Download the Full Version of ebook for Fast Typing at ebookmass.

com

Statistical Process Monitoring Using Advanced

Data-Driven and Deep Learning Approaches: Theory
and Practical Applications 1st Edition Fouzi
Harrou
https://ebookmass.com/product/statistical-process-
monitoring-using-advanced-data-driven-and-deep-learning-
approaches-theory-and-practical-applications-1st-edition-
fouzi-harrou/

OR CLICK BUTTON

DOWNLOAD NOW

Download More ebook Instantly Today - Get Yours Now at ebookmass.com

 Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that
you can download immediately if you are interested.

Risk Modeling: Practical Applications of Artificial

Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning Terisa
Roberts
https://ebookmass.com/product/risk-modeling-practical-applications-of-
artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-and-deep-learning-terisa-
roberts/
ebookmass.com

Computational and Data-Driven Chemistry Using Artificial

Intelligence: Fundamentals, Methods and Applications
Takashiro Akitsu
https://ebookmass.com/product/computational-and-data-driven-chemistry-
using-artificial-intelligence-fundamentals-methods-and-applications-
takashiro-akitsu/
ebookmass.com

Data Ingestion with Python Cookbook: A practical guide to

ingesting, monitoring, and identifying errors in the data
ingestion process 1st Edition Esppenchutz
https://ebookmass.com/product/data-ingestion-with-python-cookbook-a-
practical-guide-to-ingesting-monitoring-and-identifying-errors-in-the-
data-ingestion-process-1st-edition-esppenchutz/
ebookmass.com

Synthetic Data for Deep Learning: Generate Synthetic Data

for Decision Making and Applications with Python and R 1st
Edition Necmi Gürsakal
https://ebookmass.com/product/synthetic-data-for-deep-learning-
generate-synthetic-data-for-decision-making-and-applications-with-
python-and-r-1st-edition-necmi-gursakal-2/
ebookmass.com
Synthetic Data for Deep Learning: Generate Synthetic Data
for Decision Making and Applications with Python and R 1st
Edition Necmi Gürsakal
https://ebookmass.com/product/synthetic-data-for-deep-learning-
generate-synthetic-data-for-decision-making-and-applications-with-
python-and-r-1st-edition-necmi-gursakal/
ebookmass.com

Modern Deep Learning for Tabular Data: Novel Approaches to

Common Modeling Problems 1st Edition Andre Ye

https://ebookmass.com/product/modern-deep-learning-for-tabular-data-
novel-approaches-to-common-modeling-problems-1st-edition-andre-ye/

ebookmass.com

Practical Business Analytics Using R and Python: Solve

Business Problems Using a Data-driven Approach 2nd Edition
Umesh R. Hodeghatta
https://ebookmass.com/product/practical-business-analytics-using-r-
and-python-solve-business-problems-using-a-data-driven-approach-2nd-
edition-umesh-r-hodeghatta/
ebookmass.com

From Statistical Physics to Data-Driven Modelling: with

Applications to Quantitative Biology Simona Cocco

https://ebookmass.com/product/from-statistical-physics-to-data-driven-
modelling-with-applications-to-quantitative-biology-simona-cocco/

ebookmass.com

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Wireless Communications

and Networking: Theory, Applications and Implementation
Dinh Thai Hoang
https://ebookmass.com/product/deep-reinforcement-learning-for-
wireless-communications-and-networking-theory-applications-and-
implementation-dinh-thai-hoang/
ebookmass.com
Statistical Process Monitoring using
Advanced Data-Driven and Deep
Learning Approaches
Statistical Process
Monitoring using
Advanced Data-Driven
and Deep Learning
Approaches
Theory and Practical Applications

Fouzi Harrou
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division
Thuwal, Saudi Arabia

Ying Sun
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division
Thuwal, Saudi Arabia

Amanda S. Hering
Baylor University, Dept of Statistical Science
Waco, TX, United States

Muddu Madakyaru
Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Manipal, India

Abdelkader Dairi
University of Science and Technology of Oran-Mohamed Boudiaf
Computer Science Department, Signal, Image and Speech Laboratory
Oran, Algeria
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek
permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements
with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,
can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or
medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-12-819365-5

For information on all Elsevier publications

visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Susan Dennis

Acquisitions Editor: Anita A Koch
Editorial Project Manager: Lena Sparks
Production Project Manager: Kumar Anbazhagan
Designer: Miles Hitchen
Typeset by VTeX
Contents

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi

1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Motivation: why process monitoring 1
1.1.2 Types of faults 2
1.1.3 Process monitoring 4
1.1.4 Physical redundancy vs analytical redundancy 5
1.2 Process monitoring methods 6
1.2.1 Model-based methods 7
1.2.2 Knowledge-based methods 9
1.2.3 Data-based monitoring methods 9
1.3 Fault detection metrics 13
1.4 Conclusion 14
References 15

