MATHEMATICS CLASS-XII

REVISION CHEAT SHEET

ì -1 æ x - y ö
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS ï tan ç , if xy > -1
ï è 1 + xy ÷ø
A relation R from a set A to a set B is a subset of the cartesian ï -1 æ x - y ö
• tan–1 x – tan–1y = í p + tan ç , if x > 0, y < 0 and xy < -1
ï è 1 + xy ø÷
product A × B obtained by describing a relationship between
ï -1 æ x - y ö
the first element x and the second element y of the ordered ï-p + tan èç 1 + xy ÷ø , if x < 0, y > 0 and xy < -1
pairs in A × B. î
• sin–1 x + sin–1 y =
Function : A function f from a set A to a set B is a specific
ì
type of relation for which every element x of set A has one ï sin -1{x 1 - y2 + y 1 - x 2 }, if - 1 £ x, y £ 1 and x 2 + y 2 £ 1
and only one image y in set B. We write f : A ® B, where f (x) ï or if xy < 0 and x 2 + y 2 > 1
= y. ïï
í -1 2 2 if 0 < x, y £ 1
A function f : X ® Y is one-one (or injective) if ï p - sin {x 1 - y + y 1 - x }, and x 2 + y 2 > 1
ï
f (x1) = f (x2) Þ x1 = x2 " x1, x2 Î X. ï -1 2 2 2 2
ïî -p - sin {x 1 - y + y 1 - x }, if - 1 £ x, y < 0 and x + y > 1
A function f : X ® Y is onto (or surjective) if given any
y Î Y, $ x Î X such that Range = codomain. • cos–1 x + cos–1 y =
Many-One Function : ìï cos-1{xy - 1 - x 2 1 - y 2 } , if - 1 £ x, y £ 1 and x + y ³ 0
A function f : A ® B is called many- one, if two or more í -1 2 2
ïî2p - cos {xy - 1 - x 1 - y }, if - 1 £ x, y £ 1and x + y £ 0
different elements of A have the same f- image in B.
Into function :
ì -1 2 1 1
A function f : A ® B is into if there exist at least one element ï sin (2x 1 - x ) , if - £x£
ïï 2 2
in B which is not the f - image of any element in A. -1 2 1
2 sin x = í
–1 p - sin (2x 1 - x ) , if £ x £ 1
Many One -Onto function : ï 2
A function f : A ® R is said to be many one- onto if f is onto ï -p - sin -1 (2x 1 - x 2 ) , if - 1 £ x £ - 1
but not one-one. ïî 2
Many One -Into function : ì -1 æ 2x ö
ï tan çè 2÷
, if - 1 < x < 1
A function is said to be many one-into if it is neither one-one 1 - x ø
ï
nor onto. ï
2 tan x = ïíp + tan -1 æç 2x ö÷ ,
–1
if x > 1
A function f : X ® Y is invertible if and only if f is one-one è 1 - x2 ø
ï
and onto. ï æ 2x ö
ï -p + tan -1 ç , if x < -1
îï è 1 - x 2 ÷ø
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Properties of inverse trigonometric function
Conditions of Parallelism and Perpendicularity of Two
ì -1 æ x + y ö
Lines:
ï tan ç ÷ , if x,y < 1 Case-I : When dc's of two lines AB and CD, say l1 , m1, n1
ï è 1 - xy ø
ï and l2 , m2, n2 are known.
ï -1 æ x + y ö if x > 0, y > 0
• tan–1 x + tan–1 y = í p + tan ç ÷ , l1 m1 n1
è 1 - xy ø and xy > 1
ï
ï
AB | | CD Û l = m = n
if x < 0, y < 0
ï -p + tan -1 çæ x + y ÷ö ,
2 2 2
ïî -
è 1 xy ø and xy > 1 AB ^ CD Û l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0
 (12) MATHEMATICS

