Study Material for

Butterfly – Assessment Test

Class – VI
This study material has been designed exclusively to facilitate your preparation for the
upcoming assessment test as well as to unravel your full potential. Through the proper
utilization of this study material, you would be able to engage in self- study, the study package
will ensure that you remain focused and progress through various concepts being introduced in
the study material in easy & understandable manner. Your engagement with the study package
will also convince us that you can do reasonable self-study, you are self- motivated to prepare
for competitive exams and career. Further you are mentally ready to cope with the ethical
pressure of preparing for competitive exams.
This material comprehensively covers the basic and vital concepts with suitable illustrations,
solved problems, and level wise exercises for better understanding and application of concepts
by the students.
The study material is aimed to nurture students’ IQ and enhance their critical & higher order
thinking skills. To get maximum benefit from this study material, it is advisable to read the below
instructions carefully and adhere to it.
 In each chapter theory is well supplemented with graded illustrations and solved
objective and subjective examples. Assignments of varying difficulties are also provided
so that students can further hone their skills.
 Try to solve the problems and exercises given after thorough understanding of the
related topics/concepts in the chapter explained through suitable illustrations and solved
examples. The next step should be to attempt the assignments after every chapter.
 The purpose of the assignments is to give you practice in solving various levels and
varieties of problems targeting various competitive exams. Every problem in the
assignments has a highlighted concept. Before solving a problem from an assignment
make sure that you have understood the concept, memorized the formulae, gone
through the illustrations, and have solved the solved problems (on your own before
checking the solution). Try not to open the study material while attempting the
assignments.
 Attempt the assignments and exercises with full integrity. Keep trying on your own even
if you find it difficult to reach the correct answer. It is advised to approach your friends or
teachers only after making a lot of attempts on your own.
 Do not refer to the answer and work backwards. Getting an answer using such a
strategy would only prove that you have solved it but would not develop your thinking
ability. To develop your cognitive skills and strengthen your application you must
honestly attempt the problem and then refer to the answers.
Wishing you all success.
TEAM FIITJEE

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Fibre to Fabric
INTRODUCTION
History of Clothing Material: In ancient times people used the bark and big leaves of trees or animal
skins and furs to cover themselves. The early Indians wore fabrics made up of cotton that grew in the
regions near the river Ganga. Flax is also a plant that gives natural fibres. In those days, stitching was not
known. People simply draped the fabrics around different parts of their body. With the invention of the
sewing needle, people started stitching fabric to make clothes. A large variety exists in fabrics and
clothing items.

 Illustration 1:
What did primitive people cover themselves with?

Solution: With bark and big leaves of trees or animal skins.

VARIETY IN FABRICS
There is an enormous variety in fabrics. However, most of the fabrics are variants or blends of silk, cotton,
linen or wool however fabrics can also be made by using nylon, acrylic, polyester etc. or a blend of
cotton-polyester, wool-acrylic etc. Textile Technology is that branch of science which deals with the study
of the technology behind manufacturing of these fabrics and textile chemistry deals with the study of
clothing materials.

Exercise 1:
What is Textile Chemistry?

FIBRE
Fiber is a long, thin stand or thread of material.
Fabrics are made up of loose threads or yarns. Yarn is a technical term used for thread.
The thin strands of yarn or thread are made up of still thinner strands called fibres.
Thus we can say ‘fabrics are made up of yarns and yarns are further made up of fibres’.
The fibres which are obtained from plants and animals are called natural fibres. Natural fibres may be
either of plant or animal origin.
Example of plant fibres: Cotton and jute
Example of animal fibres: Wool and silk

 Illustration 2:
What are different types of fibres?

Solution: (i) Natural fibres

(ii) Synthetic fibres

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The fibres which are made from chemicals are called synthetic or man made or artificial fibres. Example:
polyester, nylon, orlon, acrylic all are synthetic fibres.

Exercise 2:
Classify the following fibres as natural or synthetic: Nylon, wool, cotton, silk, polyester

SOME PLANT FIBRES

Examples of some plant fibres are
(i) Cotton
(ii) Jute
(iii) Coir
(iv) Hemp
(v) Flax
(vi) Silk Cotton

Cotton
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fibre. The plant is an annual shrub. Cotton seeds are sown in early spring
and usually grown at places, having black soil and warm climate. The fruits of the cotton plant (cotton
bolls) are about the size of lemon. After maturing, the bolls burst open and the seeds covered with cotton
fibres can be seen. Cotton field looks like a field covered with snow.
From these bolls, cotton is usually hand picked. Fibres are then separated from seeds by combing. This
process is called ginning of cotton. The fibrous material left after removing seeds from cotton bolls is
called lint. Ginning was traditionally done by hand. These days machines are also used for ginning.
Raw cotton is then shipped to textile factories. Only a small amount of seeds are stored for planting in the
next season.

Spinning Cotton Yarn: The fibres are drawn out from a mass of cotton bolls. After cleaning the fibres,
they are made into long thread-like strands. These strands are spun together to form a yarn. The process
of making yarn from fibres is called spinning. A simple device used for spinning cotton is a hand spindle
or takli. Another hand operated device used for spinning is charkha.

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 Illustration 3:
How yarns are made?

Solution: Fibres are twisted together to form yarns.

Yarn to Fabrics: The two main processes by which fabrics are made from yarns are weaving and
knitting. The fabric can be made up of two or more sets of yarn, arranged together. The process of
arranging two sets of yarn made of fibre called warp and weft on the loom to make a fabric is called
weaving. Looms are either manually or electrically operated.
Socks, sweaters and many other clothing materials are made up of knitted fabrics. In knitting, a single
yarn is used to make a piece of fabric. For example, if we pull a yarn from a sock, then the yarn is pulled
out continuously until the fabric gets unwind. Knitting can be done by hands (knitting needles) or by
machines. Generally knitting method is applied for wool yarns and acrylic yarns, as we observe in
sweaters. But knitted tops (made of cotton yarns) are also being manufactured.

Uses of Cotton
1. Cotton fibres are used in textile industry. The fibres of cotton are also mixed with those of other
types for making textiles of different varieties.
2. Cotton is used for making some artificial fibres like rayon.
3. Some kinds of paper and cellophane are also made from cotton.
4. It is also used for making an explosive, called guncotton.
5. Ginned cotton is used for filling mattresses, pillows, quilts and cushions.
6. Properly cleaned and sterilized (i.e., treated so as to kill all germs) cotton is used in homes and
hospitals to absorb blood and pus from cuts and wounds.
7. Cotton cloths and fibres are also used in household mops and for cleaning machine parts.
8. The seeds of cotton are used for making cottonseed oil, which is an edible oil. The oil is used for
making vegetable ghee, soap, etc.

