202201671-BANDILE MNISI

202200246- BRIAN DLAMINI

202200261- BANELE TFUSI
202202097- TEMAGOJE NSIBANDZE
150395- NOSIPHO SIMELANE
202201984- NOMBULELO NYAMANE
202203176- SIBUSISO BANDILE MATSENJWA
202203137- SONKHE MAGAGULA
BLESSING SUKATI*
Question 1
a)

60 Tanzania fertility and Mortality transition (1960-2021)

50

40
deaths per (1000)s

30

20

10

0
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

years(1960-2021)
Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people)

In Tanzania, the fertility and mortality trends have undergone significant changes from 1960 to 2021.
Fertility Trends: - In the 1960s and 1970s, the fertility rate in Tanzania was high. However, there has been
a gradual decline in fertility rates over the years. By the 2000s, the fertility rate had dropped.
Mortality Trends: - From the 1960s Tanzania show a remarkable decline in the death rates but in the
1990s it shows a minimum increase but later declined in the 2000s
ii)

mortality and Fertility transition for Seychelles (1960-2021)

40

35

30
CBR and CDR per 1000 people

25

20

15

10

0
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

years

Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people)

In Seychelles, there have been notable trends in birth rates and death rates from 1960 to 2021. Birth Rate
Trends: - In the 1970s, Seychelles graph show a gradual decline in the birth rate to the 1990s over the
years. By the 2000s, the birth rate shows a notable decline to approximately 15.1 births per 1000
population in the year 2020. These positive changes had been brought up by initiatives and policies
introduced to bring about positive change.
Similarly, Seychelles has experienced a decline in death rates over the years. In the 1960s, the death rate
was relatively high, however, due to advancements in as healthcare, improved living conditions, and
better access to medical facilities, the death rate has significantly reduced as the graph depict that in 2020
the death rate is approximately to be 6 deaths per 1000 population.
iii)

Mortality and Fertility transition for South Sudan (1960-2021)

80

70

60
CBR and CDR per(1000) people

50

40

30

20

10

0
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

year

Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people)

In South Sudan, the fertility and mortality trends have undergone significant changes from 1960 to 2021.
Fertility Trends, in the 1960s and 1970s, South Sudan had high fertility rates. However, there has been a
gradual decline in fertility rates over the years. By the 2000s, the fertility rate had dropped. In terms of
mortality, South Sudan has faced significant challenges, particularly in terms of high mortality. In 1960-
70 the mortality rates were slightly higher but from there was a slight decline to 1982. In the 1984 the
rates shoot up then fluctuates till 2002. This was due to a various of factors which include civil wars
(North Sudan and South Sudan. Armed forces and political instability. This greatly contributed to the high
mortality).
iv)

mortality and fertility transition for kenya in ( 1960-2021)

60

50
CBR and CDR per(1000) people

40

30

20

10

0
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

years

Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people)

In Kenya, there have been significant changes in fertility and mortality trends from 1960 to 2021. In terms
of fertility trends in the 1960s and 1970s, Kenya had high fertility rates, however, there has been a
gradual decline in fertility rates over the years. By the 2000s, the fertility rate dropped steadily.
Mortality Trends: Kenya has made remarkable progress in reducing mortality, in 1960 to the 20s Kenya
show a steady decline in the mortality rates over the years. This decline can be attributed to improvements
in healthcare services, increased access to immunization, and better nutrition programs in the country.
v)

mortality and fertility transition for Rwanda( 1960-2021)

120

100
CBR and CDR per (1000) people

80

60

40

20

0
61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

years

Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people)

In Rwanda, there have been significant changes in fertility and mortality trends from 1960 to 2021.
Fertility Trends: - In the 1960s and 1980s fertility rates were slightly high however dropped steadily until
the 2000s.
Mortality Trends: - In terms of mortality in 1973 to 1981 there was a slightest increase in the death rates,
from there it then shows a slightest decline but in 1993 it shoots up rapidly then later show a sharp
decrease in 1994 to 1995, from there it dropped down steadily till the 2000s
b)

Fertility transition for the 5 countries

60

50

40 Tanzania TZA Birth rate, crude (per

1,000 people)
Seychelles SYC Birth rate, crude (per
CBR per (1000)

1,000 people)
30 South Sudan SSD Birth rate, crude
(per 1,000 people)
Kenya KEN Birth rate, crude (per
1,000 people)
20 Rwanda RWA Birth rate, crude (per
1,000 people)

10

0
60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20

years

Comparative Analysis: - Seychelles has the lowest fertility rate among the five countries, indicating a
lower average number of children born to women. - Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania have similar fertility
rates, suggesting a moderate level of fertility. - South Sudan has the highest fertility rate, indicating a
relatively higher average number of children per woman
c)

Mortality transition for the 5 countries

120

100

80 Tanzania TZA Death rate, crude (per

1,000 people)
Seychelles SYC Death rate, crude (per
CDR per(1000)

1,000 people)
60 South Sudan SSD Death rate, crude
(per 1,000 people)
Kenya KEN Death rate, crude (per 1,000
people)
40 Rwanda RWA Death rate, crude (per
1,000 people)

20

0
60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20

years

Comparative Analysis: - Seychelles has the lowest available mortality rates, suggesting better healthcare
infrastructure and services. - Rwanda, Kenya, and Tanzania have made significant progress in reducing
child mortality rates, with Rwanda having the lowest rates among them. - South Sudan has relatively
higher mortality rates compared to the other countries, indicating challenges in healthcare and
infrastructure.
D)
PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN THE CRUDE BIRTH RATE
Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5 Column6 Column7 Column8 Column9 Column10 Column11 Column12
Percentage change in the CBR

countries Tanzania Seychelles South Sudan Kenya Rwanda % change for TZA % change for SYC % change for SSD % change for KEN % change RWA