2. Linear latent variable regression (LVR)-based process

monitoring
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Development of linear LVR models 20
2.2.1 Full rank methods 21
2.2.2 Latent variable regression (LVR) models 22
2.3 Dynamic LVR models 30
2.4 Process monitoring methods 32
2.4.1 Univariate chart for process monitoring 32
2.4.2 Distribution-based process monitoring schemes 39
2.4.3 Multivariate process monitoring schemes with parametric
and nonparametric thresholds 44
2.5 Linear LVR-based process monitoring strategies 47
2.5.1 Conventional LVR monitoring statistics 47
2.5.2 Fault isolation 50
2.6 Cases studies 53
2.6.1 Simulated example 53

v
vi Contents

2.6.2 Monitoring influent measurements at water resource

recovery facilities 55
2.7 Discussion 63
References 63

3. Fault isolation
3.1 Introduction 71
3.1.1 Pitfalls of standardizing data 72
3.1.2 Shortcomings of contribution plots/scores 77
3.2 Fault isolation 79
3.2.1 Variable thinning 79
3.2.2 Iterative traditional isolation 80
3.2.3 Variable selection methods 83
3.3 Fault classification 99
3.4 Fault isolation metrics 100
3.4.1 Fault isolation errors 101
3.4.2 Precision and recall 102
3.4.3 Phase I FI metrics 102
3.4.4 Discussion 103
3.5 Case studies 103
3.5.1 Retrospective fault isolation 104
3.5.2 Real-time fault isolation 108
3.6 Further reading 111
References 112

4. Nonlinear latent variable regression methods

4.1 Introduction 119
4.2 Limitations of linear LVR methods for process monitoring 121
4.3 Developing nonlinear LVR methods for process monitoring 123
4.3.1 Nonlinear partial least squares 123
4.3.2 ANFIS-PLS modeling framework 127
4.3.3 Kernel PCA 131
4.3.4 Kernel principal components analysis (KPCA) model 131
4.3.5 KPCA-based fault detection procedures 135
4.4 Cases study: monitoring WWTP 138
4.4.1 Anomaly detection using KPCA-OCSVM method 139
4.5 Simulated synthetic data 142
4.5.1 Application of plug flow reactor 143
4.6 Discussion 149
References 151

5. Multiscale latent variable regression-based process

monitoring methods
5.1 Introduction 155
 Contents vii

5.2 Theoretical background of wavelet-based data representation 158

5.2.1 Wavelet transform 159
5.2.2 Multiscale representation of data using wavelets 159
5.2.3 Advantages of multiscale representation 164
5.3 Multiscale filtering using wavelets 167
5.3.1 Single scale filter method 167
5.3.2 Multiscale filtering methods 168
5.3.3 Advantages of multiscale denoising 169
5.4 Wavelet-based multiscale univariate monitoring techniques 170
5.4.1 An illustrative example 172
5.5 Multiscale LVR modeling 176
5.5.1 Benefits of multiscale denoising in LVR modeling 176
5.6 Multiscale LVR modeling 177
5.7 Results and discussions 180
5.7.1 Application with synthetic data 180
5.7.2 Application of monitoring distillation column 183
5.8 Discussion 186
References 188

6. Unsupervised deep learning-based process monitoring

methods
6.1 Introduction 193
6.2 Clustering 195
6.2.1 Partition-based clustering techniques 196
6.2.2 Hierarchy-based clustering techniques 197
6.2.3 Density-based approach 198
6.2.4 Expectation maximization 201
6.3 One-class classification 202
6.3.1 One-class SVM 202
6.3.2 Support vector data description (SVDD) 203
6.4 Deep learning models 206
6.4.1 Autoencoders 206
6.4.2 Probabilistic models 210
6.4.3 Deep neural networks 213
6.4.4 Deep Boltzmann machine 215
6.5 Deep learning-based clustering schemes for process monitoring 217
6.6 Discussion 218
References 219

7. Unsupervised recurrent deep learning scheme for

process monitoring
7.1 Introduction 225
7.2 Recurrent neural networks approach 227
7.2.1 Basics of recurrent neural networks 227
7.2.2 Long short-term memory 229
viii Contents

7.2.3 Gated recurrent neural networks 234

7.3 Hybrid deep models 235
7.3.1 RNN-RBM 236
7.3.2 RNN-RBM method 237
7.3.3 LSTM-RBM model 238
7.3.4 LSTM-DBN 239
7.4 Recurrent deep learning-based process monitoring 241
7.4.1 Residuals-based process monitoring approaches 242
7.4.2 Recurrent deep learning-based clustering schemes for
process monitoring 243
7.5 Applications: monitoring influent conditions at WWTP 244
7.6 Discussion 250
References 251