Jute
Jute is a vegetable fibre. It is very cheap to produce, and its production levels are similar to that of cotton.
It is a bast fibre. Jute fibres are obtained from the bark of jute plant. Alluvial soil is best for jute plants.
Jute is a rainy season crop. In India, jute is mainly grown in West Bengal, Bihar & Assam. The plants are
usually harvested after they flower and before the flower become seeds. The stems of harvested plants
are immersed in water about 10–30 days. The stems rot after absorbing water and fibres are separated
by hand. The jute fibres thus obtained are dried and cleaned and made into small bundles for further use.
All these fibres are first converted in to yarn, then yarns into fabrics. The jute plant is easily grown in
tropical countries like India & Bangladesh. India is the largest producer of jute in the world.

Jute fibres are composed primarily of plant materials namely cellulose and lignin.

Exercise 3:
Mention the names of World’s main jute producing countries?

Uses of Jute
1. Jute yarn is used to make gunny bags or sacks, and for wrapping packages.
2. Jute fibres are spun into twines and ropes.
3. They are used in linoleum and cushions.
4. Some fine jute fibres are used to make fabric for clothes.
5. It is used make packaging materials, expensive carpets etc.

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 Illustration 4:
What is retting?

Solution: Soaking jute in water so that, the gummy matter that holds the fibres to the inner part of
the stem is eaten away by bacteria, is called retting.

Exercise 4:
From which parts of the plant cotton and jute are obtained?

Coir : Coir, or coconut fiber, is a natural fiber extracted from the outer husk of coconut. Coir is the fibrous
material found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut. Coir is used to make
several household products like ropes and floor coverings, stuffing in mattress and pillow etc.

There are two types of coir fiber.

(i) Brown coir fiber
(ii) White coir fiber

Brown coir fiber : When coconut fiber is extracted from mature coconuts. They are naturally brown in
color, having a strong and thick nature end good abrasion resistance. This fibre is called brown fibre.
It is used for various applications such as : type making curled coir rope used in manufacturing coir
mattresses.

White coir fiber : When coconut fiber is extracted from immature coconuts. They are naturally white in
color having smooth and fine soft touch properties and it is weaker than brown fibre. It is used for making
fiber brushes, string, rope and fishing nets.

Hemp fibers : Hemp fibres are considered as one of the strong member of bast family, which are derived
from the hemp plant under the species of cannabis. Growing and processing hemp fiber does not invole
use of pesticides and other chemicals. It is also called industrial hemp, cultivated for its fibre (bast fibre) or
its edible seeds. Hemp fibres are obtained from the stem of the hemp plant. Hemp plants grow best in
loamy soil. Hemp fibres are used in the production of ropes, carpets, nets, clothes and paper.

It’s main properties are :

(i) Environment friendly

(ii) Durable textile fiber
(iii) Absorbs moisture, prevent bacteria growth.
(iv) Block u.v rays

Silk Cotton : Silk cotton is obtained from the silk cotton tree, also called kapok. The fruits of the kapok
tree contain fibres that are light and fluffy. The seeds are used in sound and thermal insulation and an
edible oil used in cooking, lubricants and soap.

Flax : Fibres obtained from the stem of the flax plant are woven to make a fabric called linen. Flax fibres
are also used in the production of ropes and high quality paper.

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ANSWERS TO EXERCISE
Exercise 1: A branch of chemistry dealing with the study of clothing material, is called Textile
Chemistry.

Exercise 2: Natural: Wool, Cotton, Silk

Synthetic: Nylon, Polyester

Exercise 3: Bangladesh, India and China

Exercise 4: Fruits, Bark (stem)

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ADD TO YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. The Indians were the first to cultivate cotton and to make cloth from it.

2. A warm and soft fibre is associated with reasonably high moisture absorption and flexibility.

3. The fibres which are lighter than water will float on it.

4. Silk has a high natural lustre in comparison to wool and cotton.

5. Cigarette paper is made from flax fibre.

6. Cotton cloth absorbs water efficiently and burns at a moderate speed.

7. The famous Sufi poet “Saint Kabir” was a weaver.

8. Jute is the second most important vegetable fibre after cotton.

9. Linseed oil contains omega-3 fatty acids, which are very beneficial for human health.

10. Denim is a fabric made up of 100% cotton.

11. Bast fibres are strong cellulose fibres obtained from the outer bark of jute, hemp and flax plants.

12. Fibrous coat of thick hairs covering the seeds of the cotton plant is known as lint.

13. Filament fibres refer to fibres of long continuous lengths, while staple fibres refer to those of
shorter length, which are about a few inches long. Most natural fibres, such as cotton and wool,
are staple fibres. Synthetic fibres, such as nylon and polyester are considered filament fibres. The
natural fibre silk is also a filament fibre, but when filament fibres are cut short, they are
considered as staple fibres.

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SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE
Section – A

1. Give the place where cotton and flax plants were cultivated?

Sol. River Nile is the place where Cotton and flax plants were cultivated near in the ancient Egypt.

2. Name few states where jute plants are grown in India.

Sol. West Bengal, Bihar and Assam.

3. What are the different kinds of looms and how are they operated?

Sol. Weaving of fabric is done by looms. Handlooms are hand operated. Powerlooms are electrically
operated.

4. How are fibres classified? Give two examples of each type?

Sol. Fibres are classified into two types:
(i) Natural fibres: eg. Cotton, wool
(ii) Synthetic fibres: eg. Nylon, acrylic

5. The quality of cotton depends upon which factors?

Sol. The quality of cotton depends upon following factors:
(i) Soil
(ii) Seed type
(iii) Geographical location

6. What are the advantages of natural fibres?

Sol. (i) Natural fibres are light in weight and comfortable to wear.
(ii) They allow air to pass through them.
(ii) They absorb sweat and keep the body cool in hot and humid weather conditions.

7. What are the disadvantages of natural fibres?

Sol. (i) They require maintenance as they get wrinkled easily.
(ii) They are susceptible to attack by insects and moths.
(iii) They do not dry easily and may shrink on washing.

8. Comment what happened to people when they began to settle in agricultural

communities?

Sol. When people settled in agricultural communities they learned to weave twigs, grass into mats and
baskets for carrying. Vines and animal fleece, hair were twisted to long strands and made as
curtains. These strands were woven into fabrics for their daily use.

9. (a) Justify the statement that natural fibres are better than the synthetic fibres?
(b) Jute and cotton are obtained from which part of the plant?

Sol. (a) The natural fibre advantages is that it absorbs sweat, gives a kind of cooling effect and a
cosy comfort in all seasons so it is much far better than synthetic fibres.
(b) Jute is obtained from stem and cotton is obtained from cotton bolls which are directly
from surface of cotton seeds.

