Class-12, Physics

IMPORTANT FORMULAE
ELECTROSTATICS
S. No FORMULAE SYMBOLS APPLICATION
1 Q = ±N e Q = Charge N = Number of electrons Quantization of charges
2 Q1 Q2 Q1 , Q2 are point charges F= Force To find force between two point charges
F=k 2
r
3 F=QE E = Electric field Relation between F and E
4 Q 1 Electric field due to a point charge.
E=k 2 k= , r= distance
r 4 π ∈0
ϵ0= electric permittivity
5 → → ds = small area To find electric flux
∅ E =∮ E . ds =E∮ ds cosθ
6 q ∅ E = Electric Flux Gauss Theorem
∅ E=
∈0
7 ∆V=potential difference To find the potential difference using
W AB VA=Electric potential at A Work done from a point A to a point B
ΔV =V A − V B = VB=Electric Potential at B
q
q=charge
8 q 1 Electrostatic potential due to a point
V =k k= charge
r 4 π ∈0
r= distance
9 pcosθ p = dipole moment Electric potential due to a dipole
V =k 2
r
− dV dV / dr=potential gradient Relation between electric field and
10 E= potential
dr
11 q1q2 U = Potential Energy Potential energy of a system of two point
U =W =k W = Work done charges
r 12
12. λ λ=linear charge density Field intensity due to infinitely long
E= straight uniformly charged wire
2 π ϵ 0r
13. q r=radius of Gaussian surface(outside Field intensity due to uniformly charged
a) outside the shell: E=k the shell) spherical shell
r2
q R=radius of shell
b) on the shell: E=k 2
σ =surface charge density
R
As q=4πR2.σ
E= σ/ϵ0
(c ) inside the shell: E=0
14. σ E = Electric field Field intensity due to thin infinite plane
E= ϵ0= electric permittivity sheet of charge
2 ∈0
15. C=4πϵ0r C=capacitance Capacity of isolated spherical conductor
r=radius of conductor
16. ∈0 A A = area of plates Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
C= d = distance between the plates
d
17. 1Q 1
2
2 1 U = Electrostatic energy stored in Energy stored in a capacitor
U= = C V = QV capacitor
2 C 2 2
18. 1 2 E= electric field strength Energy density of a parallel plate
u= ∈0 E capacitor
2

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 19. ∈0 A K=dielectric constant Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor
C= with dielectric slab in between
1
d − t(1− )
K
21  Values of Different quantities after Introducing dielectric slab between the plates of the charged capacitor:
Description ⇣ When Battery connected When Battery disconnected
Charge K Q0 Q0
Potential difference V0 V0/K
Electric field E0 E0/K
Capacitance KC0 KC0
Energy 1 2 1 2
K times ε 0 E [Energy is supplied By 1/K times ε 0 E [Energy used for
2 2
battery Polarization
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
S. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATION
1 I=neAVd V d= Drift velocity Relation between current and drift velocity
(n = number density of free A=area of cross section
electron)
2 ρl ml R = Resistance , ρ = Resistivity Relation between (i) R and ρ (ii) R and
R= = τ = relaxation time, m= mass of electron relaxation time
A n e2 τ A

3 RA m e = charge of electron Relation for resistivity and relaxation time τ

ρ= = 2 ρ = Resistivity
l ne τ
4 I j = current density , Relation between j with vd and j with E
j= =neVd σ = conductivity
A
j=σ E
5 V d eτ μ = mobility of electron To find μ from Vd
μ= =
E m
6 ρ = ρ0 [ 1 + α(T – T0)] α = temperature coefficient of resistance Variation of ρ with temperature
7 E=V + IR=I (R+ r ) E = emf of cell , Relation for E and V
8 (i)V =E − Ir r = internal resistance (i) Current is drawn
(ii)V =E+ Ir V = Potential difference (ii) cell is being charged
9 E r = internal resistance To find internal resistance by potentiometer
r =¿ ( −1 ¿ R R = External resistance
V
l1
r=( −1 ¿ R
l2
10 ΣI = 0 (loop rule) ΣI = algebraic sum of charge Kirchhoff’ s law
ΣΔV = 0 (junction rule) ΣV = algebraic sum of potential difference
11 P R P ,Q, R, S are resistances in four arms of Balanced condition of Wheatstone Bridge
= Wheatstone Bridge
Q S

