LECTURE 8

COMPUTER NETWORKING

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Introduction to Data Communication.

• Communication Channel.
• Communication Media.
• Guided Media or Wired Technologies.
• Unguided Media or Wireless Technologies.
• Introduction to Computer Networks.
• Benefits of Network.
• Types of Computer Network.
• Network Devices.
• Network Topology.
• Models of Computer Networking.
• OSI Model.
• Terms Related to Network.
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INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATION

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DATA COMMUNICATION
• The term communication means sending or receiving information.
• When we communicate, we share information or data.
• A communication system can be defined as the collection of hardware and software
that facilitates intersystem exchange of information between different devices.
• Data Communication is the exchange of data between two devices using some form of
transmission media.
• It includes the transfer of data or information and the method of preservation of data
during the transfer process.
• Data is transferred from one place to another in the form of signals.
• There are three types of signals
1. Digital Signal In this signal, data is transmitted in electronic form, i.e. binary digits (0
or 1).
2. Analog Signal In this signal, data is transmitted in the form of radio waves like in
telephone line.
3. Hybrid Signal These signals have properties of both analog signal and digital signal.
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COMMUNICATION CHANNEL

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COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
• The communication channel refers to the direction of signal flow between two
linked devices.
• There are mainly three types of communication channel as follows
1. Simplex Channel: In this channel, the flow of data is always in one direction,
with no capability to support response in other direction. This communication is
unidirectional. Only one of the communicating devices transmits information and
the other can only receive it. e.g. Radio, Television, Keyboard, etc.
2. Half Duplex Channel: In this channel, the data can flow in both directions, but
not at a same time. When one device transmits information, then other can only
receive at that point of time. e.g. Walkie –Talkie.
3. Full Duplex Channel: In this channel, the flow of data is in both directions at a
time, i.e. both stations can transmit and receive information simultaneously. e.g.
Wireless handset (mobile phone).
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COMMUNICATION MEDIA

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COMMUNICATION MEDIA
• Communication media of a network refer to the transmission media or the
connecting media used in the network.
• It can be broadly defined as anything that can carry information from a source to
destination.
• It refers to the physical media through which communication signals can be
transmitted from one point to another.
• Transmission media can be divided into two broad categories:
1. Guided or Wired Media.
2. Unguided or Wireless Media.

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GUIDED MEDIA OR WIRED TECHNOLOGIES

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GUIDED MEDIA OR WIRED TECHNOLOGIES
• The data signal in guided media is bound by the cabling system that guides the data signal
along a specific path. It consists of a cable composed of metals like copper, tin or silver.
• Basically, they are divided into three categories:
1. Ethernet Cable or Twisted Pair Cable: In this cable, wires are twisted together, which are
surrounded by an insulating material and an outer layer called jacket. One of the wires is used to
carry signals to the receiver and the other is used only as a ground reference. e.g. Local area
networks use twisted pair cable.
2. Co-axial Cable: It carries the signal of higher frequency data communication through the
network. It has a single inner conductor that transmits electric signals and the outer conductor
acts as a ground and is wrapped in a sheet of teflon or PVC.
• Co-axial cable is commonly used in transporting multi-channel television signals in cities. e.g.
Cable TV network.
3. Fibre Optic Cable: It is made up of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the form of light
from a source at one end to another.
• Optical fibres allow transmission over longer distance at higher bandwidth which is not
affected by electromagnetic field. The speed
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UNGUIDED MEDIA OR WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

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UNGUIDED MEDIA OR WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
• It is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of enhanced electrical
conductors or wires. When the computers in a network are interconnected and data is
transmitted through waves, then they are said to be connected through unguided media.
• Some commonly used unguided media of transmission are
1. Radio wave Transmission(30KHz to 3GHz): When two terminals communicate by using radio
frequencies then such type of communication is known as radio wave transmission. This
transmission is also known as Radio Frequency (RF) transmission. These are omnidirectional.
Radio waves, particularly those waves that propagate in the sky mode, can travel long distances.
2. Microwave Transmission: Microwaves are electromagnetic waves having frequencies range
from 0.3 to 300 GHz. Microwaves are unidirectional. It is used in cellular network and television
broadcasting.
3. Infrared Wave Transmission: (300GHz to 400 THz)Infrared waves are the high frequency
waves used for short-range communication. These waves do not pass through the solid-objects.
They are mainly used in TV remote, wireless speakers.
4. Satellite Communication: The communication across longer distances can be provided by
combining radio frequency transmission with satellites. It works over a long distance and fast
communication. It is used for communication to ships, vehicles, planes and handheld terminals.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS

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COMPUTER NETWORK
• It is a collection of two or more computers, which are connected together to
share information and resources.
• Computer network is a combination of hardware and software that allows
communication between computers over a network.