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Section – B

1. Some terms related to fabrics are jumbled up and given below.

Write them in their correct form.
(a) Onttoc (b) Sinnping
(c) Vingwea (d) Bisref

Sol. (a) Cotton

(b) Spinning
(c) Weaving
(d) Fibres

2. Complete the Story of cotton fibre.

My parents, cotton plants were grown in _______soil and _____- climate. The plants bore
fruits called ______ . I, the cotton fibre was separated from seeds in the cotton bolls by the
process of ______. Other cotton fibres and myself were made into yarns by the process of
______. The yarns were _______to give beautiful colours and then_______to get cotton
fabric.

Sol. Black soil, warm, bolls, ginning, spinning, dyed & knitting.

3. Fill in the names of useful items made from jute fibres in Figure. One such example is
given: pic attached below.

Sol. 1. Mats
3. Carpets
4. Curtains
5. Sacks
6. Clothes
7. Jute bags
8. Chair covering

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OBJECTIVE
Level – I

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. The fibre with the highest inherent lustre is

(A) Wool (B) Cotton
(C) Jute (D) Silk

Sol. (D). Silk is a lustrous natural fibre.

2. Jute is cultivated in …………………………… type of soil.

(A) Clayey (B) Alluvial
(C) Sandy (D) Black

Sol. (B). Jute is cultivated in alluvial soil.

3. The process in which cotton fibres are separated from seeds is called
(A) Carding (B) Ginning
(C) Combing (D) Retting

Sol. (B). Separation of cotton fibres from seeds is called ginning.

4. Which of the following is a synthetic fibre?

(A) Cotton (B) Linen
(C) Jute (D) Polyester

Sol. (D). Polyester is a synthetic fibre.

5. Which of the following fibres are obtained from bolls of fruits?

(A) Silk (B) Jute
(C) Flax (D) Cotton

Sol. (D). Cotton fibres are obtained from the bolls of cotton plants.

6. Which of the following is obtained from the stem of a plant?

(A) Jute (B) Cotton
(C) Wool (D) Polyester

Sol. (A). Jute is obtained from the stem of a plant.

7. Synthetic fibres are

(A) More durable, cheap and more popular (B) Less durable, costly and less in demand
(C) More durable, costly and less popular (D) Less durable, cheap and less in demand

Sol. (A). Synthetic fibres are more durable, cheap and more popular.

8. The process of arranging two sets of yarns together to make a fabric is called
(A) Ginning (B) Spinning
(C) Weaving (D) Knitting

Sol. (C). Weaving is a process of arranging two sets of yarns together.

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9. The device popularized by Mahatma Gandhi for spinning was

(A) Takli (B) Charkha
(C) Power loom (D) Sewing machine

Sol. (B). Mahatma Gandhi used to spin fibre to yarn in a charkha.

Fill in the Blanks

10. Cotton is cultivated as an ………………………. shrub.

Sol. Annual

11. ……………… fibres are used to make ropes and wall hangings.

Sol. Jute

12. Takli is a device used for ……………………….

Sol. Spinning

True or False

13. All the fibres that are obtained from plants and animals are called man-made fibres.

Sol. False (Plant fibres and animal fibres are known as natural fibres.)

14. Jute fibres are primarily composed of fats.

Sol. False (Jute fibres are composed of cellulose.)

Level – II

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. Which of the following has organic origin

(A) Nylon (B) Acrylic
(C) Polyester (D) Cotton

Sol. (D). Cotton is made up of cellulose.

2. Which of the following process are involved in converting cotton bolls into cotton fabric
(A) Spinning, knitting (B) Weaving, knitting
(C) Reeling, weaving (D) Ginning, spinning, knitting

Sol. (D). The cotton fibre was separated from seeds in the cotton bolls by the process of ginning.
Spinning is the process of making yarn from fibre & knitting is used to make a piece of fabric
from yarn.

3. Which statement out of the following is incorrect?

(A) Use of Charkha was popularised by Mahatma Gandhi as a part of the Independence
movement.
(B) In India, jute is mainly grown in Kerala and Punjab.
(C) To make fabric, the fibres are first converted into yarns.
(D) Sufi saint Kabir was a weaver.

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Sol. (B). Jute is mainly grown in West Bengal, Bihar and Assam.

4. Which of the following materials did people use in ancient times for making clothes?
(i) Leaves of trees (ii) Newspaper
(iii) Metal foils (iv) Animal skins and furs
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (i) and (iii)
(C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (i) and (iv)

Sol. (D). Leaves of trees & animal skins and furs used by the people in ancient times for making
clothes

5. Which of the following is not a natural fibre?

(A) Cotton (B) Jute
(C) Nylon (D) Flax

Sol. (C). Nylon is synthetic fibre.

Level – III

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. Which set of substances is not used for making fibres?

(A) Silk, chemicals (B) Yak hair, camel hair
(C) Husk, bones (D) Flax, wool

Sol. (C). Husk & bones are not used for making fibres.

2. Yarn is woven to get fabric using

(A) charkha (B) spinning machines
(C) looms (D) knitting needles

Sol. (C). Looms are used for weaving, yarns to get fabrics.

3. Beera is a farmer. His field has black soil and the climate is warm. Which fibre yielding
plant should he grow in his field?
(A) Jute (B) Cotton
(C) Coconut (D) Wool

Sol. (B). Cotton grows well in black soil and warm climate.

4. The fibres obtained from plants and animals are called

(A) Synthetic fibres (B) Cotton bolls
(C) Nylon (D) Natural fibres

Sol. (D). Natural fibres are obtained from plants and animals.

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ASSIGNMENT
SUBJECTIVE
Section – A
Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Jute fibres are composed of which plant material?

2. What are cotton fibres?

3. What are fibres?

4. How can you classify fibres?

5. Give the name of two fibres which are obtained from the stems of the plant.

6. In which type of soil hemp plant is grown?

Section – B
Short Answer Type Questions

1. Mention three uses of cotton.

2. Mention three uses of flax.

3. What are disadvantages of synthetic fibres?

4. Why is cotton fibre used as gauze in hospitals?

5. Describe the process of spinning.

6. Can coir be used for making shirts?

Section – C
Long Answer Type Questions

1. Explain the process of making yarns from fibres.

2. Describe how you would compare the abilities of different fabrics to absorb water?

3. From which parts of the plant, cotton and jute are obtained? Explain.

4. Explain the conditions necessary for cotton cultivation.

5. Describe how we would compare the abilities of different fabrics to absorb water.

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Section – D
Puzzles

1. Find out five words related to fibre.

T W F S K R D
N M O S I L K
B W C I S A H
P A T S U N A
Y R Z O G H D
S P K M K L I
W E A V I N G

2. Complete the following table.

Fibre Effect Shown During Burning
a. Silk ————
b. —— Burns Moderately with smell of burning paper.
c. Acrylic ————
d. —— Forms hard beads and produces black smoke.