1960 49.375 49.956 55.169 51.657 0.392911392 #DIV/0! 0.548482665 0.509344016 -1.628046538
1961 49.569 50.23 55.45 50.816 0.050434748 #DIV/0! 0.515628111 0.236248873 -1.910815491
1962 49.594 50.489 55.581 49.845 0.120982377 #DIV/0! 0.659549605 -0.230294525 -1.942020263
1963 49.654 50.822 55.453 48.877 -0.054376284 #DIV/0! 0.554877809 -0.403945684 -1.714507846
1964 49.627 51.104 55.229 48.039 -0.163217603 #DIV/0! 0.440278647 0.117691792 -1.119923396
1965 49.546 51.329 55.294 47.501 -0.080733056 #DIV/0! 0.627325683 -0.672767389 -0.473674238
1966 49.506 51.651 54.922 47.276 -0.313093362 #DIV/0! 0.613734487 -1.006882488 0.355360014
1967 49.351 51.968 54.369 47.444 0.012157808 #DIV/0! 0.419488916 -0.96930236 0.836775989
1968 49.357 52.186 53.842 47.841 0.301882205 #DIV/0! 0.304679416 -0.882210913 1.036767626
1969 49.506 52.345 53.367 48.337 0.296933705 #DIV/0! 0.233069061 -1.158019001 0.951651944
1970 49.653 52.467 52.749 48.797 0.346404044 #DIV/0! -0.085768197 -0.642666212 0.635284956
1971 49.825 52.422 52.41 49.107 -0.084295033 #DIV/0! -0.320476136 -1.287922152 0.651638259
1972 49.783 33.6 52.254 51.735 49.427 0.034148203 -8.333333333 -0.480346002 -1.385908959 0.789042426
1973 49.8 30.8 52.003 51.018 49.817 0.253012048 -6.493506494 -0.61727208 -1.140773845 0.620270189
1974 49.926 28.8 51.682 50.436 50.126 -0.216320154 11.45833333 -0.632715452 -0.802997859 0.562582293
1975 49.818 32.1 51.355 50.031 50.408 -0.646352724 -4.984423676 -0.683477753 -0.505686474 1.047452785
1976 49.496 30.5 51.004 49.778 50.936 -0.32123808 -11.14754098 -0.754842757 -0.70914862 0.583084655
1977 49.337 27.1 50.619 49.425 51.233 -0.500638466 -4.42804428 -0.823801339 -0.479514416 0.655827299
1978 49.09 25.9 50.202 49.188 51.569 -1.028722754 11.58301158 -0.874467153 -0.483857852 0.959878997
1979 48.585 28.9 49.763 48.95 52.064 -0.981784501 -4.498269896 -0.87816249 -0.77834525 0.22664413
1980 48.108 27.6 49.326 48.569 52.182 -0.852249106 4.710144928 -0.808904026 -0.100887397 0.277873596
1981 47.698 28.9 48.927 48.52 52.327 -0.572351042 -2.76816609 -0.678561939 -0.904781533 -0.504519655
1982 47.425 28.1 48.595 48.081 52.063 -0.491302056 -14.23487544 4.16297973 -1.141823173 -1.077540672
1983 47.192 24.1 50.618 47.532 51.502 -1.474826242 7.053941909 3.12339484 -0.452326853 -1.667896392
1984 46.496 25.8 52.199 47.317 50.643 -0.957071576 4.263565891 3.229946934 -0.910877697 -2.241178445
1985 46.051 26.9 53.885 46.886 49.508 -1.409307073 -1.486988848 0.755312239 -0.567333532 -1.852225903
1986 45.402 26.5 54.292 46.62 48.591 -0.962512665 -1.132075472 -0.32417299 -0.92020592 -1.592887572
1987 44.965 26.2 54.116 46.191 47.817 -0.84954965 -6.488549618 2.272895262 -1.73626897 -2.034841165
1988 44.583 24.5 55.346 45.389 46.844 -0.829912747 -2.857142857 0.784157843 -1.874903611 -2.523268722
1989 44.213 23.8 55.78 44.538 45.662 -0.974826409 -3.361344538 -0.561133023 -2.281198078 -3.092286803
1990 43.782 23 55.467 43.522 44.25 -0.698917363 0.434782609 -0.356969009 -2.254032443 -2.741242938
1991 43.476 23.1 55.269 42.541 43.037 -0.903947005 4.761904762 -0.38538783 -1.948708305 -1.38253131
1992 43.083 24.2 55.056 41.712 42.442 -0.761321171 -6.611570248 -0.524920081 -1.553509781 -0.914188775
1993 42.755 22.6 54.767 41.064 42.054 -0.652555257 3.539823009 -0.573337959 -1.132378726 -1.431492843
1994 42.476 23.4 54.453 40.599 41.452 -0.054148225 -2.136752137 -0.749270013 -0.42119264 -1.061468687
1995 42.453 22.9 54.045 40.428 41.012 0.120132853 -8.296943231 -0.273845869 -0.514494905 0.092655808
1996 42.504 21 53.897 40.22 41.05 0.077639752 0.476190476 -0.879455257 -0.360517156 0.019488429
1997 42.537 21.1 53.423 40.075 41.058 -0.347932388 -9.478672986 -1.087546562 0.416718653 0.365336841
1998 42.389 19.1 52.842 40.242 41.208 -0.391611031 -6.282722513 -1.01434465 -0.633666319 -0.254804892
1999 42.223 17.9 52.306 39.987 41.103 -0.217890723 1.675977654 -1.670936413 -0.132543076 -0.437924239
2000 42.131 18.2 51.432 39.934 40.923 -0.026109041 2.197802198 -1.629335822 0.122702459 -0.386090951
2001 42.12 18.6 50.594 39.983 40.765 -0.591168091 -4.838709677 -2.19393604 -0.972913488 -0.924812952
2002 41.871 17.7 49.484 39.594 40.388 -0.078813499 0 -4.082127556 -1.386573723 -0.599187878
2003 41.838 17.7 47.464 39.045 40.146 0.291600937 2.259887006 -4.146300354 -0.801639134 -0.640163404
2004 41.96 18.1 45.496 38.732 39.889 0.259771211 -3.867403315 -4.345436961 -0.593824228 -1.070470556
2005 42.069 17.4 43.519 38.502 39.462 -0.765409209 6.32183908 -4.489992877 -0.550620747 -1.61421114
2006 41.747 18.5 41.565 38.29 38.825 -1.446810549 -6.486486486 -1.845302538 -0.501436406 -2.112041211