• Note: ARPANET stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. It was
the first network developed by Vint Cerf in 1969.
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BENEFITS OF NETWORKS

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BENEFITS OF NETWORK
• Some of the benefits of network are discussed below
1. File Sharing: Networking of computer helps the users to share data files.
2. Hardware Sharing: Users can share devices such as printers, scanners, CD-ROM
drives, hard drives, etc., in a computer network.
3. Application Sharing: Applications can be shared over the network and this
allows implementation of client/server applications.
4. User Communication: This allows users to communicate using E-mail,
newsgroups, video conferencing within the network.

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TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

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TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
• Computer network is broadly classified into various types as follows:
1. Local Area Network (LAN): LAN is a small and single-site network. It connects
network devices over a relatively short distance.
• It is a system in which computers are interconnected and the geographical area
such as home, office, buildings, school may be within a building to 1 km. On most
LANs, cables are used to connect the computers. LANs are typically owned,
controlled and managed by a single person or organisation.
• They also use certain specific connectivity technologies, primarily Ethernet and
Token Ring. LAN provides a sharing of peripherals in an efficient or effective way.
2. Wide Area Network (WAN): WAN is a geographically dispersed collection of
LANs. A WAN like the Internet spans most of the world. A network device called a
router connects LANs to a WAN.
• Like the Internet, most WANs are not owned by any one organization, but rather
exist under collective or distributed ownership and management. WANs use
technology like TCP/IP, ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for connectivity.
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TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): It is a data network designed for a town or
city.
• It connects an area larger than a LAN, but smaller than a WAN. Its main purpose
is to share hardware and software resources by the various users. Cable TV
network is an example of metropolitan area network. The computers in a MAN
are connected using co-axial cables or fibre optic cables.
• Personal Area Network (PAN): PAN refers to a small network of communication.
• These are used in a few limited range, which is in reachability of individual
person. Few examples of PAN are Bluetooth, wireless USB, Z-wave and Zig Bee.

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NETWORK DEVICES

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NETWORK DEVICES
• These devices are required to amplify the signal to restore the original strength of signal
and to provide an interface to connect multiple computers in a network.
• There are many types of network devices used in networking.
• Some of them are described below
1. Repeater: Repeaters have two ports and can connect two segments of a LAN. It
amplifies the signals when they are transported over a long distance so that the signal
can be as strong as the original signal. A repeater boosts the signal back to its correct
level.
2. Hub: It is like a repeater with multiple ports used to connect the network channels. It
acts as a centralized connection to several computers with the central node or server.
• When a hub receives a packet of data at one of its ports from a network channel, it
transmits the packet to all of its ports to all other network channel.
3. Gateway: It is an interconnecting device, which joins two different network protocols
together. They are also known as protocol converters. It accepts packet formatted for
one protocol and converts the formatted packet into another protocol.
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NETWORK DEVICES
4. Bridge: A bridge operates at the data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the
functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination. It is
also used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. It has a single input and
single output port, thus making it a 2 port device. Switches are sometimes called multiport
bridges.
5. Switch: It is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one LAN. It
helps to reduce overall network traffic.
• Switch forwards a data packet to a specific route using MAC Addresses.
• There is a vast difference between a switch and a hub. A hub forwards each incoming packet
(data) to all the hub ports, while a switch forwards each incoming packet to the specified
recipient.
6. Router: A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses.
The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together
and have a dynamically updating routing table based on which they make decisions on routing
the data packets.
7. Modem: It is a device that converts digital signal to analog signal (modulator) at the sender’s
end and converts back analog signal to digital signal (demodulator) at the receiver’s end, in
order to make communication possible via telephone lines. A Modem is always placed between a
telephone line and a computer.
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NETWORK TOPOLOGY