3. Complete the puzzle.

5

1
C
7
K
2 6 4
T L

3
N
8
A

Across
2. Materials that occur in nature _________.

3. An expensive fibre of plant origin _________.

8. Pashmina shawls are made from the wool of ___________.

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Down
1. A breathable natural fibre is _______.

4. A plant fibre from which the linen fabric is made _________.

5. _______ fibres were once called the ‘golden’ fibres of India.

6. Weaving is done on _________.

7. A method in which a single yarn is used to make a piece of fabric ____________.

4. Answer the following questions on the basis of given comprehension:

Jute is a vegetable fibre. Coarse threads can be made of it. Jute is very cheap to produce and its
production level are similar to that of cotton. It is a bast fibre. Jute is often called hessian
especially in America. Jute is a plant cultivated in tropical countries. Jute is biodegradable.
Replacement of wooden chip board is an approach towards anti deforestation. It is the cheapest
natural fibre. Jute is a rain-fed crop with little need for fertilizers or pesticides, in contrast to
cotton’s heavy requirements.
(i) Which plant fibre needs heavy rain for cultivation? Where is it grown mostly in India?
(ii) What do you mean by biodegradable substances?
(iii) Patsun is obtained from the stem of which plant?

OBJECTIVE
Level – I

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. Coconut fibres can not be used for making

(A) Mattresses (B) Ropes
(C) Clothes (D) None of these

2. Natural fibres are obtained from

(A) Plants (B) Chemicals
(C) Animals (D) Both (A) and (C)

3. ………………….. of yarns is done on looms.

(A) Spinning (B) Knitting
(C) Weaving (D) Ginning

4. Cotton is obtained from the …………………. of cotton plants.

(A) Flower (B) Fruit
(C) Seeds (D) Stems

5. In India, jute is mainly grown in ……………….

(A) West Bengal (B) Bihar
(C) Assam (D) All of these

6. The fruit of cotton plant are about the size of a

(A) Orange (B) Lemon
(C) Apple (D) Pineapple

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7. Select the odd one out:

(A) Cotton (B) Jute
(C) Wool (D) Rayon

8. Biodegradable substances are

(A) Which are decomposed by bacterial action
(B) Which are not decomposed by bacterial action
(C) Cotton and starch
(D) Both (A) and (C)

9. Which one is synthetic fibre__________________.

(A) Wool (B) Nylon
(C) Silk (D) Cotton

10. Coir is a fibre which come from :

(A) Leaves of coconut (B) Outer covering of coconut fruit
(C) Roots of coconut (D) Stem of coconut

11. What is the name of process which involves pulling and twisting of strands of fibres?
(A) Ginning (B) Weaving
(C) Spinning (D) None of these

Fill in the Blanks

12. Clothes made of synthetic fibres burn …………………………….

13. Cotton is planted during early ……………………

14. Cloth is made from fibres mainly in two steps ………………….. and ………………… respectively.

15. ……………………… fibres are used in linoleum and cushions.

True or False

16. Cotton was first made in China.

17. A single yarn may be used to make a piece of fabric.

18. The process of arranging two sets of yarns together to make a fabric is called weaving.

19. Jute is obtained from the stem of plant called – ‘tatsun’.

20. In knitting, single yarn is used to make a piece of fabric.

Match the Following

21. Match the Column – I with Column – II.

Column – I Column – II
(i) Fabrics are made of (a) Natural fibres
(ii) Polyester, nylon, orlon (b) Yarns
(iii) Cotton, jute, silk (c) Fibres
(iv) Yarns are made of (d) Synthetic fibres

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Level – II

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. Cotton plant is grown in regions with

(A) Black soil (B) Warm climate
(C) Both black soil and warm climate (D) Neither black soil nor warm climate

2. Flax is
(A) An animal fibre (B) A plant fibre
(C) A synthetic fibre (D) A fabric

3. Lint is
(A) A thread obtained by spinning fibres
(B) An electrically operated device used for spinning
(C) Fibrous material that is left after removing seed from cotton bolls
(D) Fruits of cotton plant

4. When is a jute plant harvested?

(A) When the plant has not developed a stem
(B) When the plant is at stem developing stage
(C) When the plant is at flowering state
(D) None of the above

5. Which of the following statements is not correct?

(A) Silk fibre is obtained from adult silk moth
(B) Fruit of cotton plant is about the size of a lemon
(C) Flax was cultivated in Egypt near the river Nile
(D) All the above

6. It is a process used to make fabrics from yarn. Two strands of yarn are woven to make a fabric. It
is done on looms. This process is
(A) Weaving (B) Knitting
(C) Both of these (D) Neither weaving nor knitting

7. In the process of spinning why are cotton fibres twisted?

(A) To bring them together to form a fabric
(B) To bring them together to form a yarn
(C) To make them strong
(D) Both (B) & (C)

8. The long thin strands of ……………. that we see in a fabric are made up of still thinner strands
called …………….
(A) Fibres, Fabric (B) Fabric, Fibres
(C) Fibres, Thread (D) None

9. If A represents the fibre and B represents the fabric, find out the correct order in which B is made
from A
(A) A, weaving, spinning, obtained from plant, yarn, B
(B) A, obtained from plant, spinning, weaving, yarn, B
(C) A, obtained from plant, spinning, yarn, weaving, B
(D) None of the above

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10. Cotton is obtained from plants. Burning of cotton yarn gives an odour similar to
(A) Burning silk (B) Burning nylon
(C) Burning paper (D) Burning wool

11. Which of these is true?

(A) Jute is the outer covering of coconut
(B) Sufi Saint Kabir was a weaver
(C) Silk Yarn when burns smells like burning paper
(D) None of these

12. The device in a loom that carries yarn back and forth across the lengthwise yarn is
(A) Warp (B) Shuttle
(C) Weft (D) Bobbins

13. The fibre which is short, uneven, folded, porous and rough to touch is
(A) Cotton (B) Jute
(C) Silk (D) Nylon

14. Match the column I with column II.

Column – I Column – II
(p) Cotton (i) Grown in Egypt in region near river Nile
(q) Flax (ii) Grown in India in region near river Ganga
(r) Jute (iii) Natural fibre obtained from stem of a plant
(s) Wool (iv) Obtained from hair of Yak
(A) p → ii q→i r → iii s → iv
(B) p→i q → ii r → iv s → iii
(C) p → iii q → iv r → ii s→i
(D) p → iv q → iii r→i s → ii

