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You are on page 1/ 4

In this video, we will learn how to use an op-amp as a differentiator.

Before we begin, don't confuse a differentiator with a differential


amplifier.

 A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two input


signals.

 A differentiator provides the differentiation of the input signal.

This means the differentiator gives us an idea of the rate at which the
input signal changes.

Basic Operation of a Differentiator

 If you apply a DC signal to a differentiator, the output will be zero


because the input does not change with time. (F19)

 If you apply a square wave, the output will show spikes at points of
rapid transitions.

 This makes differentiators useful for detecting high-frequency


components or for edge detection.

Design of a Differentiator Circuit (F20)

If you take an op-amp integrator circuit and interchange the positions of


the resistor and capacitor, it becomes a differentiator circuit.

1. Assume the op-amp is ideal, so no current flows into its input


terminals.

2. Because of negative feedback, the inverting input acts as a virtual


ground (Vx = 0 V).

Apply Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

At the inverting terminal:


Ic = If

Here:

 Current through the capacitor is Ic = C × d(Vin)/dt

 Current through the feedback resistor is If = -Vout / Rf

Equating the two:


C × d(Vin)/dt = -Vout / Rf

Rearranging:
Vout = -Rf × C × d(Vin)/dt
Thus, the output voltage is the differentiation of the input signal, scaled
by the factor -Rf × C.

Behavior for Different Input Signals

1. DC Input: Output = 0 (no change in input signal).

2. Square Wave: Output = Spikes at transitions.

3. Sinusoidal Input (Vin = sin(ωt)):

o Output = -cos(ωt).

4. Triangular Wave Input:

o Output = Square wave.

The amplitude of the output depends on the values of Rf, C, and the input
signal's frequency.

Limitations of a Simple Differentiator (F21)

The gain increases with frequency (Gain ∝ Frequency).


1. High-Frequency Sensitivity:

This makes the circuit highly sensitive to high-frequency noise.

2. Low Input Impedance:


The input impedance is equal to the capacitor’s reactance (Xc = 1 /
(2πfC)).
As frequency increases, Xc decreases, reducing input impedance.

Practical Differentiator Circuit

To overcome these limitations: (F22)

1. Add a resistor R in series with the capacitor at the input.

o This ensures the input impedance is always greater than R.

2. Add a feedback capacitor Cf in parallel with the resistor Rf to


stabilize the output at high frequencies.

The practical differentiator circuit now contains two low-pass filters and
because of this we will have 2 cutoff frequencies F1 & F2:

 Input Filter: Formed by R and C.

 Feedback Filter: Formed by Rf and Cf.


Cut-off Frequencies:

 Input filter cut-off frequency:


f1 = 1 / (2πRC)

 Feedback filter cut-off frequency:


f2 = 1 / (2πRfCf)

Frequency Response of a Practical Differentiator (F23)

1. At low frequencies, the gain increases at a rate of +20 dB/decade.

2. At the cut-off frequency f1, the gain becomes constant.

3. At the cut-off frequency f2, the gain decreases at -20 dB/decade.

Example: Find the Differentiator's Useful Range (F24)

Given Circuit Parameters:

 R = 100 Ω

 C = 10 nF

 Rf = 5 kΩ

 Cf = 100 pF

1. Calculate f1:
f1 = 1 / (2πRC) = 1 / (2 × π × 100 × 10 × 10⁻⁹) ≈ 159.2 kHz

2. Calculate f2:
f2 = 1 / (2πRfCf) = 1 / (2 × π × 5000 × 100 × 10⁻¹²) ≈ 318.3
kHz

Since f1 < f2, the useful frequency range is:

 Proper differentiation: Input frequency < f1

 Accurate differentiation: Input frequency < f1 / 10 = 15.9 kHz

Example: Sinusoidal Input (3 kHz)

For a sinusoidal input:


Vin = 2 × sin(2π × 3000 × t)

Output:
Vout = -Rf × C × d(Vin)/dt
Differentiating:
Vout = -5000 × 10 × 10⁻⁹ × d/dt(sin(2π × 3000 × t))
Vout = -10⁻⁴ × (2π × 3000) × cos(2π × 3000 × t)
Vout = -1.885 × cos(2π × 3000 × t)

Example: Triangular Input (4 kHz)

1. Slope of input signal:


Slope = (6 V) / (125 μs) = 48000 V/s

2. Output Voltage:
Vout = -Rf × C × Slope
Vout = -5000 × 10 × 10⁻⁹ × 48000 = -2.4 V

For the next half-cycle, the output voltage will be +2.4 V, creating a
square wave.

Summary

In this video, we learned:

 How to design a differentiator circuit using an op-amp.

 The limitations of a simple differentiator and how to address them.

 The frequency response and practical considerations for


differentiator circuits.

If you found this video helpful, please like, share, and subscribe to the
channel. For any questions, let me know in the comments below!

Let me know if you need further adjustments!

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