8. Case studies
8.1 Introduction 255
8.2 Stereovision 258
8.2.1 Deep stacked autoencoder-based KNN approach 261
8.2.2 Data description 266
8.2.3 Results and discussion 266
8.2.4 Model trained using data with no obstacles 267
8.2.5 Evaluation of performance for busy scenes 269
8.2.6 Obstacle detection using the Bahnhof dataset 271
8.3 Detecting abnormal ozone measurements using deep learning 274
8.3.1 Introduction 274
8.3.2 Data description 276
8.3.3 Ozone monitoring based on deep learning approaches 278
8.3.4 Detection results 284
8.4 Monitoring of a wastewater treatment plant using deep learning 288
8.4.1 Introduction 288
8.4.2 Proposed DBN-based kNN, OCSVM, and k-means
algorithms 290
8.4.3 Real data application: monitoring a decentralized
wastewater treatment plant in Golden, CO, USA 291
8.4.4 Conclusion 297
References 297

9. Conclusion and further research directions

References 308

Index 311
Preface

Anomaly detection and isolation have a vital role in modern industrial processes
to enhance productivity, efficiency, and safety, as well as to avoid expensive
maintenance. Therefore, it is important to be able to detect and identify any
possible anomalies or failures in the system as early as possible. Generally,
anomalies in modern automatic processes are difficult to avoid and may result
in serious process degradations. The role of detection is to identify any anomaly
event and indicate a distance from the system behavior compared to its nominal
behavior. Furthermore, anomaly isolation determines the probable source of the
detected anomaly. To illustrate, an accidental or even deliberate contamination
of a drinking water distribution network can lead to financial losses, as well as to
serious health risks. Therefore, early detection of anomalies is crucial not only to
maintain proper process operation but also for the sake of people’s health. Today
engineered and environmental processes have become far more complex due to
advances in technology. Multiple key variables need to be monitored simulta-
neously, and data may have both temporal and spatial aspects. New features of
these processes require new and better statistical tools for process monitoring.
Early detection and isolation of potential faults in complex engineering
and environmental processes have proven to be particularly challenging. In the
absence of a physics-based process model, data-driven statistical techniques
for process monitoring have proved themselves in practice over the past four
decades. These approaches use information derived directly from input data and
require no explicit models for which development is usually costly or time-
consuming. This book is intended to report recent developments in statistical
process monitoring using advanced data-driven and deep learning techniques.
The book is divided into nine chapters, and they are grouped into two parts.
The objective of the first part is to tackle multivariate challenges in process
monitoring by merging the advantages of univariate and traditional multivariate
techniques to enhance their performance and widen their practical applicabil-
ity. The second part aims to merge the desirable properties of shallow learning
approaches, such as a one-class support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors,
and unsupervised deep learning approaches to develop more sophisticated and
efficient monitoring techniques. Throughout the book, the presented approaches
are demonstrated using experimental data from many processes including waste-
water treatment plants at KAUST and Golden, CO, USA, ozone air quality data,

ix
x Preface

and stereovision data for obstacle detection in driving environments. Thus, the
reader will find illustrative examples from a range of environmental and engi-
neering processes.
The book should be of interest to engineering and academic readers from
process chemometrics and data analytics, process monitoring and control, data
scientists, applied statistics, and industrial statisticians. In fact, this book can be
assimilated by advanced undergraduates and graduate students having knowl-
edge of basic multivariate statistical analysis and machine learning.
Acknowledgments

Addressing anomaly detection and isolation is essential to promptly detect ab-

normalities and helpful in the decision making of the operators to better opti-
mize, take corrective actions, and maintain downstream processes. This book
is primarily based on data-driven based approaches for anomaly detection and
isolation. The reader of this book will gain an in-depth understanding of fault
detection and isolation in complex and multivariate systems, familiarizing with
the most suitable data-driven based techniques including multivariate statistical
techniques and deep learning-based methods. It gives the reader several real en-
gineering and environmental applications to clearly show the implementation of
anomaly detection and isolation approaches.
Ying Sun and Fouzi Harrou would like to gratefully acknowledge the fi-
nancial support by funding from King Abdullah University of Science and
Technology (KAUST), Office of Sponsored Research (OSR) under Award No:
OSR-2019-CRG7-3800 and OSR-2015-CRG4-2582. They would like also to
express their sincere gratitude to the team of Publication Services and Re-
searcher Support at KAUST for their support. In addition, we would also like
to thank Professor Tzahi Cath of Colorado School of Mines who provided the
decentralized wastewater treatment data.
Amanda S. Hering would like to thank Professor Tzahi Cath of Colorado
School of Mines who has been instrumental in introducing her to fault iso-
lation problems and who has shared data from his facilities with her. She
would also like to thank her graduate students, Molly Klanderman and Kathryn
Newhart; their expertise and insight accumulated over the course of working
together for the past few years has been invaluable. Her work on this project
has been supported by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST) Office of Sponsored Research (OSR), Grant/Award Number: OSR-
2015-CRG4-2582; Partnerships for Innovation: Building Innovation Capacity,
National Science Foundation, Grant/Award Number: 1632227; the National
Science Foundation Engineering Research Center program under cooperative
agreement EEC-1028968 (ReNUWIt); and Baylor University through a research
leave sabbatical.