15. Match the column I with column II.

Column – I Column – II
(p) Multiple lengthwise yarn in a loom (i) Ginning
(q) Separation of cotton fibres from its seeds (ii) Warp
(r) Compression of raw cotton fibres into bundles (iii) Spinning
(s) Making yarn from fibres (iv) Baling
(A) p→i q → ii r → iii s → iv
(B) p → iv q → iii r → ii s→i
(C) p → iii q → ii r→i s → iv
(D) p → ii q→i r → iv s → iii
16. The fibres which are made from chemicals are called__________________.
(A) Synthetic fibre (B) Natural fibre
(C) Artificial fibre (D) Both (A) and (C)

17. For how many days stem of harvest jute plant immersed in water__________________.
(A) 10-30 days (B) 30 days
(C) 30-60 days (D) 1-6 days

18. Non-biodegradable substances are

(A) Which are decomposed by bacterial action
(B) Which are not decomposed by bacterial action
(C) Cotton and starch
(D) Both (A) and (C)

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ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT
SUBJECTIVE
Section – A
Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Cellulose and Lignin

2. Cotton fibres are actually the hairs that grow on the surface of cotton seeds.

3. A fibre is that ultimate thing of which fabric is made up of.

4. Fibres are classified in two types

(a) Natural fibres: which are derived from plant and animals.
(b) Synthetic fibres: which are made from chemical substances.

5. Jute, Hemp

6. Loamy

Section – B
Short Answer Type Questions

1. (i) Cotton is used in making paper and cellophane.

(ii) Used for filling pillows, quilts etc.
(iii) Used for cleaning machine parts.

2. Flax is used
(i) for making fine paper. e.g., cigarette paper
(ii) for making fishing lines and nets.
(iii) for making linen and laces.

3. Disadvantages:
(i) They do not absorb sweat.
(ii) They do not allow air to pass through them.

4. Because cotton contains sufficient air space between in fibres so it can soak liquid efficiently.

5. The process of making yarn from fibres, by twisting is called spinning.

Section – C
Long Answer Type Questions

1. See the text.

2. Collect different kinds of fabric (cotton, woollen, silken and synthetic). Take a metal ring or a
bangle. Wrap it tightly with one of the pieces of cloth that you have collected. Mark the centre of
the bangle. With the help of a dropper, put a drop of water on the centre of the cloth and
simultaneously start a stop watch. You can use any watch that gives you the time in seconds. As
soon as the cloth soaks the first drop of water, till the another drop. Continue like this, counting
the drops, till the soaked water touches the bangle. Stop the watch.

3. See the text.

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4. Cotton is a warm season crop requiring moderate rain fall. It needs a fertile clayey soil with good
moisture holding capacity. Black soils found in western India and southern India, and alluvial soils
of northern India for growing cotton. In India, cotton is sown between May and September in
different parts of the country. The harvesting begins from October.

Section – D
Puzzles

1. Patsun, Khadi, Silk, Warp, Weaving

2. a. Burns slowly with smell of burning hair

b. Cotton
c. Shrinks and produces black smoke
d. Polyester

3.
5
J
1
C U
7
K O T
2 6 4
N A T U R A L F I B R E

I T O L

T O O A

T N M X

I S
3
L I N E N
8
G O A T S

4. (i) Jute, West Bengal

(ii) A biodegradable substance is a substance which can easily decompose in nature without
harming or polluting nature.
(iii) Jute

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OBJECTIVE
Level – I

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. C 2. D 3. C 4. B
5. D 6. B 7. D 8. D
9. B 10. B 11. C

Fill in the Blanks

12. rapidly 13. spring

14. spinning, weaving 15. jute

True or False

16. False 17. True

18. True 19. True
20. True

Match the Following

21. (i  b), (ii  d), (iii  a), (iv  c)

Level – II

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C
5. A 6. A 7. D 8. D
9. C 10. C 11. B 12. A
13. B 14. A 15. D 16. D
17. A 18. B

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Sorting Materials into Groups

INTRODUCTION
“Material” is the matter from which a thing is made and “Matter” is anything that has mass and occupies
space.
Matter includes all substances of which the universe is made up of. The bones and flesh of our body, the
clothes we wear, the food we eat, the water we drink and the air we breathe are all matter.
In our daily life, we group things according to our requirement. The clothes are kept in some order in a
box. You arrange books in your school bag according to their size. Books and notebooks can be arranged
in the sequence of timetable as well.
Thus, grouping is basically the arrangement of things/objects according to their similarities.

Exercise 1:
What do you understand by material?

WHAT IS MATTER?
We have seen that all materials occupy space and have mass. All of them are made up of matter. It
includes all substances that the universe is made up of. All matter is made up of substances that are
themselves made up of tiny particles. These particles may be packed either close to each other or they
may be loosely held. The properties of matter are decided by the nature of particles present in it and how
these particles are packed together. You have seen that various materials around us exist in different
forms. Some of them are in solid form, some in liquid form and some in gaseous form. For example,
paper, glass, steel, plastic and wood are solids; water, juice, milk and oil are liquids while oxygen,
nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are gases.
But then, what is non matter? Feelings of happiness or sadness do not occupy space and do not have
any mass. They are non matter. Radio, T.V. sets and cellphones are matter, but the signals they receive
are not. Energy and all its forms are also non matter. Example: Electricity, light, sound etc.

A piece of iron is matter. If an iron piece is broken, what happens? Smaller pieces of iron are formed. If
we continue breaking this piece of iron, it becomes smaller and smaller. But this must end somewhere. It
should be possible to get the smallest piece of iron that cannot be broken further. John Dalton, a
scientist of the nineteenth century, named this smallest piece of iron, the iron atom. The smallest piece of
gold is a gold atom.

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Atoms are so small that they cannot be seen even by the most powerful microscope. Approximately, 40
lakh gold atoms, placed end to end, form a line of just 1 mm long!

The smallest particle of gold and iron is an atom. But the smallest particle of water is not a water atom.
Why? This is because water is made up of two different kinds of atoms, the atoms of hydrogen and atoms
of oxygen. The smallest particle of water contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. These
atoms together form one molecule of water.
Iron, gold, hydrogen and oxygen, whose smallest particles are atoms, are called elements. Substances,
such as water, which are made up of two or more elements are called compounds. The smallest particle
of compound is a molecule.
Some Common Compounds and their Composition
Compound Elements which make up the compound
Water Hydrogen, oxygen
Common salt Sodium, chlorine
Sugar Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Sand Silicon, oxygen
Washing soda Sodium, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

CLASSIFICATION
There are many things around us. Some of them are living and some are non-living. They may be made
up of the same or different materials having different shape, size and colour.
Grouping things together with similar properties is called classification.

Although living things share some common properties, they differ from each other in several ways. Living
things are further classified into subgroups such as plants and animals. Each of these can be further
classified on the basis of certain properties. Animals can be classified into groups like insects, fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. For example, all insects have six legs. But each group differs
from other groups in some ways.