2007 41.143 17.3 40.798 38.098 38.005 -1.15450988 1.734104046 -0.262267758 -1.448894955 -2.699644784
2008 40.668 17.6 40.691 37.546 36.979 -1.19258385 1.136363636 -0.449730899 -2.618121771 -2.820519754
2009 40.183 17.8 40.508 36.563 35.936 -1.129831023 1.685393258 -0.809716599 -3.120641085 -3.060997329
2010 39.729 18.1 40.18 35.422 34.836 -1.643635631 -7.182320442 0.18666003 -3.336909265 -3.381559306
2011 39.076 16.8 40.255 34.24 33.658 -1.911659331 10.71428571 -0.951434604 -3.113317757 -2.49569196
2012 38.329 18.6 39.872 33.174 32.818 1.022724308 0 -1.509831461 -3.156086092 -1.252361509
2013 38.721 18.6 39.27 32.127 32.407 0.444203404 -6.451612903 -2.011713776 -2.580384101 -0.993612491
2014 38.893 17.4 38.48 31.298 32.085 -0.390815828 -2.298850575 -5.60031185 -1.089526487 -0.785413745
2015 38.741 17 36.325 30.957 31.833 -0.934410573 0 -3.234686855 -1.796039668 -0.546602582
2016 38.379 17 35.15 30.401 31.659 -0.836394903 2.352941176 -7.109530583 -2.124930101 -0.821251461
2017 38.058 17.4 32.651 29.755 31.399 -1.400493983 -1.149425287 -7.668984105 -1.932448328 -0.767540368
2018 37.525 17.2 30.147 29.18 31.158 -1.09793471 -0.581395349 -3.612299731 -2.467443454 -1.226009372
2019 37.113 17.1 29.058 28.46 30.776 -1.244846819 -4.093567251 0.371670452 -1.623330991 -1.517416168
2020 36.651 16.4 29.166 27.998 30.309 -1.203241385 -3.658536585 -0.202290338 -1.117936995 -1.098683559
2021 36.21 15.8 29.107 27.685 29.976 -100 -100 -100 -100 -100
Tanzania began to experience grave economic problems during the 1900s especially in the 1960s
thus leading to the decline in birth rates across the whole country resulting to couples seeking to
deter or prevent further childbearing, especially at parities above three or four. The years 2005-2021
had the highest decline in birth rates due to industrialization as most women are now educated and
use contraceptives to control family sizes. The percentage changes in the years 1960-1962, 1967-
1970,1072-1973,1995-1996 and 2003-2004 show a significant increase in the birth rates of Tanzania
and this may be caused by the preference of the boy child over a girl child. The relatively high levels
of poverty have driven many young girls out of school and into early marriages.
The Seychelles had not data available from the World from the year 1960 to 1971. The years 1974,
1978, 1980, 1983-1984, 1990 show an increase in the crude death rate which maybe a result of
families preferring large families to assist in the agricultural sector. The years 2002, 2012 and 2015
show a zero percentage change rate. The early 2000s show a decline in the crude birth rates this
may be due to improvement and advancement in medical technologies and urbanisation as more
woman are employed.
Traditionally women in Rwanda won the respect of their in-laws by having many children on whom
they depended on for social status, help in agricultural work and support in old age and this is why
there is a significant percentage change in the 1960-1965 indicating an increase in the birth rate. The
percentage change from 1981-1994 show an increase in the birth rates this may be caused by the
population replacing it’s self natural after 1966-1980 decline in birth rate caused by the large
numbers of Tutsi who became exiles as a result of violence and oppression.
In South Sudan there is a significant population change indicating an increase in the crude birth rate
from 1970-1981 and 1989-2009 this may be caused by high infant mortality rates, the high economic
and physiological value of children and the large preferred family size. The years 1960-1969, 1982-
1985, 2010 and 2019 show a decline in the crude death rate and this can be caused by various
factors such as high level of morbidity, poor nutritional and hygienic conditions. Adequate antenatal
care is a major challenge in South Sudan as some areas lack clinics.
Kenya has a history of having the highest crude birth rate in the world. The years 1965-1996,and
2001-2021. The rapid increase in crude birth rates was attributed by improvement in the living
standards and health facilities, low contraceptives prevalence rate, low age at marriage and high
value attached to children. However Kenya experienced a remarkable crude birth rates decline in the
years 1960-1961, 1964,1997 and 2000. The decline was attributed by massive support from the
government and development partners for the national family planning programme which
emphasized on smaller family sizes and spacing births as means to arrest population growth rate.
e)PERCENTAGE CHANGES CRUDE DEATH RATE
Column2 Column3 Column4 percentage change in CDR Column5 Column6 Column7 Column8 Column9 Column10 Column11