xi
xii Acknowledgments

Muddu Madakyaru would like to thank the Manipal Institute of Technology,

Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India, for continuous support
during the preparation of this book.
Finally, we would like to thank Lena Sparks, Author Service Manager, for
her continuous assistance during the preparation of this book.
Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Motivation: why process monitoring
Recent decades have witnessed a huge growth in new technologies and advance-
ments in instrumentation, industrial systems, and environmental processes,
which are becoming increasingly complex. Diagnostic operation has become
an essential element of these processes and systems to ensure their operational
reliability and availability. In an environment where productivity and safety are
paramount, failing to detect anomalies in a process can lead to harmful effects
to a plant’s productivity, profitability, and safety. Several serious accidents have
happened in the past few decades in various industrial plants across the world,
including the Bhopal gas tragedy [1,2], the Piper Alpha explosion [3,4], the acci-
dents at the Mina al-Ahmadi Kuwait refinery [5] and two photovoltaic plants in
the US burned in 2009 and 2011 (a 383 KWp PV array in Bakersfield, CA and a
1.208 MWp power plant in Mount Holly, NC, respectively) [6]. The Bhopal ac-
cident, also referred to as the Bhopal gas disaster, was a gas leak accident at the
Union Carbide pesticide plant in India in 1984 that resulted in over 3000 deaths
and over 400,000 others gravely injured in the local area around the plant [1,2].
The explosion of the Piper Alpha oil production platform, which is located in
the North Sea and managed by Occidental Petroleum, caused 167 deaths and
a financial loss of around $3.4 billion [3,4]. In 2000, an explosion occurred in
the Mina Al-Ahmadi oil refinery in Kuwait, killing five people and causing seri-
ous damage to the plant. The explosion was caused by a defect in a condensate
line in a refinery. Nimmo [7] has estimated that the petrochemical industry in
the USA can avoid losing up to $20 billion per year if anomalies in inspected
processes could be discovered in time. In safety-critical systems such as nu-
clear reactors and aircrafts, undetected faults may lead to catastrophic accidents.
For example, the pilot of the American Airlines DC10 that crashed at Chicago
O’Hare International Airport was notified of a fault only 15 seconds before the
accident happened, giving the pilot too little time to react; this crash could easily
have been avoided according to [8]. Recently, the Fukushima accident of 2011
in Japan highlighted the importance of developing accurate and efficient moni-
toring systems for nuclear plants. Essentially, monitoring of industrial processes
represents the backbone for ensuring the safe operation of these processes and
to ensure that the process is always functioning properly.

Statistical Process Monitoring using Advanced Data-Driven and Deep Learning Approaches 1
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819365-5.00007-3
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2 Statistical Process Monitoring

