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Lect 2 Lipids

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4 views

Lect 2 Lipids

Uploaded by

czdmvgbgfz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Biochemistry

Applied Biochemistry
2024 – 2025

Biochemistry Aspects
of Lipids
LOCs
At the end of this session, the student will be able to;

• Demonstrate the structure and types of fatty acids.

• Illustrate the biological significance of lipids structures and types of food


oils

• Describe the importance of the essential FA, phospholipids, and


humane lipids
Outlines

• Structure, formula, and the nomenclature of Fatty acids (FA).

• FA classification (saturation – essentiality classification).

• Medical and nutritional applications: Omega FA – Prostaglandins – eicosanoids.

• Oil hydrogenation

• Phospholipids

• Steroids

• Lipoproteins
Biochemical Importance of Lipids

• They are a good source of energy (9 kcal / g).


• Provide the body with essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins
• They contribute to the palatability of the diet.
• Used as a fuel reserve in adipose tissue (when needed)
• Fats under the skin (subcutaneous) are used as insulators and protect
and maintain the body temperature.
• Non-polar lipids (fats) act as electrical insulators.
• Fats provide the protection and fixation of internal organs.
• Lipoproteins enter the formation of the cell wall, muscles,
mitochondria, and microsomes.
Lipids

• Lipids: a family of biochemicals that are soluble in organic solvents


but not in water
• Classes:
• Triglycerides (fats & oils): glycerol + 3 fatty acids
• Phospholipids: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + amino alcohol
• Glycolipids: glycerol or sphingosine + fatty acid + monosaccharide
• Steroids: 3 cyclohexanes + 1 cyclopentane fused together
Fatty Acids

• Fatty acids: long-chain carboxylic acids


• Form fats and oils (usually have an even number of carbons)
• Saturated fatty acid: all single bonds
• Unsaturated fatty acid:
• Monounsaturated (monoenoic) acids contain one double bond.
• Polyunsaturated (polyenoic): two or more double bonds, most double bonds are cis-bonds
that cause a bend in the chain
• Eicosanoids: These compounds are derived from eicosa- (20-carbon) polyenoic fatty
acids, e.g.,
• leukotrienes (LTs),
• prostaglandins and
• thromboxanes (TXs).
Fatty acids
General nomenclature
• The carbon atoms of fatty acid are numbered (or lettered with the Greek
lettering system, from the carboxyl group (carbon no.1), and carbon
atoms next to it (Nos. 2, 3, and 4) are named (α, β, γ).
• Or from the carbon farthest removed from the carboxyl group (the
terminal methyl carbon is known as the ω or n-carbon. (n or omega
numbering system)

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ω δ γ β α
1. Saturated F.As.
Saturated fatty acids have single C–C bonds

• Molecules that fit closely together in a regular pattern.


• Strong attractions between fatty acid chains.
• High melting points à solids at room temperature.
2. Unsaturated F.As.
Most Naturally Occurring Unsaturated have cis C=C bonds

• Have nonlinear chains that do not allow molecules to pack closely (because of the cis-double
bonds).
• Have low melting points à liquids at room temperature.
Omega-6 and Omega-3 F.As.
The first double bond:
• At carbon 6 (omega-6) (e.g. vegetable oils)
• At carbon 3 (omega-3) (e.g. fish oils)
Essential fatty acids

• Essential fatty acids that can not be synthesized in the body and must
be taken in adequate amounts in the diet. Mammals cannot
synthesize the two main types of polyunsaturated fatty acids: the
linoleic (omega-6) and linolenic (omega-3).
• Essential fatty acid deficiency is characterized by nutrition deficiency
disease, e.g dermatitis and poor wound healing
Classification of Lipids
Simple lipids

• Simple lipids: are esters of fatty acids with alcohols


• Esters are derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
• There are 2 classes of simple lipids (according to the type of alcohol)
• A- Neutral Lipids (fats & oils):
Esters of fatty acids with the glycerol (an alcohol).
Oils are liquid but fats are solid at room temperature, fats and oils are
referred to as triglycerides
A. Triglycerides

• Are esters of three fatty acids with glycerol

• They are called neutral fat because they carry no charge

• They are stored mainly in cytoplasm of adipose tissue cells (located subcutaneously, and
around kidney and other organs)

• Sources of triacylglycerols are butter, lards, cotton seed oil, linseed oil, sesame oil, olive
oil, cod liver oil and shark liver oil

• Types of triglycerides
• Simple triacylglycerol (similar 3 FA)
• Mixed triacylglycerol (different 3 FA)
Triglycerides

• Formed by esterification (condensation reaction between 3 fatty acids


and one molecule of glycerol)
Compound Lipids

They are esters of fatty acids with alcohols containing additional


groups.
• Phospholipids (contain phosphate group)
1. Glycerophospholipids: Alcohol is glycerol
2. Sphingophospholipids: Alcohol is sphingosine.

• Lipoproteins contain proteins


Phospholipids

• Phospholipid:
alcohol + phosphate +fatty acid

• Glycerophospholid: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate/amino alcohol


• Lecithins and cephalins abundant in brain & nerve tissue, egg yolks, wheat germ, and yeast
• Forms cell membranes
Lipoproteins

• Water insoluble lipids must be delivered to all parts of the body by


the water-based blood
• Body packages lipids in membrane with proteins to make the lipids water
soluble
• Types: VLDL, LDL, HDL, chylomicrons
• HDL on the way to the liver is “good cholesterol”
• LDL on way to the cells is prone to deposit in blood vessels
• Enzyme in blood capillaries releases lipids from the protein carrier
Lipoproteins
Lipoproteins
Steroids

• Cholesterol
• Synthesized in the liver
• Gives strength to cell membranes
• In myelin sheath, bile salts and vitamin D are produced by the skin
• Excess in the body leads to plaque in the arteries ( atherosclerosis)
Steroids

• Bile salts
• Synthesized from cholesterol in the liver
• Sent to the digestive tract to emulsify fats
• Promotes absorption of cholesterol in the digestive tract
• Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K
• A for night vision
• D promotes absorption of Ca+ in intestinal tract and deposition of Ca+ in the bones
• E prevents oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes
• K functions in blood clotting
References

• Text book of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations Fifth Ed, Devlin TM Ed.
Wiley -Liss New York
• Lippincott's Reviews of Biochemistry, latest edition by Champe PC, Harvey RA,
Ferrier DR, Lippincott William & Wilkins London.
• Marks’ Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach, latest Edition By A. D
Marks, CM Smith and Lieberman M. Williams & Wilkins- London.
Thank You

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