Tanzania Seychelles South Sudan Kenya Rwanda % change for TZN % change for SYC % change for SSD % change for KEN % change for RWA

20.985 36.098 18.647 19.195 -0.433643078 #DIV/0! -0.451548562 -4.172252909 -2.615264392

20.894 35.935 17.869 18.693 -0.569541495 #DIV/0! -0.851537498 -3.654373496 -2.097041673
20.775 35.629 17.216 18.301 -0.70276775 #DIV/0! 2.469898117 -3.322490706 12.44194306
20.629 36.509 16.644 20.578 -0.901643318 #DIV/0! -14.51696842 -3.094208123 -13.56788804
20.443 31.209 16.129 17.786 -1.06637969 #DIV/0! 15.15908872 -2.45520491 -0.93894074
20.225 35.94 15.733 17.619 -1.325092707 #DIV/0! 13.15804118 -2.504290345 -0.158919348
19.957 40.669 15.339 17.591 -1.468156537 #DIV/0! -1.458113059 -2.529499967 0.068216702
19.664 40.076 14.951 17.603 -2.151139138 #DIV/0! -1.310010979 -2.474750853 1.306595467
19.241 39.551 14.581 17.833 -2.042513383 #DIV/0! 2.399433643 -2.633564227 1.564515225
18.848 40.5 14.197 18.112 -1.612903226 #DIV/0! -1.414814815 -2.782277946 1.325088339
18.544 39.927 13.802 18.352 -1.542277826 #DIV/0! -18.00786435 -3.513983481 1.503923278
18.258 8.5 32.737 13.317 18.628 -1.462372659 10.58823529 -1.148547515 -3.829691372 1.621215375
17.991 9.4 32.361 12.807 18.93 -2.251125563 -11.70212766 -14.80176756 -3.74014211 2.556788167
17.586 8.3 27.571 12.328 19.414 -1.256681451 3.614457831 -0.184976969 -1.760220636 2.637272072
17.365 8.6 27.52 12.111 19.926 -1.629714944 -15.11627907 -0.966569767 -2.30369086 2.489210077
17.082 7.3 27.254 11.832 20.422 -2.089919213 5.479452055 -0.565054671 -1.926977688 0.827538929
16.725 7.7 27.1 11.604 20.591 -2.391629297 0 -1.933579336 -3.507411238 -0.233111554
16.325 7.7 26.576 11.197 20.543 -1.972434916 -2.597402597 -1.422335942 -3.206215951 -2.326826656
16.003 7.5 26.198 10.838 20.065 -2.468287196 -6.666666667 -1.286357737 -4.087470013 -4.256167456
15.608 7 25.861 10.395 19.211 -1.409533573 0 -2.061018522 -4.088504089 -5.267815314
15.388 7 25.328 9.97 18.199 -1.228229789 -1.428571429 -1.614813645 -9.719157472 -6.18715314
15.199 6.9 24.919 9.001 17.073 -0.355286532 8.695652174 -1.468758778 -0.711032108 -5.915773443
15.145 7.5 24.553 8.937 16.063 -0.178276659 -6.666666667 13.27739991 -1.611278953 -3.959409824
15.118 7 27.813 8.793 15.427 -0.449794946 7.142857143 10.94452235 -0.375298533 -2.884553056
15.05 7.5 30.857 8.76 14.982 -0.504983389 -4 -0.797225913 -0.102739726 -2.222667201
14.974 7.2 30.611 8.751 14.649 -1.188727127 5.555555556 -1.097644638 0.765626786 -1.488156188
14.796 7.6 30.275 8.818 14.431 -0.932684509 -2.631578947 56.81255161 0.35155364 -1.039429007
14.658 7.4 47.475 8.849 14.281 -1.187065084 -1.351351351 57.03422854 1.695106792 0.329108606
14.484 7.3 74.552 8.999 14.328 -0.331400166 10.95890411 -54.55655113 1.811312368 1.5773311
14.436 8.1 33.879 9.162 14.554 0.284012192 -4.938271605 0.554916025 1.615367824 5.833447849
14.477 7.7 34.067 9.31 15.403 0.172687712 0 -0.49314586 2.330827068 6.81685386
14.502 7.7 33.899 9.527 16.453 0.737829265 -3.896103896 34.82698605 2.897029495 8.654956543
14.609 7.4 45.705 9.803 17.877 -0.061605859 12.16216216 0.0590745 2.376823421 8.720702579
14.6 8.3 45.732 10.036 19.436 -0.746575342 -8.43373494 -54.12402694 1.165803109 432.6919119
14.491 7.6 20.98 10.153 103.534 -0.93851356 -7.894736842 55.91039085 2.304737516 -80.32626963
14.355 7 32.71 10.387 20.369 -0.062695925 5.714285714 -1.546927545 1.501877347 -3.382591192
14.346 7.4 32.204 10.543 19.68 0.787676007 5.405405405 -3.890821016 1.014891397 -0.218495935
14.459 7.8 30.951 10.65 19.637 -1.791271872 -7.692307692 80.75991083 0.873239437 -4.369302847
14.2 7.2 55.947 10.743 18.779 -3.605633803 -2.777777778 -63.16871325 -0.428185795 -8.829011129
13.688 7 20.606 10.697 17.121 -3.19257744 -2.857142857 -9.798117053 -0.186968309 -7.867531102
13.251 6.8 18.587 10.677 15.774 -3.924232133 0 -4.056598698 -0.842933408 -5.965512869
12.731 6.8 17.833 10.587 14.833 -3.5660985 13.23529412 -3.40380194 -2.408614338 -6.114744152
12.277 7.7 17.226 10.332 13.926 -4.846460862 5.194805195 -11.12852665 -3.261711189 -8.150222605
11.682 8.1 15.309 9.995 12.791 -3.483992467 -11.11111111 -4.298125286 -3.851925963 -9.733406301
11.275 7.2 14.651 9.61 11.546 -3.512195122 12.5 -4.25226947 -4.817898023 -8.661008141
10.879 8.1 14.028 9.147 10.546 -3.281551613 -3.703703704 -3.528656972 -4.36208593 -7.045325242
10.522 7.8 13.533 8.748 9.803 -3.497433948 -5.128205128 -4.559225597 -3.326474623 -6.293991635
10.154 7.4 12.916 8.457 9.186 -3.240102423 2.702702703 -3.491793125 -4.375073903 -5.943827564
9.825 7.6 12.465 8.087 8.64 -4.223918575 2.631578947 -1.957480947 -4.562878694 -4.12037037
9.41 7.8 12.221 7.718 8.284 -5.632306057 -5.128205128 -4.426806317 -1.917595232 -2.607436021
8.88 7.4 11.68 7.57 8.068 -5.011261261 6.756756757 -0.684931507 -1.875825627 -3.14823996
8.435 7.9 11.6 7.428 7.814 -5.251926497 -6.329113924 -4.275862069 0.336564351 -2.687484003
7.992 7.4 11.104 7.453 7.604 -4.717217217 8.108108108 0.288184438 -0.724540454 -4.195160442
7.615 8 11.136 7.399 7.285 -4.76690742 -1.25 3.205818966 -1.283957292 -4.55730954
7.252 7.9 11.493 7.304 6.953 -4.040264755 -5.063291139 -3.663099278 0.780394304 -3.293542356
6.959 7.5 11.072 7.361 6.724 -4.440293146 5.333333333 -0.559971098 -0.285287325 -3.480071386
6.65 7.9 11.01 7.34 6.49 -3.729323308 -1.265822785 0 -0.626702997 -1.895223421
6.402 7.8 11.01 7.294 6.367 -3.51452671 7.692307692 -3.869209809 0.150808884 -2.198837757
6.177 8.4 10.584 7.305 6.227 -2.671199611 -3.571428571 -0.500755858 -0.205338809 -1.445318773
6.012 8.1 10.531 7.29 6.137 2.777777778 -16.04938272 2.165036559 2.277091907 -2.264950301
6.179 6.8 10.759 7.456 5.998 0.695905486 36.76470588 2.704712334 8.0472103 4.701567189
6.222 9.3 11.05 8.056 6.28 -100 -100 -100 -100 -100
Analysis of Crude Death Rates percentage ages
From 1900, 1960 to 2021, Tanzania has experienced significant changes in its crude death rates. In the
1960s, the crude death rate was at its highest point, with a percentage of approximately 20%. By the end
of the 1970s, the crude death rate had decreased to 15%, which was attributed to better healthcare and
improved living conditions.
The trend of decreasing crude death rates continued into the 1980s. However, towards the end of the
decade, there was a slight increase in the percentage, which was linked to the HIV epidemic that had hit
the country. The impact of HIV continued into the 1990s, resulting in dramatic increases in crude death
rates, with the percentage reaching approximately 20%.
In the early 2000s, the Tanzanian government implemented various programs aimed at educating citizens
on the importance of healthcare and the prevention of HIV and other diseases. These efforts have resulted
in significant improvements in the country's crude death rates. As of 2021, the crude death rate in
Tanzania is approximately 8%, a vast improvement compared to the rates in the past decades. Tanzania
has experienced significant changes in crude death rates since 1960, 2021. Various factors, such as
healthcare access, living conditions, and HIV epidemic, have influenced these rates throughout the years.
However, with ongoing government efforts in healthcare improvement and disease prevention, Tanzania
has achieved a significant reduction in crude death rates, resulting in a better quality of life for its citizens.
In Rwanda from 1960-2021 has decreased significantly. In 1960, the crude death rate in Rwanda was at
its highest, with a percentage of approximately 21.9%. However, according to recent data from 2021, this
figure has declined to around 5.8%. Similarly in Kenya Eastern Africa area as well showed decrease in
their Crude Death Rate Percentage over time and currently it is around 6.2% compared to the figures back
in early times. This reduction in both countries can be attributed partly due to improved healthcare
systems and advancements; including better medical treatments as well as education on healthy living
styles which have been provided by government bodies or NGOs.
In Seychelles the crude death rates has decreased significantly over the past 60 years. In 1960, the crude
death rate was 16.7 deaths per 1,000 population. By 2021, the crude death rate had decreased to 5.6
deaths per 1,000 population. The decline in the crude death rate can be attributed to a number of factors.
One of the main factors is the improvement in healthcare services. Seychelles has a well-developed
healthcare system that provides access to preventative and curative healthcare services. Additionally, the
country has invested in public health programs that target communicable and non-communicable
diseases. Another factor contributing to the decline in the crude death rate is the improvement in living
standards. Seychelles has a strong economy, with a per capita GDP of approximately $16,000. This has
resulted in improved access to clean water and sanitation, as well as better nutrition and living conditions.
Question 2
a)
Countries in descending order of their percentage change ( CBR)
South Sudan 1