1.1.2 Types of faults

Generally speaking, three main subsystems are merged to form a plant or sys-
tem: sensors, actuators, and the main process itself. These systems’ components
are permanently exposed to faults caused by many factors, such as aging, man-
ufacturing, and severe operating conditions. A fault or anomaly is a tolerable
deviation of a characteristic property of a variable from its acceptable behavior
that could lead to a failure in the system if it is not detected early enough so
that the necessary correction can be performed [9]. Conventionally, a fault, if
it is not detected in time, could progress to produce a failure or malfunction.
Note that there is a distinction between failure and malfunction; this distinc-
tion is important. A malfunction can be defined as an intermittent deviation of
the accomplishment of a process’s intended function [10], whereas failure is a
persistent suspension of a process’s capability to perform a demanded function
within indicated operating conditions [10].
In industrial processes, a fault or an abnormal event is defined as the depar-
ture of a calculated process variable from its acceptable region of operation. The
underlying causes of a fault can be malfunctions or changes in sensor, actuator,
or process components:
• Process faults or structural changes. Structural change usually takes place
within the process itself due to a hard failure of the equipment. The informa-
tion flow between the different variables is affected because of these changes.
Failure of a central controller, a broken or leaking pipe, and a stuck valve
are a few examples of process faults. These faults are distinguished by slow
changes across various variables in the process.
• Faults in sensors and actuators. Sensors and actuators play a very important
role in the functioning of any industrial process since they provide feedback
signals that are crucial for the control of the plant. Actuators are essential for
transforming control inputs into appropriate actuation signals (e.g., forces and
torques needed for system operation). Generally, actuator faults may lead to
higher power consumption or even a total loss of control [11]. Faults in pumps
and motors are examples of actuator faults. On the other hand, sensor-based
errors include positive or negative bias errors, out of range errors, precision
degradation error, and drift sensor error. Sensor faults are generally charac-
terized by quick deviations in a few numbers of process variables. Fig. 1.1
shows examples of the most commonly occurring sensor faults: bias, drift,
degradation, and sensor freezing.
We can also find in the literature another type of anomaly called gross pa-
rameter changes in a model. Indeed, parameter failure occurs when there is a
disturbance entering the monitored process from the environment through one or
more variables. Some common examples of such malfunctions include a change
in the heat transfer coefficient, a change in the temperature coefficient in a heat
exchanger, a change in the liquid flow rate, or a change in the concentration of
a reactant.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
speak to her mother for her, because I promised to. Oh, dear, we
can’t discuss that, because no one is supposed to know about it yet.
But my freshman is all right, anyway.”
“I suppose you think the Tally-ho and Morton Hall and the Student’s
Aid and small Dorothy can get along without you,” continued
Madeline, who was going to miss Betty dreadfully, and was teasing
her to avoid showing her real feelings.
“Of course!” Nothing could daunt Betty Wales to-night. “Anything can
get along without anybody—except—Jim and me. Besides, I shall
have time to see to all those things before I’m—married. I don’t know
when Jim is going to Germany. I only saw him for a little minute——”
“Oh!” cried her friends, remembering how many toasts she had
missed.
“Well, we didn’t get to anything practical like time,” Betty defended
herself. “But if he has to go too soon, why, we can’t be married till he
gets home. It takes ages to get ready to be married, doesn’t it?” She
looked from one to another of the prospective brides, each of whom
nodded solemnly. Betty sighed. “I never thought of that. Jim just said
that the trip to Germany would be a nice honeymoon. I wonder how
soon he has to start. Girls, I really must go to bed. I want to be up
early to-morrow morning to talk it all over.”
“With us?” demanded Madeline.
“No, human question-point,” Betty told her severely. “With Jim.”
 CHAPTER XXI
THE END OF BETTY WALES