Classification is not only confined to living things. Non-living things can also be classified in various ways.
It can be done on the basis of what they are made up of, or how they are used and whether they are
natural or human-made. Materials such as wood, cotton and jute occur naturally. However, ceramic,
plastic, glass and steel are human-made.

Thus, classification is necessary in order to

(i) have a systematic knowledge of things,
(ii) have a general idea about all the members of a group, and
(iii) know how the members of a group differ from those of other groups.

 Illustration 1:
What is classification?

Solution: Grouping similar things together is called classification.

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Objects like books, chairs, clothes, table are made up of different materials and are used in different
ways. An object can be made from different materials and same materials can be used to make different
objects. What enables us to decide which material should be used to make a particular object depends on
two things
(i) what we want to use the object for
(ii) properties of the materials.

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Exercise 2:
Name one natural material we get from trees.

Let us study some of these properties:

(i) Appearance:
(a) Lustre: Materials that shine are called lustrous and those which do not shine are called non-
lustrous. All metallic substances e.g., materials used for making jewellery, utensils, door
handles etc. are lustrous while many things like wood, coal, plastic and paper have no lustre.

(b) Smoothness of Surface: Many things have smooth surface like mirror or stainless steel
tumbler whereas some have rough surface like brick or stone.

(ii) Transparency: Those materials which allow light to pass through so that things behind can be
seen clearly are called transparent and the phenomenon is known as transparency. Example:
Glass, pure water etc.
Some materials such as wood, metals etc. through which you are not able to see are called
opaque. The third type of materials are those through which things are partially visible. This type
of materials are called “translucent”. Example: Frosted glass and oiled paper.

Transparent Translucent Opaque

Exercise 3:
Whether, air is transparent or opaque?

(iii) Hardness: Materials which can be pressed easily are called “soft” while some other materials
which are difficult to press are called “hard” materials.

(iv) Ductility and Malleability: A ductile material can be drawn into wires. A solid material is said to
be malleable if it can be beaten or pressed into sheets or foils. A solid material that breaks on
being bent, beaten or pressed is called brittle. For example, metals are ductile and malleable
whereas non-metals are non-malleable and non-ductile.

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(v) Conductance of Heat: Those substances which allow the transfer of heat through them are
called conductors of heat. Substances which do not allow heat to pass through them are called
poor or non-conductors of heat. All metals are conductors of heat. Wood, plastic, a piece of cloth
are some examples of non-conductors of heat.
Most liquids are bad conductors of heat. Mercury is used in thermometer as it is a fair conductor
of heat. All gases including air are bad conductors of heat. Example: oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen.
In winters, woollen clothes keep us warm because a lot of air is trapped between the layers of
woollen fibres preventing the escape of body heat. Air being a bad conductor of heat does not
allow the heat of body to flow out.

Some materials are good conductors of heat while some are bad conductors of heat.

(vi) Floating or Sinking in Water: “Some materials float in water while others sink.” This property
depends upon the density of material. Iron nail, stones sink in water, but a piece of wood, petrol,
kerosene oil float on water.
The mass per unit volume of a substance is known as density. A substance (iron, aluminium)
which is denser than water will sink in water. A substance (wood, cotton) which is less dense than
water will float on water.

Exercise 4:
What is density?

(vii) Solubility: When sugar is stirred in water, it disappears. In fact, the sugar crystals break up into
molecules, which are invisible. The sugar molecules mix with the water molecules so intimately
that they cannot be distinguished. We say that sugar is soluble in water, i.e., it dissolves in water
and forms a solution. Thus, a solution is a homogeneous mixture. Substances like sand, chalk
and sawdust, which do not dissolve in water, are said to be insoluble in water & form a
heterogeneous mixture.
Some liquids, like glycerine and shampoo, also mix with water to form a solution. Such liquids are
said to be miscible with water. Liquids like edible oil or kerosene, which do not mix with water,
are said to be immiscible with water. Immiscible liquids, when mixed, form separate layers.
Some gases, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, are also soluble in water. Air, which is a mixture of
gases, is soluble in water to some extent. Aquatic plants and animals use the carbon dioxide and
oxygen dissolved in water for their survival.
A liquid that dissolves other substances is called a solvent and the substance that gets dissolved
is called a solute.

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(viii) Combustibility: Certain materials which burn when heated on direct flame in presence of air are
called “combustible” materials. Materials like petrol, LPG, spirit etc, catch fire easily. These are
also called “inflammable” materials.

(ix) Attraction towards a Magnet: Some materials get strongly attracted towards magnet while
some do not show any attraction towards magnet. Materials which get attracted towards magnet
are called “magnetic materials”. Eg. Iron, Cobalt and Nickel.

 Illustration 2:
Give some examples of inflammable materials.

Solution: Petrol, LPG, Spirit etc.

 Illustration 3:
Name two properties of materials.

Solution: Lustre and Solubility.

Exercise 5:
Name any object that can be made using different kinds of materials.

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ANSWERS TO EXERCISE
Exercise 1: Material is the matter from which a thing is made.

Exercise 2: Wood

Exercise 3: Transparent

Exercise 4: The mass per unit volume of a substance is known as density.

Exercise 5: Chair

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ADD TO YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

2. The smallest particle of an element is an atom. The smallest particle of a compound is a

molecule.

3. Grouping things together which have similar properties is called classification.

4. The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.

5. Substances through which heat and electricity can pass are called conductors.

6. Substances through which electric current and heat cannot pass are called insulators.

7. In earlier times, mirrors were made of shining metals like silver. Silver is an excellent light
reflector. It reflects almost 90% of the light falling on it. All modern mirrors are backed by a thin
coating of this metal.

8. Liquids and gases are not attracted to magnet.

9. All metals in solid or molten state can conduct electric current.

10. Intermixing of one material into another material uniformly is called diffusion.

11. Most of the liquids are bad conductors of heat but liquid metals (like mercury) are good
conductors of heat.

12. All the three states of matter occupy space and have a definite mass.

13. The inflammable substances are the substances that easily catch fire. e.g. : petrol, LPG.

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SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE
Section – A

1. In the following list, find out the one which is not matter: air, water, pen, balloon, feelings,
petrol

Sol. Feelings

2. What is the name given to the amount of space something occupies?

Sol. Volume

3. In what way is all matter alike?

Sol. All matter occupies space and possesses mass.

4. Name two gases which are soluble in water?

Sol. Oxygen & Carbondioxide

5. What are transparent materials? Give examples.

Sol. Materials through which the things can be seen clearly are called transparent materials. Example:
glass, water.

6. List five materials and name one object that is made up of using these materials.

Sol. Iron, wood, plastic, glass, steel.

Table can be made from above materials.