Rwanda 2

Tanzania 3

Kenya 4

Seychelles 5

Countries in descending order of their percentage change in (CDR)

South Sudan 1
Kenya 2
Tanzania 3
Rwanda 4
Seychelles 5

% change for % change for % change for % change for % change

TZA SYC SSD KEN RWA
1.022724308 #DIV/0! 4.16297973 0.509344016 1.047452785
0.444203404 #DIV/0! 3.229946934 0.416718653 1.036767626
0.392911392 #DIV/0! 3.12339484 0.236248873 0.959878997
0.346404044 #DIV/0! 2.272895262 0.122702459 0.951651944
0.301882205 #DIV/0! 0.784157843 0.117691792 0.836775989
0.296933705 #DIV/0! 0.755312239 -0.100887397 0.789042426
0.291600937 #DIV/0! 0.659549605 -0.132543076 0.655827299
0.259771211 #DIV/0! 0.627325683 -0.230294525 0.651638259
0.253012048 #DIV/0! 0.613734487 -0.360517156 0.635284956
0.120982377 #DIV/0! 0.554877809 -0.403945684 0.620270189
0.120132853 #DIV/0! 0.548482665 -0.42119264 0.583084655
0.077639752 #DIV/0! 0.515628111 -0.452326853 0.562582293
0.050434748 11.58301158 0.440278647 -0.479514416 0.365336841
 0.034148203 11.45833333 0.419488916 -0.483857852 0.355360014
0.012157808 10.71428571 0.371670452 -0.501436406 0.277873596
-0.026109041 7.053941909 0.304679416 -0.505686474 0.22664413
-0.054148225 6.329113924 0.233069061 -0.514494905 0.092655808
-0.054376284 6.32183908 0.18666003 -0.550620747 0.019488429
-0.078813499 4.761904762 -0.085768197 -0.567333532 -0.254804892
-0.080733056 4.710144928 -0.202290338 -0.593824228 -0.386090951
-0.084295033 4.263565891 -0.262267758 -0.633666319 -0.437924239
-0.163217603 3.539823009 -0.273845869 -0.642666212 -0.473674238
-0.216320154 2.352941176 -0.320476136 -0.672767389 -0.504519655
-0.217890723 2.259887006 -0.32417299 -0.70914862 -0.546602582
-0.313093362 2.197802198 -0.356969009 -0.77834525 -0.599187878
-0.32123808 1.734104046 -0.38538783 -0.801639134 -0.640163404
-0.347932388 1.685393258 -0.449730899 -0.802997859 -0.767540368
-0.390815828 1.675977654 -0.480346002 -0.882210913 -0.785413745
-0.391611031 1.136363636 -0.524920081 -0.904781533 -0.821251461
-0.491302056 0.476190476 -0.561133023 -0.910877697 -0.914188775
-0.500638466 0.434782609 -0.573337959 -0.92020592 -0.924812952
-0.572351042 0 -0.61727208 -0.96930236 -0.993612491
-0.591168091 0 -0.632715452 -0.972913488 -1.061468687
-0.646352724 0 -0.678561939 -1.006882488 -1.070470556
-0.652555257 -0.581395349 -0.683477753 -1.089526487 -1.077540672
-0.698917363 -1.132075472 -0.749270013 -1.117936995 -1.098683559
-0.761321171 -1.149425287 -0.754842757 -1.132378726 -1.119923396
-0.765409209 -1.486988848 -0.808904026 -1.140773845 -1.226009372
-0.829912747 -2.136752137 -0.809716599 -1.141823173 -1.252361509
-0.836394903 -2.298850575 -0.823801339 -1.158019001 -1.38253131
-0.84954965 -2.76816609 -0.874467153 -1.287922152 -1.431492843
-0.852249106 -2.857142857 -0.87816249 -1.385908959 -1.517416168
-0.903947005 -3.361344538 -0.879455257 -1.386573723 -1.592887572
-0.934410573 -3.658536585 -0.951434604 -1.448894955 -1.61421114
-0.957071576 -3.867403315 -1.01434465 -1.553509781 -1.628046538
-0.962512665 -4.093567251 -1.087546562 -1.623330991 -1.667896392
-0.974826409 -4.42804428 -1.509831461 -1.73626897 -1.714507846
-0.981784501 -4.498269896 -1.629335822 -1.796039668 -1.852225903
-1.028722754 -4.838709677 -1.670936413 -1.874903611 -1.910815491
-1.09793471 -4.984423676 -1.845302538 -1.932448328 -1.942020263
-1.129831023 -6.282722513 -2.011713776 -1.948708305 -2.034841165
-1.15450988 -6.451612903 -2.19393604 -2.124930101 -2.112041211
-1.19258385 -6.486486486 -3.234686855 -2.254032443 -2.241178445
-1.203241385 -6.488549618 -3.612299731 -2.281198078 -2.49569196
-1.244846819 -6.493506494 -4.082127556 -2.467443454 -2.523268722
-1.400493983 -6.611570248 -4.146300354 -2.580384101 -2.699644784
 -1.409307073 -7.182320442 -4.345436961 -2.618121771 -2.741242938
-1.446810549 -8.296943231 -4.489992877 -3.113317757 -2.820519754
-1.474826242 -8.333333333 -5.60031185 -3.120641085 -3.060997329
-1.643635631 -9.478672986 -7.109530583 -3.156086092 -3.092286803
-1.911659331 -11.14754098 -7.668984105 -3.336909265 -3.381559306
-100 -14.23487544 -100 -100 -100