“Wait till I get home from Germany!” repeated Jim, when he had
explained that he was sailing in ten days, and Betty had explained
that getting ready to be married takes ages and ages. “Never mind a
trousseau! Never mind a linen chest! Never mind even a wedding
dress! Let’s just be married. That’s the best way, I think, no matter
how much time you’ve got. We can run over to Paris—we shall
probably have to anyway—and you can shop there while I work. You
can do anything you like all the rest of your life, if you’ll only marry
me some day next week. Honestly now, Betty, do you care about the
fuss of weddings?”
“N-o,” confessed Betty hesitatingly. “I guess not. I’m rather tired just
now of all kinds of fuss and complications and crowds.”
“Then will you marry me some day next week?” asked Jim again with
his broadest, most persuasive smile.
“Yes, I will,” said Betty Wales, and that matter was definitely settled.
“I think ends are frightful,” Betty confided to Madeline, who was
helping her pack up on the day after commencement. “I’m glad I’ve
got to hurry, because it will soon be over—the end of Betty Wales.
Ends are frightful, because you have to finish everything up just so.
No more chances to try again, or smooth things over, or change to
something else. And a messy person like me has so many silly little
odds and ends to attend to.”
“Such as?” queried Madeline, absently packing a brass candlestick
on top of Betty’s best hat.
Betty rescued the hat skilfully. “Since I’m not going to have any bride
things to speak of I must save what I’ve got,” she explained. “Oh,
odds and ends like seeing that the shy, homely girls on the summer
employment list get positions right away, because the new secretary
mightn’t think they were good for much; and seeing that Emily Davis
isn’t putting herself out too much by staying on for a while to coach
Georgia; and trimming Nora’s little niece’s hat, as I’ve done every
summer, until she’s gotten to depend on it; and saying good-bye to
the Stocking Factory people that I know best; and—oh, dozens of
silly little things like those.”
“Incidentally you’ve got to decide on a wedding day, haven’t you?”
“Oh, yes,” said Betty easily. “That is, I wrote to Mother to choose any
day she preferred the week after Babbie’s. I’m too busy to think, and
the day really doesn’t matter. It’s going to be at our Lakeside cottage,
you know,—on the big back piazza, I guess, because that’s the
prettiest, biggest room in the house.”
A few minutes later a maid brought a telegram to Betty: “Lakeside
cottage burned down last night. How about that impromptu wedding?
Will Wales.”
“Gracious, what a mess!” exclaimed Betty, and looked very sober for
at least three minutes. Then she smiled again. “I’m glad that the
cottage burned down now, if it had to burn at all. Lakeside is so
dreadfully sandy, and now that we haven’t any house at all, I can just
as well be married in the very place that I’ve always wanted to go to
a wedding in. I can stay here quietly with Dorothy, except when I
rush off to Babbie’s, and Nan can come up from Boston a lot easier
than she can go to Cleveland, and Mother and Father and Will can
come here as well as not. They’ve never seen the Tally-ho, and they
ought to, before it stops being a little speck mine. And so I can be
married in that little glade in Paradise—the one that widens out from
the narrow path that looks like an aisle.”
“How lovely!” cried Madeline eagerly. “I should think that was nicer
than any cottage! And the bridal party and the guests can go in boats
—so much more romantic than carriages or motor-cars.”
“And the wedding feast can be a picnic,” laughed Betty. “Bob will be
extra-specially delighted with that idea.”
“And the music——” began Madeline, when the maid interrupted
again. This time it was callers.
“A lady and a gentleman,” Maggie explained. “They didn’t give no
names.”
“The tribe of O’Toole,” Madeline guessed gaily, “come to reproach
you for your prospective abandonment of their offspring, and for
having let Straight Dutton give her that dreadful dictionary of slang.
Her conversation is a mass of quotations from it.”
“Oh, dear, I hope they won’t be cross about anything,” sighed Betty,
starting for the door.
“If they are, call me. I’ll finish them in short order,” Madeline
promised savagely.
Betty was gone a long time, but she did not send for Madeline, who,
forgetting that the new wedding arrangement would defer packing,
continued to pile candlesticks upon hats and to stuff Betty’s fresh
shirt-waists into her chafing-dish and her copper teakettle, to save
room. Finally a lazy mood fell upon her, and she curled up on Betty’s
cushioned window-seat, to think about the picnic-wedding—how she
would trim the bride’s boat, and what would be the very nicest “eats”
for a wedding feast in a wood. It was to be a Wedding Feast, with
capitals, Madeline decided; calling it a picnic took away the novelty
and the dignity of the occasion.
“What do you think?” began Betty Wales, breaking excitedly into
Madeline’s meditations. “What do you think has happened now,
Madeline Ayres?”
“Paradise hasn’t burned up too, has it?” asked Madeline lazily.
“Because I’m planning the loveliest features for a Paradise wedding.”
“Don’t be silly, Madeline.” Betty ungratefully ignored the promised
features.
“Well, have the O’Tooles persuaded you that it’s a fatal mistake for
you to abandon Montana Marie?”
“Please don’t be silly,” Betty reiterated. “It’s nothing about the
wedding or about me. It’s about Harding. Mr. O’Toole is just splendid,
Madeline. He’s quick-tempered and short-spoken like Mr. Morton,
but he’s awfully nice. And he’s going to give Harding—well, it’s not
decided what, but something perfectly splendid.”
“Oh, was that why President Wallace was so interested in your
freshman?”
“Certainly not,” said Betty, with much dignity. “But I know now why
President Wallace was so anxious to have her get through
successfully. You know there was a lot of trouble about her entering
Harding, and Mrs. O’Toole kept on insisting, because she hates to
have Marie disappointed in anything. She had always bought things
for her before, so she tried to buy her a chance to enter Harding
without entrance conditions or any worries of that kind. Of course
President Wallace refused, but he was sorry for Marie and he let her
in, as he sometimes has other exceptional girls, on condition that
