
to refer back to a phrase already used). But a very direct way of emphasizing the inherent logic of a
paragraph is through the use of linking words and phrases which mark transitions within and
between sentences.
- Below are some useful transitions:
+ To show addition: again, and, also, besides, equally important, first (second, etc.), further,
furthermore, in addition, in the first place, moreover, next, too
+ To give examples: for example, for instance, in fact, specifically, that is, to illustrate
+ To compare: also, in the same manner, likewise, similarly
+ To contrast: although, and yet, at the same time, but, despite, even though, however, in
contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, though, yet
+ To summarize or conclude: all in all, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, on
the whole, that is, therefore, to sum up
+ To show time: after, afterward, as, as long as, as soon as, at last, before, during, earlier,
finally, formerly, immediately, later, meanwhile, next, since, shortly, subsequently, then,
thereafter, until, when, while
+ To show place or direction: above, below, beyond, close, elsewhere, farther on, here, nearby,
opposite, to the left (north, etc.)
+ To indicate logical relationship: accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for this
reason, hence, if, otherwise, since, so, then, therefore, thus
+ To emphasize: Above all, more/most importantly
+ To show order: Afterwards, at the same time, before, firstly, secondly, formerly, lastly,
finally, later, meanwhile, next, now, presently, today, yesterday, last week, next year,
subsequently, then, until, ultimately, while, historically, in the end, eventually
+ To show attitude: Naturally, of course, certainly, strangely enough, surprisingly, fortunately,
unfortunately, admittedly, undoubtedly
+ To give explanation: In other words, that is to say
PRACTICE:
Choose the appropriate transition word or expression to complete each sentence. Add capital
letters where necessary.
By the year 2000, the population distribution had shifted a great deal. Many more people had
moved to urban and suburban areas and 1_____________, the rural population was much
smaller. 2_____________, the suburban population had grown since 1950. The urban
population had 3_____________ increased. 4_____________, there were now fewer people
living in the countryside and more living in the cities and suburbs.
I know you will have a good time at the party. 5_____________ most parties we go to, at this
one I plan to have live music. 6_____________, the band I have hired plays your favorite kind
of music. My sister-in-law is planning to prepare some really good dishes 7_____________
seafood soup and roast beef. Come early so that you can enjoy the food, and 8_____________
you can dance all night!
Physical education classes help children develop in numerous ways. Academics strengthen
children’s minds, 9_____________ physical education strengthens their bodies.
10_____________, it contributes to their good health. 11_____________, physical education
classes help children learn about winning and losing. This is an important life skill.
12_____________, in physical education classes, children have the opportunity to learn about
teamwork. This might be one of life’s most important skills.