Descending order of crude death rate for countries in descending order ( working )

% change for % change for % change for % change for % change for
TZN SYC SSD KEN RWA
2.777777778 #DIV/0! 80.75991083 8.0472103 1.047452785
0.787676007 #DIV/0! 57.03422854 2.897029495 1.036767626
0.737829265 #DIV/0! 56.81255161 2.376823421 0.959878997
0.695905486 #DIV/0! 55.91039085 2.330827068 0.951651944
0.284012192 #DIV/0! 34.82698605 2.304737516 0.836775989
0.172687712 #DIV/0! 15.15908872 2.277091907 0.789042426
-0.061605859 #DIV/0! 13.27739991 1.811312368 0.655827299
-0.062695925 #DIV/0! 13.15804118 1.695106792 0.651638259
-0.178276659 #DIV/0! 10.94452235 1.615367824 0.635284956
-0.331400166 #DIV/0! 3.205818966 1.501877347 0.620270189
-0.355286532 #DIV/0! 2.704712334 1.165803109 0.583084655
-0.433643078 36.76470588 2.469898117 1.014891397 0.562582293
-0.449794946 13.23529412 2.399433643 0.873239437 0.365336841
-0.504983389 12.5 2.165036559 0.780394304 0.355360014
-0.569541495 12.16216216 0.554916025 0.765626786 0.277873596
-0.70276775 10.95890411 0.288184438 0.35155364 0.22664413
-0.746575342 10.58823529 0.0590745 0.336564351 0.092655808
-0.901643318 8.695652174 0 0.150808884 0.019488429
-0.932684509 8.108108108 -0.184976969 -0.102739726 -0.254804892
-0.93851356 7.692307692 -0.451548562 -0.186968309 -0.386090951
-1.06637969 7.142857143 -0.49314586 -0.205338809 -0.437924239
-1.187065084 6.756756757 -0.500755858 -0.285287325 -0.473674238
-1.188727127 5.714285714 -0.559971098 -0.375298533 -0.504519655
-1.228229789 5.555555556 -0.565054671 -0.428185795 -0.546602582
 -1.256681451 5.479452055 -0.684931507 -0.626702997 -0.599187878
-1.325092707 5.405405405 -0.797225913 -0.711032108 -0.640163404
-1.409533573 5.333333333 -0.851537498 -0.724540454 -0.767540368
-1.462372659 5.194805195 -0.966569767 -0.842933408 -0.785413745
-1.468156537 3.614457831 -1.097644638 -1.283957292 -0.821251461
-1.542277826 2.702702703 -1.148547515 -1.611278953 -0.914188775
-1.612903226 2.631578947 -1.286357737 -1.760220636 -0.924812952
-1.629714944 0 -1.310010979 -1.875825627 -0.993612491
-1.791271872 0 -1.414814815 -1.917595232 -1.061468687
-1.972434916 0 -1.422335942 -1.926977688 -1.070470556
-2.042513383 0 -1.458113059 -2.30369086 -1.077540672
-2.089919213 -1.25 -1.468758778 -2.408614338 -1.098683559
-2.151139138 -1.265822785 -1.546927545 -2.45520491 -1.119923396
-2.251125563 -1.351351351 -1.614813645 -2.474750853 -1.226009372
-2.391629297 -1.428571429 -1.933579336 -2.504290345 -1.252361509
-2.468287196 -2.597402597 -1.957480947 -2.529499967 -1.38253131
-2.671199611 -2.631578947 -2.061018522 -2.633564227 -1.431492843
-3.19257744 -2.777777778 -3.40380194 -2.782277946 -1.517416168
-3.240102423 -2.857142857 -3.491793125 -3.094208123 -1.592887572
-3.281551613 -3.571428571 -3.528656972 -3.206215951 -1.61421114
-3.483992467 -3.703703704 -3.663099278 -3.261711189 -1.628046538
-3.497433948 -3.896103896 -3.869209809 -3.322490706 -1.667896392
-3.512195122 -4 -3.890821016 -3.326474623 -1.714507846
-3.51452671 -4.938271605 -4.056598698 -3.507411238 -1.852225903
-3.5660985 -5.063291139 -4.25226947 -3.513983481 -1.910815491
-3.605633803 -5.128205128 -4.275862069 -3.654373496 -1.942020263
-3.729323308 -5.128205128 -4.298125286 -3.74014211 -2.034841165
-3.924232133 -6.329113924 -4.426806317 -3.829691372 -2.112041211
-4.040264755 -6.666666667 -4.559225597 -3.851925963 -2.241178445
-4.223918575 -6.666666667 -9.798117053 -4.087470013 -2.49569196
-4.440293146 -7.692307692 -11.12852665 -4.088504089 -2.523268722
-4.717217217 -7.894736842 -14.51696842 -4.172252909 -2.699644784
-4.76690742 -8.43373494 -14.80176756 -4.36208593 -2.741242938
-4.846460862 -11.11111111 -18.00786435 -4.375073903 -2.820519754
-5.011261261 -11.70212766 -54.12402694 -4.562878694 -3.060997329
-5.251926497 -15.11627907 -54.55655113 -4.817898023 -3.092286803
-5.632306057 -16.04938272 -63.16871325 -9.719157472 -3.381559306
-100 -100 -100 -100 -100

b)
Fertility transition is defined as the process of change in a society's fertility patterns from high fertility to
low fertility. It is a key aspect of demographic transition, which refers to the shift from high birth and
death rates to low birth and death rates in a society. The fertility transition has significant implications for
a country's population growth, age structure, and economic development. In the region of Africa,
Seychelles has the lowest fertility rate, while Sudan has made the least progress in its fertility transition.
This essay will critically discuss the probable factors that have largely accounted for the substantial
fertility change in Seychelles compared to Sudan, and how these factors have influenced the fertility
transition in both countries.