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

SL.NO FORMULAE SYMBOLS APPLICATIONS

1 Biot- Savart Law dB = magnetic field at a point at distance r due to To find magnetic field at a point due to
a current element., µ0 = permeability of free space current element .
µ0 I dl Sinθ I = current through wire, = angle between To find magnetic field due to a straight
dB = x 2 current element Idl and position vector r. conductor.
4π r

2 µ 0∋a
2 B= magnetic field due to a circular coil of N turns Magnetic field at centre, x= 0
B= at distance x from its centre., a = Radius of coil
2¿¿
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 µ0 N I
B=
2a
3 µ0 N I B = magnetic field, r = perpendicular distance magnetic field due to a straight conductor of
B= from wire to point of observation. infinite length.
2π r

4 Ampere’s circuital law

∮ ⃗B . ⃗
dl=¿Line integral of magnetic field in a Magnetic field due to a solenoid B = μ0 N I
∮ ⃗B . ⃗
dl = μ0 I closed path .
5 ⃗
F = q ( ⃗v X ⃗
B) F = Force , v = velocity of charge particle Force acting on a charge particle in magnetic
F=B q v sin q = charge of the particle field.
6 ⃗
F =q [⃗
E +¿ ( ⃗v X ⃗
B)] Force on charged particle in simultaneous Electric Lorentz force
and magnetic fields
7 F = I (l⃗ X ⃗
⃗ B) F = Magnetic force on a current carrying To find force acting on a current carrying
F = B I L Sin θ conductor of length l conductor in a magnetic field.
B = magnetic field.
8 F µ0 I 1 I 2 F Force per unit length between two parallel
= = Force per unit length between two parallel current carrying conductors.
l 2π r l
current carrying I1 and I2
r = distance between the conductors.
9  = B I N A Sin θ  = torque experienced by a current loop of area A Principle of Moving coil galvanometer
in magnetic field B, N = Number of turns of coil.
I = current

( )
10 ig S = shunt required ,G = Galvanometer Resistance , Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter.
S= G i g = maximum current through galvanometer
i− i g
(0 – i) = range of ammeter

11 R = (V/i g ¿ −G R = High resistance in series Conversion of Galvanometer into Voltmeter.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
SL.NO FORMULAE SYMBOLS APPLICATIONS
1 d E=induced emf. =Magnetic flux Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction:
E=−
dt
2 ε = -B l v B=Magnetic field, v =velocity, l =metal rod of length Motional emf

3 v = ½ B ω l2 v = emf developed between the ends of the rod. ω = To find emf developed between the end of
angular velocity, l = length of the rod the rod rotating in the magnetic field.
4 Φ=LI Φ = Magnetic flux Relation between Φ and L.
L=Self-inductance of the coil.
3 ε =- L dI/dt L=Self-inductance of the coil. To find self induced emf in a coil.
4 ε1 = − M12 dI2/dt M12 =Coefficient of mutual inductance To find mutual induced emf in a coil.
dI2/dt=Rate of change of current in the secondary coil
5 L = μr μ0 n2 A l μr= Realtive permeability,μ0=permeability of free space Self-Inductance of a solenoid
n=no of turns of the solenoid, A=area of the solenoid
L=length of the solenoid
6 ε =n B A ω sin ωt n=no of turns of the solenoid, B=magnetic field Equation of a.c generator
(ω = 2πν) A=area of the solenoid,ν= frequency of AC
7 1 2 U = Energy stored in inductor To find energy stored in the inductor in its
U= LI magnetic field.
2
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
S.NO. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS

1 1 c is the speed of electromagnetic wave in vacuum To find speed of e.m. wave in vacuum
c= μ0permeability constant and ε0 is the permittivity
√ μ0 ε 0
constant

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 2 1 c is the speed of electromagnetic wave in material To find speed of electromagnetic wave in
c= medium material medium
√ με
[Gandhijee’s X-rays are Vigrously Used In Medical Research]
UNIT 6: RAY OPTICS
S.NO. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS
1. 1 1 1 u - object distance, v - image distance, To find focal length of mirror
+ = f - focal length of the mirror
v u f
2. v m = magnification, m is negative for real images and To find magnification
m= - +ve for virtual images
u
3. n21= A = Angle of prism, n2 = refractive index of prism, n1 = To find refractive index