7. Name two properties possessed by cotton but not silk.

Sol. Cotton is not lustrous whereas silk is lustrous. Cotton is cool for summers but silk is cool for
summers and warm for winters.

8. What are homogeneous mixtures? Give two examples.

Sol. Mixtures in which the composition is uniform throughout the medium are called homogeneous
mixtures.

9. Give one example for each of the following:

(a) material which is soluble in water
(b) material which is insoluble in water
(c) material which floats on water
(d) material which is immiscible in water

Sol. (a) Salt

(b) Sand
(c) Ice
(d) Petrol

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Section – B

1. Why do metals conduct heat and electricity?

Sol. Metals possess free electrons in their atoms which make them good conductors of heat and
electricity.

2. Can a brittle material be malleable or ductile? Give reasons.

Sol. No, a brittle material can break easily so it cannot be beaten to sheets or drawn into wires.

3. What are the elements which make up the following compounds?

(a) sugar
(b) common salt

Sol. (a) Sugar → C, H, O

(b) Common salt → Na, Cl

OBJECTIVE
Level – I

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. Classification is
(A) Grouping things as living and non-living
(B) Grouping living things on the basis of common properties
(C) Grouping non-living things on the basis of common properties
(D) Grouping all things, living or non-living on the basis of common properties

Sol. (D). Classification is grouping all things, living or non-living on the basis of common properties.

2. The state of matter which has a definite shape but no definite volume is
(A) Solid (B) Liquid
(C) Gas (D) None of these

Sol. (D). Soilds have definite shape & definite volume, liquids have definite volume but indefinite
shape and gases have neither definite shape nor volume.

3. Which is not matter?

(A) Pen (B) Glass
(C) Heat (D) Sand

Sol. (C). Matter is a substance that has mass and take some space by having volume.

4. Woollen fibres have ____________ trapped between them which acts as an ____________
of heat
(A) water, conductor (B) air, conductor
(C) water, insulator (D) air, insulator

Sol. (D). Woollen fibres have air trapped between them which acts as an insulator of heat.

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5. Which is a magnetic material?

(A) Copper (B) Nickel
(C) Aluminium (D) Oxygen

Sol. (B). Nickel is a magnetic material.

6. Which is the best conductor of heat?

(A) Iron (B) Aluminium
(C) Silver (D) Lead

Sol. (C). Silver is the best conductor of heat.

7. Which materials make a heterogeneous mixture?

(A) Sand + water (B) Salt + water
(C) Alcohol + water (D) Wheat flour + water

Sol. (A). Heterogeneous mixture is simply any mixture that is not uniform in composition and can be
separated by various means.

8. Which conducts heat?

(A) Plastic (B) Wood
(C) Air (D) Iron

Sol. (D). Iron conduct heat.

Fill in the Blanks

9. The smallest particle of an element is called an ……………………..

Sol. Atom

10. The smallest particle of a compound is called a ……………………..

Sol. Molecule

11. Materials through which light can pass partially are called ………………………..

Sol. Translucent

True or False

12. All liquids are miscible with water.

Sol. False (All liquids are not miscible with water. Example: Oil)

13. Classification is done only for living things.

Sol. False (It is done for living as well as non-living things.)

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Level – II

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. Floating property depends on which factor?

(A) Volume (B) Solubility
(C) Density (D) Both (A) and (C)

Sol. (D). Floating property depends on volume and density.

2. Select the right pair

(A) Water – magnetic material (B) Glass – soluble material
(C) Wood – combustible material (D) Plastic – natural material

Sol. (C). Wood is a combustible material.

3. Liquids do not have definite ____________

(A) Shape (B) Volume
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

Sol. (A). Liquids do not have definite shape.

4. Identify the inflammable material

(A) Stone (B) Petrol
(C) Wood (D) Water

Sol. (B). Petrol is inflammable material.

Level – III

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. Milk and juice are examples of

(A) Elements (B) Compounds
(C) Mixtures (D) Atoms

Sol. (C). Milk and juice are mixtures.

2. Which of the following is not ductile?

(A) Gold (B) Iron
(C) Stone (D) Copper

Sol. (C). Metals are ductile.

3. Salt disappears when it is dissolved in water because

(A) It evaporates away
(B) Water molecules have spaces in between them
(C) Salt particles occupy the spaces in water
(D) Both (B) and (C)

Sol. (D). Salt particle occupy the spaces between water molecules.

4. Graphite is a natural form of ____________

(A) Lead (B) Iron
(C) Copper (D) Carbon

Sol. (D). Graphite is an allotrope of carbon (natural form).

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ASSIGNMENT
SUBJECTIVE
Section – A
Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. In which state(s) can metals conduct electricity?

2. In which pair will the diffusion be the slowest?

(a) Solid in liquid
(b) Gas in liquid
(c) Solid in solid

3. Define immiscibility.

4. Name the hardest known substance.

5. What do you mean by texture?

6. Is coconut oil miscible in water?

Section – B
Short Answer Type Questions

1. Mention four properties on the basis of which we can classify the materials.

2. Explain the difference between miscible and immiscible liquids. Give example of each.

3. Metals are lustrous, but an iron rod used in construction does not shine. Explain.

4. Why do we prefer woollen clothes during winters?

5. Which state of matter can easily change its shape and volume?

6. Why are cookers made of metals and not plastic?

Section – C
Long Answer Type Questions

1. What is the criterion for grouping materials?

2. What is meant by the magnetic property of materials? Where does this property find its
applications?

3. What is meant by transparency? Is it same for all materials?

4. Define density. How is it related to floating and sinking of things in water?

5. How would we separate sand and salt from mixture?

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Section – D
Puzzles

1. Find out words which are some materials or their properties related to this chapter.
G M E T A L S

P L A S T I C S

A T O M B O C

S T F N O T L A D

S E T R I T A

H A R D N O Y A R

2. Find the missing letters:

HINTS MATERIALS
Insulator of heat and electricity P_ A_ _ _ C

Raw material for making paper W__D_U_P

Sonorous and lustrous material C__P_R

Non combustible material S___E

3. Match the Columns A and B.

Column – A Column – B
(A) Chalk-water mixture (i) A gaseous mixture
(B) Glucose solution (ii) A solid-gas mixture
(C) Fizzy drink (iii) A homogeneous mixture of solid and
liquid
(D) Smoke (iv) A heterogeneous mixture of solid and
liquid
(E) Air (v) A gas-liquid mixture

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4. Complete the cross word puzzle :

2 4

1
A L

3 7
E I

5
T

8
E

Across
1. Capable of being hammered and beaten into sheets.
3. The mass per unit volume of a substance.
5. Good conductor of heat.
8. Capable of going back to its original length or shape after being stretched or squeezed.