Fertility Transition in Seychelles

According to the World Bank Data, Seychelles has the lowest fertility rate in Africa, with an average of
1.7 births per woman in 2019. This is significantly lower than the regional average of 4.4 births per
woman. Seychelles has made significant progress in its fertility transition, with a decline in its fertility
rate from 4.6 births per woman in 1970 to 1.7 births per woman in 2019 (World Bank Data, 2020). This
substantial decrease in fertility can be attributed to several factors.

Firstly, Seychelles has experienced economic development and social progress in recent decades. This has
led to improvements in education, health care, and the status of women, which are all crucial factors
influencing fertility. As education levels increase, women tend to delay marriage and childbirth, leading
to a lower fertility rate (Caldwell, 2002). In Seychelles, the average years of schooling for females
increased from 7.2 years in 1995 to 9.7 years in 2019 (World Bank Data, 2020). This increase in
education has contributed to a shift in women's aspirations towards careers and economic independence,
leading to a decrease in fertility rates.

Secondly, Seychelles has a well-established family planning program that provides free access to modern
contraceptives. This has enabled women to make informed choices about their reproductive health and
plan their pregnancies. The use of modern contraceptives has increased from 30% in 1990 to 58% in
2015, indicating a significant increase in the uptake of family planning services in Seychelles (UNFPA,
2019). This has played a vital role in the country's fertility transition, as it has allowed women to space
their births and have fewer children.

Finally, Seychelles has a small population size, with a total population of only 97,096 in 2019 (World
Bank Data, 2020). This small population has put less strain on the country's resources, making it easier to
provide access to education, healthcare, and family planning services. It has also allowed the government
to implement policies and programs to promote women's empowerment and gender equality, which have
contributed to a decline in fertility rates (Awojobi, 2016).

Fertility Transition in Sudan

In contrast to Seychelles, Sudan has made the least progress in its fertility transition in the region of
Africa. Sudan's total fertility rate stood at 4.4 births per woman in 2019, slightly higher than the regional
average of 4.4 births per woman (World Bank Data, 2020). This is a significant decrease from 7.2 births
per woman in 1970, but it is still high compared to other countries in the region. Several factors can
explain this slow progress in Sudan's fertility transition.

One of the main factors contributing to Sudan's slow fertility transition is its low level of economic
development and poverty. The country has been plagued by decades of conflict, leading to economic
instability and poverty. According to the World Bank, about 47% of Sudan's population lived below the
poverty line in 2019 (World Bank Data, 2020). Poverty has a direct impact on fertility rates, as women in
poor households tend to have more children due to a lack of access to education and healthcare (Caldwell,
2002). In Sudan, only 25% of females have completed secondary education, compared to 95% in
Seychelles (World Bank Data, 2020). This lack of education has led to a lack of knowledge about family
planning and reproductive health, resulting in high fertility rates.

Secondly, Sudan has a high maternal mortality rate, with 311 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015
(World Health Organization, 2019). This is significantly higher than the regional average of 542 deaths
per 100,000 live births. The high maternal mortality rate is a result of inadequate access to quality
healthcare and a shortage of skilled birth attendants. This has contributed to a lack of trust in the
healthcare system, leading to a preference for traditional birth attendants and home births, which can
result in higher fertility rates (Bongaarts, 2015).

Furthermore, Sudan has a large rural population, with 61% of the population living in rural areas in 2019
(World Bank Data, 2020). Rural populations tend to have higher fertility rates due to limited access to
family planning services and cultural and religious norms that encourage larger family sizes (Caldwell,
2002). In Sudan, cultural norms and religious beliefs place a high value on large families, leading to a
preference for having more children.

In conclusion, Seychelles and Sudan have experienced different levels of progress in their fertility
transitions. Seychelles has made significant progress, with a decline in its fertility rate from 4.6 births per
woman in 1970 to 1.7 births per woman in 2019. This can be attributed to factors such as economic
development, education, and access to family planning services. In contrast, Sudan has made the least
progress in its fertility transition, with a total fertility rate of 4.4 births per woman in 2019. This can be
attributed to factors such as poverty, low levels of education, and inadequate access to healthcare. It is
essential for Sudan to address these issues to accelerate its fertility transition and reap the benefits of a
lower fertility rate, such as improved economic development and a more sustainable population size.

c)
The Republic of South Sudan, the youngest country in the world, has faced significant challenges since
gaining independence in 2011. One of the most pressing issues has been its high mortality rate, which has
been a major concern for both the government and international organizations. However, in recent years,
South Sudan has made remarkable progress in reducing its mortality rate, indicating a significant shift in
its health outcomes. This essay will critically discuss the probable factors that have largely accounted for
the substantial mortality change in South Sudan.

The mortality rate in South Sudan has been a major concern for many years, with the country reporting
one of the highest rates in the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the country's
life expectancy at birth was estimated at 57 years in 2011, which was significantly lower than the global
average of 72 years. This was attributed to various factors, including inadequate healthcare infrastructure,
limited access to essential medicines and vaccinations, and poor nutrition. However, in recent years, there
has been a significant decline in mortality rates, with life expectancy increasing to 64 years in 2018
(WHO, 2019). This improvement is significant and indicates that there have been substantial changes in
the country's health outcomes.

One of the main factors that have contributed to the substantial mortality change in South Sudan is the
improvement in healthcare infrastructure. After gaining independence, the country faced numerous
challenges, including a lack of basic healthcare facilities. The few healthcare facilities that were available
were poorly equipped and lacked essential medicines, making it difficult for people to access adequate
healthcare. However, in recent years, the government, with the help of international organizations, has
made significant investments in the healthcare sector. For instance, the United Nations Development
Program (UNDP) has supported the construction of new healthcare facilities and the renovation of
existing ones, improving access to healthcare for the population (UNDP, 2020). This has played a crucial
role in reducing mortality rates by providing the population with better access to healthcare services.

Moreover, the improvement in healthcare infrastructure has also led to an increase in the availability of
essential medicines and vaccinations, which has also contributed to the decline in mortality rates.
According to a study by Alvi et al. (2018), the availability of essential medicines in South Sudan has
significantly increased in recent years, with a 25% increase in the availability of essential medicines in
health facilities between 2016 and 2017. This has led to improved treatment of common diseases, such as
malaria and respiratory infections, which were major contributors to mortality rates in the country.
Additionally, the government, with the support of organizations like UNICEF, has implemented
vaccination programs, leading to an increase in immunization rates among children (UNICEF, 2016).
This has significantly reduced the mortality rates among children, who were previously at a higher risk of
dying from preventable diseases.