( A +2Dm )
refractive index of medium
sin Dm = angle of minimum deviation.
n2
=
n1 A
sin
2
4. n2 n1 n2 − n1 R = Radius of curvature To find Rad. of curvature of lens
− = v = image distance, u = object distance
v u R

( )( )
5. 1 n 2− n 1 1 1 R1 , R2 = Radius of curvature ,f = focal length of the Lens makers formula
= − lens,n1, n2 = Refractive index of medium 1 and 2 To find focal length of lens
f n1 R1 R2
respectively
6. 1 1 1 1 f = effective focal length of combination To find effective focal length of
= + + f1, f2, f3 = focal length of each lens in contact combination of lenses
f f1 f 2 f3

7. L M: magnifying power of a compound microscope To find magnifying power of a

M = x ¿)m, when fo = focal length of objective compound microscope
fo
final image at D. fe = focal length of eyepiece
L D L = distance between their focal points
m= x (when final
fo fe
image at infinity.
8. β fo M = magnifying power of a telescope To find magnifying power of a
M= = fo = focal length of objective telescope
α fe
fe = focal length of eyepiece
β = angle subtended at the eye by the image
α = angle subtended at the eye by the object
WAVE OPTICS
S.NO. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS
1. λD β=fringe width, λ = wavelength of light To find fringe width for interference
β= D = distance between the slits and the screen’ d = fringes
d
distance between the slits
2. (2 λ D) λ = wavelength of light used, D = distance between To find width of central maxima for
w= the slits and the screen, a = width of the slit diffraction fringes
a
w = width of central maxima In diffraction
3. I max (a+ b)
2 Imax = Max. intensity To find ratio of max. and min.
= Imin = Min. intensity intensity
I min (a −b)2 a, b = respective amplitudes
DUAL NATURE
S.NO. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS
1. Φ0 = hν0 Φ0 = Work function, h = planck constant, ν0= To find minimum energy for electron
threshold frequency emission
2 Kmax = eV0 Kmax = maximum KE, e= charge on electron, V 0= To find maximum KE, stopping
stopping potential potential

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 3 E = Φ0 + Kmax E = Energy of incident photon, Einstein photo electric
equation
4. λB = h/p = h/√(2mK) λB =de-Broglie wavelength, h= planck constant, p Find de-Broglie wavelength
= h/√(2mqV) =momentum, m = mass, K= KE, q= charge, V=
accelerating potential
ATOMS & NUCLEI
S.NO. FORMULAE SYMBOL APPLICATIONS
1. 2
Orbital radius, r = e /4πԐ0mv 2
e= charge on electron= 1.6 x 10 C, Ԑ0 = -19
Rutherford’s atomic model
permittivity of free space = 8.854 x 10-12 C2N-1m-2,
m= mass, v= velocity
2 Kinetic energy, K = e2/8πԐ0r Total energy, E = K + U = -e2/8πԐ0r Find energy in Rutherford's
Potential Energy, U = - e2/4πԐ0r atomic model
3 L = nh/2π L = angular momentum, n= principle quantum Bohr’s 2nd postulates
number, h= Planck’s constant
4. hν = Ei - Ef, h= Planck’s constant, ν= frequency of emitted photon, E i = initial energy Frequency of emiited photon
state , Ef = final energy state

5 rn = Ԑ0n2h2/πme2 n=1, Bohr’s radius, r0 = 0.529 angstrom Bohr’s radius of nth orbit
6 vn = e2/2Ԑ0nh n=1, Bohr’s velocity, v0 = c/137 m/s Bohr’s velocity of electron in
nth orbit
7 Kinetic energy, Kn = me4/8Ԑ02n2h2 Total energy, En = -me4/8Ԑ02n2h2 Energy in nth orbit.
Pot. Energy, Un = - me4/4Ԑ02n2h2 En = -13.6 eV/n2
8 BE = Δm c2 Δm = mass defect Find BE & BE/nucleon

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