she should keep her work strictly up to the standard. Then he was
naturally anxious for her to succeed, both for her own sake and to
show her mother that honest work and not money are the
requirements of this college. Mr. O’Toole understood all that. He was
dreadfully annoyed when he heard what his wife had done. He says
if he had been President Wallace he’d have just ‘sent those fool
women-folk flying.’ He thinks President Wallace has done a lot for
Marie, and now he wants to ‘square up,’ as he calls it. He wants me
to suggest what Harding needs, and to explain to President Wallace
that this gift is entirely different from Mrs. O’Toole’s offer. That won’t
be hard, since Marie is going to leave.”
“Is she?” cried Madeline, making a wry face. “Just as I’d definitely
decided to use her for the heroine of my next novel!”
“Mrs. O’Toole has decided that she cares less about a title in the
family than about Marie’s being happy, and as Marie never had any
trouble in deciding what she couldn’t live without, she’s going to
marry a nice man from Montana just as soon as she can get ready.
Next fall, I suppose that will be.”
“She’s been rather amusing,” reflected Madeline, “if she has
bothered a lot at times.”
Betty stared, wide-eyed, at this wrong-headed view of things. “She
never meant to bother. And she was the one who made me decide
about Jim.”
Madeline laughed gleefully. “I wondered how long you’d keep on
talking as if splendid gifts to Harding College were your chief interest
in life, Betty Wales. By the way, speaking of tea-shops, has Mr.
Morton answered your letter?”
“He telegraphed,” Betty explained. “He just said, ‘He’s a nice boy,
Miss B. A., and you can manage him, so I wish you much joy.’ Not a
word about the Coach and Six. I hope he isn’t hurt at my backing
out. Do you think he can be, Madeline?”
For answer Madeline picked her small friend up and tucked her in
among the cushions of the window-seat. “You are not to worry about
people’s feeling hurt,” she ordered. “People will feel sorry, of course
—foolish people like me. I have an idea that I’m going to miss you
fearfully, Betty Wales. A career is an awfully lonely thing, the week
your very best little pal is getting married. But you’ve always been
true to your title. You’ve been Miss B. A. to Mr. Morton and to every
single other soul you’ve ever had anything to do with. That’s why
we’re bound not to lose you now, for all of Jim.”
“You dear old Madeline! As if Jim or I wanted to lose our dearest
friends! Now tell me about the wedding-with-features, so I can write it
all to Mother, and then she won’t mind so much about the cottage.
And help me think of some splendid gifts to suggest to President
Wallace, so I can see him to-day, and then write to Mr. O’Toole that
it’s all arranged. And help me to try on my bridesmaid’s dress for
Babbie’s wedding, to be sure if it fits. See how I can’t get along
without you, you dear silly Madeline!”
“That’s one way to say it,” Madeline told her, “but the truth is—— Oh,
stop me, somebody! If I get to sentimentalizing over the happy past I
shall weep, and with a rapid succession of festal occasions looming
before me I can’t spare a handkerchief so early in the game.”
The day of the Paradise wedding-with-features was a made-to-order
feature in itself. The sun sparkled on the water. A tricksy little wind
rippled the waves, and ruffled the leaves of Paradise wood. In the
deep, still glades the thrushes sang like mad. The bride’s boat, from
edge to water-line, was a mass of fine white “bridal wreath”
blossoms. The groom’s boat was decked with laurel. The guests sat
among daisy-wreaths. Somewhere in the wood human musicians
were hidden, and their notes came faint and far and fairylike in the
pauses of the thrushes’ concert. Betty’s soft white dress didn’t, as K.
said, look a bit “wedding-i-fied.” She looked like a sweet spring
flower, against the shadowy green of the wedding aisle, down which
she came with her father, the Smallest Sister leading the way, proud
and anxious and much excited, in her capacity of solitary attendant.
There were no bridesmaids, because Betty hadn’t been able to
choose among the Merry Hearts.
“And if I have them all,” she said, “why, there’ll be more bridesmaids
than wedding guests.”
Madeline had superintended the roping-off of the chosen glade with
daisy-chains, and bunches of daises tied to the branches of the trees
at one end made a blossomy background for the bridal party to stand
against.
“Oh, it takes such a little minute to be married!” cried Betty Wales in
an awestruck voice, when it was over.
“It’s going to take time to eat the Wedding Feast,” Madeline
announced, and led the way down a little side-path to the water’s
edge. There the Wedding Feast was spread on a long table, lovely
with ferns and more daisies. Bridget and Nora were in charge, but
under them worked a small army of water-nymphs, dryads, elves,
and woodland fairies, who seated the guests and then served them,
giving odd, fairy names to prosaic dishes, and pausing in their labors
to dance, sing, and chant the Lay of the Woodland Wedding, which
Madeline and Helen Adams had sat up the whole night before
Babbie’s wedding to compose, as an engagement present for Betty
Wales. The nymphs, elves, and fairies were professors’ small sons
and daughters, not yet off on their vacations, and Stocking Factory
children from the other hill—all as merry and companionable
together as possible. Mary Brooks Hinsdale and Emily Davis had
dressed them, according to Madeline’s orders. Georgia Ames had
taught them the songs and the Woodland Wedding Lay, and Bob,
who had learned a lot of folk-dances at a New York settlement, came
up two days early to contribute her share to the Loveliest Wedding.
That was what Mary christened it, as the wedding party took ship
again; and Mary’s names always stuck.
“Oh, it is, of course,” agreed Babbie, a little wistfully. She and Mr.
Thayer had planned their journeyings to include Betty’s wedding.
“And the most impromptu. It makes even yours seem quite cold and
formal, Mary.”
“For once,” put in Bob placidly, “I’ve eaten as much wedding cake as
I wanted. Picnics are the only time you can eat all you want, you
know, and still be a perfect lady. That’s why I particularly adore
them.”
Up at Morton Hall Jasper J. Morton, who had come to the wedding
with Babe and John, was berating them both roundly because he