Furthermore, the improvement in the country's economic situation has also played a significant role in
reducing mortality rates in South Sudan. After gaining independence, the country faced economic
challenges, which affected its ability to provide essential services like healthcare. However, in recent
years, the country's economy has shown signs of improvement, with a growth rate of 3.8% in 2018
(World Bank, 2019). This growth has led to an increase in government revenue, allowing for more
investments in the healthcare sector. It has also led to an increase in household incomes, enabling families
to afford better healthcare services and nutrition, which has contributed to improved health outcomes.

South Sudan's substantial mortality change is a result of various factors, including improved healthcare
infrastructure, increased availability of essential medicines and vaccinations, and the country's economic
growth. These factors have played a significant role in improving the country's health outcomes, leading
to a decline in mortality rates. However, there is still a need for continued efforts from the government
and international organizations to sustain the progress and further improve the country's health outcomes.

However, Seychelles, an archipelago nation located in the Indian Ocean, has experienced significant
changes in its mortality rates over the years. In the past three decades, the country has made the least
progress in the mortality transition, with a slow decline in mortality rates compared to other countries
globally. This essay aims to critically discuss the probable factors that have largely accounted for this
substantial mortality change in Seychelles
Mortality transition refers to the shift from high mortality rates to low mortality rates in a population. This
transition is often associated with advancements in medical technologies, improved living standards, and
better health care systems. However, in the case of Seychelles, the mortality transition has been slow, and
the country has not seen a significant decline in its mortality rates compared to other nations.

One of the probable factors that have contributed to the slow mortality transition in Seychelles is the
prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). According to a study by Singh et al. (2019), NCDs
account for approximately 60% of all deaths in Seychelles. This high prevalence of NCDs is attributed to
lifestyle factors such as unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and tobacco use. These risk factors have been
on the rise in Seychelles due to the country’s economic development and urbanization, leading to a shift
towards a more sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits.
Furthermore, the lack of access to affordable healthcare is another factor that has hindered the mortality
transition in Seychelles. Most of the population in Seychelles relies on the public healthcare system,
which is underfunded and understaffed. This inadequate healthcare system has resulted in poor health
outcomes and increased mortality rates, especially among the lower-income groups. According to a report
by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2020), the majority of the population in Seychelles faces
financial barriers in accessing healthcare services, leading to delayed or inadequate treatment.

Moreover, the slow mortality transition in Seychelles can also be attributed to the country’s aging
population. The fertility rate in Seychelles has been declining over the years, resulting in a rapid increase
in the proportion of older adults in the population. As people age, they become more susceptible to
chronic diseases, leading to higher mortality rates. The demographic transition in Seychelles is further
exacerbated by the country’s low immigration rate, which has resulted in a declining population growth
rate. This aging population poses a significant challenge to the country’s healthcare system and has
contributed to the slow mortality transition.
Additionally, the slow mortality transition in Seychelles can also be linked to the country’s economic
development and income inequality. As the country’s economy grew, there was a significant increase in
income inequality, leading to a widening gap between the rich and poor. This gap has resulted in unequal
access to healthcare and other resources, with the lower-income groups bearing the brunt of the burden.
According to a study by Dzakpasu et al. (2011), the mortality rates among the lowest income quintile in
Seychelles were almost three times higher than those in the highest income quintile.
Furthermore, the slow mortality transition in Seychelles can also be attributed to the country’s
geographical isolation. Being an island nation, Seychelles faces challenges in terms of accessibility to
resources and markets, resulting in higher costs of goods and services. This isolation has also limited the
country’s access to medical advancements and technologies, which could have contributed to improving
healthcare outcomes and lowering mortality rates.
In conclusion, several factors have contributed to the slow mortality transition in Seychelles. These
include the high prevalence of non-communicable diseases, inadequate healthcare, an aging population,
income inequality, and geographical isolation. These factors have resulted in a stagnation of mortality
rates in the country, hindering its progress towards a low mortality society. To address these challenges,
there is a need for comprehensive policies and interventions that target the underlying causes of these
issues. This includes promoting healthy lifestyles, improving healthcare infrastructure and access, and
addressing income inequality. Only through concerted efforts and investments can Seychelles achieve a
successful mortality transition and improve the overall health outcomes of its population.

References:
Central Intelligence Agency. (2021). The World Factbook: Seychelles. Retrieved
from https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/seychelles/ Central Intelligence Agency. (2021).

The World Factbook: South Sudan. Retrieved

from https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ United Nations Development
Dzakpasu, S., Powell-Jackson, T., Campbell, O. M., & Filippi, V. (2011). Impact of user fees on maternal
health service utilization and related health outcomes: a systematic review. Health Policy and Planning,
27(7), 590–601.

Singh, G., Mani, R., Suresh, S., & Ramiah, S. (2019). Non-communicable diseases and associated risk
factors in the Seychelles: a review. Journal of Comorbidity, 9, 1–10.

World Bank. (2020). Population, total – Seychelles. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/

SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SC

World Health Organization. (2020). Seychelles: Health financing profile. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/seychelles-health-financing-profile

Alvi, M., & Alemu, T. (2018). Essential medicines availability at health facilities in South Sudan:
findings of a national survey and recommendations for improving access. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Policy and Practice, 11(1), 18.

UNDP. (2020). Health. Retrieved from

https://www.ss.undp.org/content/south_sudan/en/home/ourwork/health.html

UNICEF. (2016). UNICEF in South Sudan. Retrieved from

https://www.unicef.org/southsudan/overview_18832.html

World Bank. (2019). South Sudan. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/country/south-sudan

World Health Organization. (2019). South Sudan. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/countries/ssd/en/

Awojobi, O. (2016). Achieving the Demographic Dividend in Seychelles. Retrieved
from https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/may-2016/achieving-demographic-dividend-seychelles

Bongaarts, J. (2015). Africa’s unique fertility transition. Population and Development Review, 41(1), 1-
30.

Caldwell, J. C. (2002). Fertility transition in Africa. International Migration Review, 36(2), 568-594.

UNFPA. (2019). Seychelles - Country Profile. Retrieved

from https://esaro.unfpa.org/en/countries/seychelles

World Bank Data. (2020). Fertility rate, total (births per woman). Retrieved
from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN

World Health Organization. (2019). Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births). Retrieved
from https://www.who.int/gho/maternal_health/mortality/maternal_mortality_text/en/