Case-II : When dr's of two lines AB and CD, say a1, b1 c1 and
For a function f :
a2, b2, c2 are known
Differentiability Þ Continuity;
a1 b1 c1 Continuity Þ / derivability
AB | | CD Û a = b = c Not derivibaility Þ
2 2 2 / discontinuous ;
But discontinuity Þ Non derivability
AB ^ CD Û a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two Differentiation of infinite series:
lines; and q is the acute angle between the two lines; then
(i) If y = f (x) + f (x) + f (x) + ........¥
cos q = | l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 |.
Equation of a line through a point (x1, y1, z1) and having Þ y = f (x) + y Þ y2 = f (x) + y
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
direction cosines l, m, n is = = dy dy dy f '(x)
l m n 2y = f ' (x) + \ =
r r r r r r dx dx dx 2y - 1
Shortest distance between r = a1 + lb1 and r = a 2 + mb2
f (x)....¥
r r r r (ii) If y = f (x)f (x) then y = f (x)y.
(b1 ´ b 2 ).(a 2 - a1 )
is r r \ log y = y log [f(x)]
| b1 ´ b 2 |
1 dy y.f '(x) æ dy ö
= + log f (x). ç ÷
y dx f (x) è dx ø
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
dy y 2 f '(x)
Existence of Limit : \ =
dx f (x)[1 - y log f (x)]
lim f (x) exists Þ lim f (x) = lim f (x) = l
x®a x ®a - x ®a + dy y f '(x)
Where l is called the limit of the function 1 =
(iii) If y = f (x) + then
(i) If f(x) £ g(x) for every x in the deleted nbd of a, then f (x) + 1
....
dx 2y - f (x)
f (x)
lim f(x) £ lim g(x)
x ®a x ®a
(ii) If f(x) £ g(x) £ h (x) for every x in the deleted nbd of a
DIFFERENTIATION AND
and lim f(x) = l = lim h (x) then lim g(x) = l
x ®a x ®a x ®a APPLICATION
(iii) lim fog (x) = f æ lim g (x) ö = f (m) where lim g (x) = m
x ®a è x®a ø x ®a
dy
1 Interpretation of the Derivative : If y = f (x) then, = f '(x)
(iv) If lim f(x) = + ¥ or – ¥ , then lim =0 dx
x ®a x ®a f (x)
is rate of change of y with respect to x.
CONTINUITYAND DIFFERENTIABILITY OFFUNCTIONS Increasing/Decreasing :
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point x = a if
(i) If f ¢ (x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is increasing
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f(a) on the interval I.
x ®a + x ®a -
Discontinuous Functions : (ii) If f ¢ (x) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is decreasing
(a) Removable Discontinuity: A function f is said to have on the interval I.
(iii) If f ¢ (x) = 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is constant on
removable discontinuity at x = a if lim f (x) = lim f (x) the interval I.
x ®a - x ®a +
but their common value is not equal to f (a). Test of Local Maxima and Minima –
(b) Discontinuity of the first kind: A function f is said to First Derivative Test – Let f be a differentiable function defined
have a discontinuity of the first kind at x = a if on an open interval I and c Î I be any point. f has a local maxima
lim f(x) and lim f (x) both exist but are not equal. or a local minima at x = c, f ¢ (c) = 0.
x ®a - x®a + dy
(c) Discontinuity of second kind: A function f is said to Put = 0 and solve this equation for x. Let c1, c2........cn be
have a discontinuity of the second kind at x = a if neither dx
the roots of this.
lim f (x) nor lim f (x) exists.
x ®a - x ®a + If dy changes sign from +ve to –ve as x increases through
Similarly, if lim+ f (x) does not exist, then f is said to have dx
x ®a c1 then the function attains a local max at x = c1
discontinuity of the second kind from the right at x = a.
BOOK-XII (13)

Symmetrical area : If the curve is symmetrical about a

dy
If changes its sign from –ve to +ve as x increases through coordinate axis (or a line or origin), then we find the area of
dx one symmetrical portion and multiply it by the number of
c1 then the function attains a local minimum at x = c1 symmetrical portion to get the required area.
dy
If does not changes sign as x increases through c1 then
dx PROBABILITY
x = c1 is neither a point of local maxm nor a point of local
minm. In this case x is a point of inflexion.
Rate of change of variable : Probability of an event: For a finite sample space with equally
likely outcomes Probability of an event is
dy æ dy ö
The value of at x = x0 i.e. ç ÷ represents the rate n(A)
dx è dx ø x = x P(A) = , where n (A) = number of elements of an event
0
of change of y with respect to x at x = x0 n(S)
dy dy / dt dx A, n (S) = Total number of sample space.
=
If x = f (t) and y = y (t), then , provided that ¹0
dx dx / dt dt Theorem of total probability : Let {E1, E2, ...,En} be a partition
Thus, the rate of change of y with respect to x can be of a sample spaces S and suppose that each of E 1, E2, ..., En
calculated by using the rate of change of y and that of x has nonzero probability. Let A be any event associated with
each with respect to t. S, then
P(A) = P(E1) P (A | E1) + P (E2) P (A | E2) + ...
INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND + P (En) P(A | En)
APPLICATIONS Bayes' theorem: If E1, E2, ..., En are events which constitute
a partition of sample space S, i.e. E1, E2, ..., En are pairwise
Two standard forms of integral : disjoint and E1 È E2 È... È En = S and A be any event with
nonzero probability, then
òe
x
[f (x) + f ' (x) dx = ex f (x) + c P(E i ) P (A | E i )
P (E i | A) = n
Þ ò e [f (x) + f '(x)] dx = ò e f (x)dx + ò e f ' (x) dx
x x x
å P(E j ) P(A | E j )
j=1
òe
f '(x) dx + ò e f' (x)
x x
= ex f (x) –
Let X be a random variable whose possible values x1, x2, x3,
(on integrating by parts) = ex f (x) + c ..., xn occur with probabilities p1, p2, p3, ... pn respectively.
Table shows the partial fractions corresponding to different n
type of rational functions :
S. Form of rational Form of partial The mean of X, denoted by µ, is the number å x i pi
i =1
No. function fraction The mean of a random variable X is also called the
px + q A B expectation of X, denoted by E (X).
1. +
(x - a) (x - b) (x - a) (x - b)
MATRICES
px 2 + qx + r A B C
2. + +
(x - a)2 (x - b) (x - a) (x - a) 2 (x - b) Properties of Transpose
(i) (AT)T = A
px 2 + qx + r A Bx + C (ii) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT
3. 2
+ 2
(x - a) (x + bx + c) (x - a) x + bx + c (iii) (AB)T = BT AT (iv) (kA)T = k(A)T
Area between curves : (v) I = I (vi) tr (A) = tr (A)T
T