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NETWORK TOPOLOGY
• The term ‘topology’ refers to the way a network is laid out, either physically or
logically.
• Topology can be referred as the geometric arrangement of a computer network.
• Each computer system in a topology is known as node.
• The most commonly used topology are described below
1. Bus Topology: It is such that there is a single line to which all nodes are connected. It is
usually used when a network installation is small, simple or temporary. In bus topology,
all the network components are connected with a same (single) line.
2. Star Topology: All hosts in Star topology are connected to a central device, known as
hub device, using a point-to-point connection. That is, there exists a point to point
connection between hosts and hub.
3. Ring or Circular Topology: In ring topology, each host machine connects to exactly two
other machines, creating a circular network structure. When one host tries to
communicate or send message to a host which is not adjacent to it, the data travels
through all intermediate hosts.
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NETWORK TOPOLOGY
4. Mesh Topology: It is also known as completely interconnected topology. In
mesh topology, every node has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other node.
5. Tree Topology: This is a network topology in which nodes are arranged as a tree.
• The function of the central node in this topology may be distributed. Its basic
structure is like an inverted tree, where the root acts as a server. Also known as
Hierarchical Topology, this is the most common form of network topology in use
presently. This topology divides the network in to multiple levels/layers of
network.

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MODELS OF COMPUTER NETWORKING

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MODELS OF COMPUTER NETWORKING
• There are mainly two models of computer networking as follows:
1. Peer-to-Peer Network: It is also known as P2P network. Peers are equally
privileged, equipotent participants in the network.
• In P2P connection, a couple of computers is connected via a Universal Serial Bus
(USB) to transfer files. In peer-to-peer networking, each or every computer may
be worked as server or client.
• Example BitTorrent.

2. Client-Server Network:The model of interaction between two application

programs in which a program at one end (client) requests a service from a
program at the other end (server).

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OSI MODEL

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OSI MODEL
• Open System Interconnection (OSI) is a standard reference model for communication
between two end users in a network.
• In 1983, the International Standards Organisation (ISO) published a document called
Basic Reference Model for Open System Interconnection, which visualizes network
protocols as a seven layered model.
• OSI is a layered framework for the design of network system that allows communication
between all types of computer system.
• It is mainly consists of seven layers across a network:
• Application Layer: [User-Interface]
• Presentation Layer: [Data formatting, Encryption/Decryption ]
• Session Layer: [Establish and Maintain connection]
• Transport Layer: [Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) accurate data]
• Network Layer: [ Internet Protocol (IP) routers]
• Data Link Layer: [Media Access Control (MAC) switches]
• Physical Layer: [Signals-Cables }
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Terms Related to Network

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TERMS RELATED TO NETWORK
1. Multiplexing: It is a technique used for transmitting signals simultaneously over a
common medium. It involves single path and multiple channels for data communication.
2. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): It is a channel access method used by various
radio communication technologies. CDMA employs spread spectrum technology and a
special coding scheme, where each transmitter is assigned a code to allow multiple users
to be multiplexed over the same physical channel.
3. Packet Switching: It transmits data across digital networks by breaking it down into
blocks or packets for more efficient transfer using various network devices.
Each time one device sends a file to another, it breaks the file down into packets so that it
can determine the most efficient route for sending the data across the network at that
time.
4. Public Switched Telephone Network: (PSTN): It is designed Circuit switched based
system for telephone, which requires modem for data communication. It is used for FAX
machine also.
5. Integrated Services Digital Network: (ISDN) It is used for voice, video and data
services. It uses digital transmission and combines both circuit and packet switching.
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TERMS RELATED TO NETWORK
6. Ethernet: It is a widely used technology employing a bus technology. An ethernet LAN
consists of a single co-axial cable called Ether. It operates at 10 Mbps and provides a 48-
bits address. Fast ethernet operates at 100 Mbps.
8. Server is a system that responds to requests across a computer network to provide a
network service. It can be run on a dedicated computer. It is one of the most powerful
and typical computer.
9. File Server is a type of computer used on network that provides access to files. It
allows users to share programs and data over LAN network.
10. Protocols are the set of rules used by a network for communication. It is mainly used
to connect all the computers to the network.
11. Bluetooth is a wireless technology used for exchanging data over short distances to
create a Personal Area Network (PAN).
12. Bandwidth determines the data transfer rate which is measured in Cycle Per Second
(CPS) or Hertz (Hz).
13. Throughput is the amount of data that is actually transmitted between the two
computers. It is specified in bits per second (bps). Giga bits per second (Gbps) is the
fastest speed unit per data transmission.
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THANK YOU

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