Down
2. Allowing light to pass through but not clearly enough to be transparent.
3. Easily drawn out into a fine strand or wire.
4. The amount of space occupied by some object.
7. Substances such as sand which do not dissolve in water.

5. Read the following passage and answer the following questions :

A costly material ‘S’ used for making electrical wires and in solar panels, has a property ‘M’ which
allows it to be made into thin foils used for decorating sweets. The same materials has another
property ‘D’ that allows it to be used for making conducting wires. A compound ‘O’ of the material
‘S’ is used for coating behind an object called ‘R’ .
(i) Identify the material ‘S’ and its compound ‘O’.
(ii) Identify the properties ‘M’ and ‘D’.
(iii) What is the object ‘R’.

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OBJECTIVE
Level – I

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. Which property is common to all matter?

(A) Matter takes up space and has no mass
(B) Matter can be seen and has some mass
(C) Matter takes up space and has mass
(D) Matter takes up space and may or may not have mass

2. There are about 118 different types of

(A) Elements (B) Molecules
(C) Mixtures (D) Compounds

3. Which of the following material is lustrous?

(A) Wood (B) Gold
(C) Paper (D) Sulphur

4. The use of any material depends on

(A) Its properties (B) The purpose for which it is to be used
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

5. Identify the materials soluble in water :

(A) Salt (B) Sugar
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these

6. Identify the materials which are soft.

(A) Cotton (B) Wool
(C) Silk (D) All of these

7. Identify the odd one on the basis of the miscibility with water :
(A) Milk (B) Oil
(C) Ink (D) Alcohol

8. Which of the following is/are bad conductor(s) of heat?

(A) Wood (B) Plastic
(C) Glass (D) All of these

9. Cooking utensils can be made up of

(A) Aluminium (B) Wood
(C) Plastics (D) None of these

10. Which of the following is an inflammable material?

(A) Wool (B) Plastic
(C) Spirit (D) None of these

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Fill in the Blanks

11. Salt and sugar are …………………….in water while petrol and diesel are ……………………in
water.

12. The materials which burn when heated on direct flame in the presence of air are said to be
……………………..

13. We can feel the presence of ……………………..but can not touch it.

14. Air is a ………………conductor of heat.

15. Wood and paper are ……………………..of electricity.

True or False

16. Gases have definite shape and have definite volume.

17. Vinegar and alcohol do not mix with water.

18. Mercury is used in thermometers because it can expand fast on slight heating.

Match the Following

19. Match the Column – I with Column – II.

Column – I Column – II
(i) Lustrous materials (a) Iron
(ii) Soft metals (b) Salt and sugar
(iii) Rusting (c) Sodium and potassium
(iv) Water soluble materials (d) Gold and silver

20. Match the Column – I with Column – II.

Column – I Column – II
(i) Malleable materials (a) Iron and Copper
(ii) Hard metals (b) Cotton and Wool
(iii) Materials with rough surface (c) Stone and Rocks
(iv) Soft materials (d) Copper and Aluminium

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Level – II

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. The intermolecular spaces are the highest in :

(A) Solids (B) Liquids
(C) Gases (D) None of these

2. Shoes cannot be made from :

(A) Canvas (B) Glass
(C) Rubber (D) Leather

3. The material which is used for making jewellery should have this property.
(A) Lustre (B) Solubility
(C) Conductivity (D) Flotation

4. Which of the following substances is opaque?

(A) Water (B) Cellophane paper
(C) Wood (D) Glass

5. The materials used for making cooking utensils should be ___________of heat.
(A) Good conductors (B) Bad conductors
(C) Insulators (D) Non-conductors

6. _____________Cannot be compressed.
(A) CO2 (B) Oxygen
(C) Table (D) Sponge

7. Oil is ___________ in water.

(A) Soluble (B) Insoluble
(C) Miscible (D) Immiscible

8. The materials which do not burn on direct flame in the presence of air are called as :
(A) Insoluble (B) Non-magnetic
(C) Non-combustible (D) Non-inflammable

9. The materials through which things are only partially visible :

(A) Translucent (B) Transparent
(C) Opaque (D) Lustrous

10. A solid material is ___________if it can be drawn into wires.

(A) Malleable (B) Brittle
(C) Ductile (D) Smooth

11. Which of the following substance will float on water?

(A) Plastic (B) Stone
(C) Iron nail (D) Honey

12. Metal which is mostly used to make food packaging foils.

(A) Copper (B) Iron
(C) Aluminium (D) Carbon

13. Hard materials cannot be used to make :

(A) Machines (B) Vehicles
(C) Furniture (D) Cushions

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14. A liquid that dissolves the other substance is called a :
(A) Solvent (B) Solute
(C) Solution (D) None of these

15. Identify the metal which is used to make electrical wire :

(A) Copper (B) Iron
(C) Gold (D) Mercury

16. The materials which burn on direct flame in the presence of air are called as :
(A) Soluble (B) Magnetic
(C) Combustible (D) Inflammable

17. The substance which is malleable and used to make foils.

(A) Copper (B) Iron
(C) Aluminium (D) Carbon

18. If bar magnet is brought near to each of the following substance, which will get attracted.
(A) Scoring needle (B) Iron nail
(C) Rubber (D) Both A & B

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ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT
SUBJECTIVE
Section – A
Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. All metals in solid or molten state can conduct electric current.

2. (c)

3. Incapability of liquids to mix with each other.

4. Diamond

5. The type of arrangement of particles in a substance is its texture.

6. No
Section – D
Puzzles

1. (i) Metals (ii) Plastics (iii) Atom (iv) Rayon

(v) Dalton (vi) Clay (vii) Matter (viii) Glass
(ix) Soft (x) Hard (xi) Cotton
2. (i) Plastic (ii) Wood pulp (iii) Copper (iv) Stone

3. A  iv, B  iii, C  v, D  ii, Ei

4.
2 4
T V
R O
1
M A L L E A B L E
N U
S M
3 7
L D E N S I T Y
U U N
C C S
5
E M E T A L S O
N I L
T L U
E B
L
8
E L A S T I C

5. (i) The material is silver and the compound is silver oxide.

(ii) ‘M’ is malleability and ‘D’ is ductility.
(iii) The object ‘R’ is mirror.

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OBJECTIVE
Level – I

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C
5. C 6. D 7. B 8. D
9. A 10. C

Fill in the Blanks

11. soluble, immiscible 12. combustible

13. air 14. bad
15. poor-conductors

True or False

16. False 17. False

18. True

Match the Following

19. (i  d), (ii  c), (iii  a), (iv  b)

20. (i  d), (ii  a), (iii  c), (iv  b)

Level – II

Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)

1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C
5. A 6. C 7. D 8. C
9. A 10. C 11. A 12. C
13. D 14. A 15. A 16. C
17. C 18. D

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