(vii) (A1A2A3.....An–1 An)T = AnTAn–1T.....A3TA2TA1T

b
Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is called
y = f (x) Þ A = ò [upper function] - [lower function] dx
symmetric matrix if
a
aij = aji for all i, j or AT = A
d Skew-Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is called
and x = f (y) Þ A = ò [right function] - [left function] dy skew-symmetric matrix if
c aij = – aji for all i, j or AT = –A
If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be Also every square matrix A can be uniquely expressed as a
found individually. sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix.
(14) MATHEMATICS

.
DETERMINANTS ò dy = ò f (x) dx + c or y = ò f (x) dx + c
dy
(b) Differential equation of the form = f (x) g(y)
f (x) g(x) dx
Differentiation of a determinants : If A = then
ò ò
h(x) l(x) dy dy
= f (x) g(y) Þ = f (x) dx + c
dA f '(x) g '(x) f (x) g(x) dx g (y)
= + is a differentiation of (c) Differential equation of the form of
dx h(x) l(x) h '(x) l '(x)
Matrix A dy
= f (ax + by + c) :
dx
Properties of adjoint matrix : If A, B are square matrices of
To solve this type of differential equations, we put
order n and In is corresponding unit matrix, then
dy 1 æ dv ö
(i) A (adj. A) = | A | In = (adj A) A ax + by + c = v and dx = b çè dx - a ÷ø
(ii) | adj A | = | A |n–1
(Thus A (adj A) is always a scalar matrix) dv
\ = dx
(iii) adj (adj A) = | A |n–2 A a + b f (v)

ò ò
2 dv
(iv) | adj (adj A) | = | A |(n -1) So solution is by integrating = dx
a + b f (v)
(v) adj (AT) = (adj A)T
(d) Differential Equation of homogeneous type :
(vi) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) An equation in x and y is said to be homogeneous if it
(vii) adj (Am) = (adj A)m, m Î N dy f (x, y)
(viii) adj (kA) = kn–1 (adj. A), k Î R can be put in the form dx = g (x, y) where f (x ,y) and
(ix) adj (In) = In
g (x ,y) are both homogeneous functions of the same
Properties of Inverse Matrix : Let A and B are two invertible degree in each term.
matrices of the same order, then So to solve the homogeneous differential equation
(i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T dy f (x, y)
= dy dV
(ii) (AB)–1 = B–1A–1 =v+x
dx g (x, y) , substitute y = vx and so dx dx
(iii) (Ak)–1 = (A–1)k, k Î N
dv dx dv
(iv) adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1 Thus v+x = f (v) Þ =
dx x f (v) - v
(v) (A–1)–1 = A

ò ò
1 dx dv
(vi) | A–1 | = = | A |–1 Therefore solution is = +c
|A| x f (v) - v
(vii) If A = diag (a1,a2.....,an), then Linear differential equations :
A–1 = diag (a1–1, a2–1, .........an–1) dy
+ Py = Q ....... (1)
(viii) A is symmetric matrix Þ A–1 is symmetric matrix. dx
Where P and Q are either constants or functions of x.
VECTOR ALGEBRA Multiplying both sides of (1) by e ò P dx , we get
r r r r
Vector perpendicular to both a and b is equal to a ´ b . æ dy ö
eò ò P dx
P dx
ç + Py ÷ = Q e
è dx ø
On integrating both sides with respect to x we get
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
y eò = ò Q eò
P dx P dx
+c
Methods of solving a first order first degree differential
which is the required solution, where c is the constant and
equation :
eò
P dx
dy is called the integration factor..
(a) Differential equation of the form = f (x)
dx
dy
= f (x) Þ dy = f (x) dx
dx
Integrating both sides we obtain