had forgotten most of his present for Betty—the part he had
remembered was merely a wonderful old silver tea-service fit for a
princess.
“Oh, well, it’s no matter,” he acknowledged at last. “Nothing to boil
over at, Miss B. A. It’s very easy to describe the missing articles—a
deed to the Coach and Six and to my share in the Tally-ho.
Conditioned on your dining with me once every time you come to
New York to look after your properties.”
Betty gasped. “Oh, Mr. Morton, you shouldn’t give me anything more.
It isn’t right to give two—three wedding presents. Such splendid
ones, too!”
Mr. Morton smiled at her fondly. “You’ve given me lots of presents,
Miss B. A.,—a kind friend, a keen critic, a cure-all for bad temper and
impatience, and a teacher of all the fun there is in life, the real fun
that doesn’t depend on ‘doing’ the other fellow in business. Besides,
Miss B. A., about that tea-shop now. I’m a selfish old man. I don’t
want a tea-shop, and I do want to hang on to you. I’m interested in
your business theories.” He chuckled. “I want you to keep on
discovering ’em. I’m glad you’re Mrs. Jim Watson”—Betty jumped at
the strange new name—“but I’ll wager young Watson here doesn’t
want you to settle down into just Mrs. Jim. It’ll do you good to have a
tea-shop to think about sometimes. Not to worry about, mind you;
the Coach and Six is on a sound business basis. And remember,
Miss B. A., there’s one thing I haven’t changed about. I always did
perfectly hate to be thanked.”
“Then I shan’t try,” laughed Betty. “And I shan’t let you off one of
those dinners. I shall love having the tea-shops. It makes me feel
less as if this was the end of Betty Wales—less as if I’d been blown
out to make room for Mrs. Jim.” Betty made a funny little face at Jim,
who retorted with, “Haven’t forgotten that train, have you, Mrs. Jim?”
When the carriage came for them, the elves and wood fairies
surrounded it and pelted the bridal couple with armfuls of daisies
instead of rice and old shoes. So it was through a rain of daisies that
Betty caught her last glimpse of the Merry Hearts, who stood in a
little group by themselves waving her off.
“Good-bye, Betty Wales.”
“Good-bye, Mrs. Jim.”
“Here’s to Betty ’n Jim, drink ’em down,
Here’s to Betty ’n Jim, drink ’em down,
Here’s to Betty ’n Jim,
She is very fond of him,
Drink ’em down, drink ’em down, drink ’em down, down,
down!”
The carriage had rounded the curve in the road, but the Merry
Hearts still stared after it in rather somber silence.
“Just the same——” Madeline broke the pause disconsolately. “Just
the same, it is the end of Betty Wales.”
“Yes,” agreed Eleanor chokingly.
“Certainly it is,” put in Mary Brooks decisively “And high time, in my
opinion. Do you want her to wear herself out doing things for other
people, with nobody whose special business it is to do things for
her? Do you want her to miss any of the good things life has for her?
I say, hurrah for Montana Marie O’Toole, who helped Betty decide on
Jim.”
“That’s right, Mrs. Hinsdale,” broke in Mr. Morton excitedly. “I’ve been
doing my best for some time, but I guess I’m a poor hand at
matchmaking. Anyhow it took the young lady from Montana to pull
this affair off.”
“Things were so nice as they were,” mourned Madeline.
“They’re terribly nice as they are, I think,” said little Helen Adams
eagerly.
“Hurrah for the end of Betty Wales!” cried Bob.
“Hurrah for Betty Wales herself!” put in Madeline.
“Hurrah for Mrs. Jim!” shouted all the Merry Hearts together, so
loudly that Betty and Jim, who had stopped the carriage just around
the curve to shake off the daisies, heard it and smiled appreciatively
at each other.
“And for Mr. Jim!” went on the chorus impartially. “And for their
married life!” it ended, to round out the subject.
Betty snuggled closer to Jim. “It’s all been lovely, and I shall like
having the tea-shops to remind me of old times, but I like most extra-
specially much being just Mrs. Jim.”
“And I like more extra-specially than I can say having you for Mrs.
Jim,” her husband told her.
“Then everything is extra-specially all right, isn’t it?” said Betty Wales
Watson, with a happy little smile.
Other Stories in this Series are:

BETTY WALES, FRESHMAN

BETTY WALES, SOPHOMORE
BETTY WALES, JUNIOR
BETTY WALES, SENIOR
BETTY WALES, B. A.
BETTY WALES & CO.
BETTY WALES ON THE CAMPUS
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been
standardized.
Archaic or variant spelling has been retained.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BETTY WALES
DECIDES ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright
in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and
distribute it in the United States without permission and without
paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General
Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to
abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using
and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project
Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this
agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms
of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with
its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it
without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it
away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.
 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute
this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at
no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a
means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or

providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite
these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the
medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,”
such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt
data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other
medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -

Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU
AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE,
STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH
OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER
THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If

you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or
entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set

forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookmass.com