The School as an

Organization
School

 Considered as one of the major institutions that constitute society.

 A place where people of different ages learn and acquire education and
training in different grade or year levels. It can be in:
Basic Education School ( preschool, elementary, junior and senior high school)
Technical-Vocational Institution ( Tesda)
Higher Education Institution ( college and universities)
Organizational Theories

Organization
- group of people intentionally organized to accomplish an overall, common
goal or set goals which have major subsystems that functions with other
subsystems in order to achieve the overall goal of the organization.
- In simple words, It is defined as a group of persons formed to seek certain
goals.
Example:
1. Egyptians who constructed the great pyramids.
2. Emperors of China who used to construct irrigation system.
Educational Organization
 School is established with a clear vision, mission goals and objectives
(VMGOs). School’s VMGO is declaration of the school’s objectives which
serves as a guide for planning and decision-making.
~ Several theories that explain the Structure of organization and these are
classified as Classical or Modern organizational theories.
Among these are:
1. Frederick Winslow Taylor ( Scientific management approach)
2. Henri Fayol ( Administrative approach)
3. Max Weber ( Bureaucratic approach)

~ Their works (Taylor, Fayol and Weber) are some of the theories that have
significantly contributed in the management of organizations, and which also
became the foundation of other succeeding organizational theories that are
being adopted by many organizations.
Frederick Winslow Taylor
 Primary contributor of Scientific management which originated in the
beginning of the 20th century which was later adopted by industrial
companies. Scientific management was based on idea of systematization
where attempts were made to enhance efficiency of procedures to be
beat via scientific analysis and experiments.
 Taylor’s work is based on the concept of planning of work to achieve
efficiency, standardization, specialization and simplification that promotes
mutual trust between the management and workers in order to increase
productivity.
 He proposed four (4) principles of scientific management:
1. Science, not rule of thumb - develop a science of each element of man’s
work, which replaces the old-rule-of-thumb.
2. Scientific selection of the worker – scientifically select then train, teach and
develop the workman, whereas in the past he chose his own work and
trained himself the best he could.
3. Management and labor cooperation rather than conflict – heartily cooperate
with the men so as to ensure all of the work being done is in accordance with the
principles of science which has been developed.
4. Scientific training if the worker – workers should be trained by experts using
scientific method.

# Taylor suggested Concepts in order to increase the level of Trust:

 The advantages of productivity improvement should go to workers;
 Physical stress and anxiety should be eliminated as much as possible;
 Capabilities of worker should be developed through training; and
 The traditional “boss” concept should be eliminated.
Henri Fayol
 Developed the approach called Administrative theory. Fayol’s
administrative principles is in the form of management’s hierarchical
pyramid structure which is considered as top down approach and its focus
is on administrative process rather than technical process.
 Fayol laid the first foundation for modern scientific management in the
early 1900 which serve as guidelines for decision making and management
actions.
# 14 principles of management is considered as the underlying factors for
successful management :
1. Division of work- task is divided among employees according to their field
of expertise or specialization.
2. Authority and Responsibility- management has the authority to give orders
to subordinates that comes with corresponding responsibilty.
3. Discipline- abouf the core values anchored on the vision and mission of
organization to form of good conduct which essential to the successful
operation of the organization.
4. Unity of command- All orders received must come from one manager only
otherwise it will cause confusion to employees.
5. Unity of Direction- all actions are properly coordinated and requires employees
to perform and carry out activities as one team leading to the same objectives
using one plan.
6. Subordinate of Individual interest- prioritization of organization’s interest over
personal interest which applies to all members of organization.
7. Remuneration- about rewards and compensations to efforts that have been
made which could be in a form of monetary or non-monetary that keeps
employees motivated and productive.
8. The Degree of centralization- this implies the concentration of decision making
authority at the top management.
9. Scalar chain- about the hierarchical structure that is always present at any type
of organization.
10. Order- pertains to the order and safety of employees in order to function
properly at work.
11. Equity- this emplies equal treatment among members of the organization
11. Equity- this emplies equal treatment among members of the organization
12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel- about the proper deployment and
management of personnel by providing employees the opportunity to be
considered for tenured position based on their performance.
13. Initiative- allows employees to express ideas that will help benefit the
company.
14. Esprit de Corps- this promotes unitu among employees, develop morale in
the workplace and creates atmosphere of mutual trust and understanding.
Max Weber
 He is a German physiologist known for bureaucratic theory of management
and is considered as the father of sociology.
 He believed that the most efficient way to set up an organization is through
bureaucracy which is way better than the traditional structure.
 Bureaucracy is organizational structure that is characterized by many rules,
standardized process, procedures and requurements number of desks ,
meticulous division of labor and responsibility, clear hierarchies and
professional, almost impersonal interaction between employees.
# Three (3) types of power :
1. Traditional authority- based on historically created legitimacy where
authority is hereditary and based on dependent subordinates
2. Legal, rule-oriented authority- the bureaucratic type of authority, based on
normative rules for career, hierarchy, etc.
3. Charismatic authority- personal authority, based on a type of “seduction”
and hence the devotion of supporters.
Salient features of Max Weber’s
Bureaucratic Theory
1. Task specialization- sometimes called the division of labor wherein
individual tasks are divided into separate jobs which allows to manage
tasks easily. In a school setting, , each department has different functions
and each member has different field expertise.
2. Hierarchical of authority- managers are organized into hierarchical layers ;
where each layer of management is responsible for its staff and overall
performance. In educational system, there are many hierarchical positions
from top management to lower level. The top level has the greatest power
to control the lower level while the bottom layers are always subject to
supervision and control of the higher levels.
3. Formal selection- all employees are selected on the basis of technical skills
and competencies, which have been acquired through training,
education and experience and are paid accordingly. In the Department of
Education, formal selection process is being followed using an establised
set of standards and requirements are applied.
4. Rules and Requirements- formal rules and requirements are required to
ensure uniformity, so that employees know exactly what is expected of them.
In educational institutions, the operation is governed by specific policies,
standards and guidelines which can be in the form of a memo or an order.
5. Impersonal- regulations and clear requirements create distant and
impersonal relationships between employees, with the additional advantage
of preventing nepotism or involvement from outsiders or politics. Decisions must
be based on rational factors rather than personal factors.
6. Career orientation- employees of a bureaucratic organization are selected
on the basis of their expertise. This helps in the deployment of the right people
in the right positions and thereby optimally utilizing human capital.
School Leadership

 Leadership is an essential factor that contributes to the successful operation

of an organization.
 The high quality of instruction delivered by teachers is influenced by school
leaders because they take part in the selection process of hiring teachers.
 Thus, Leadership is vital to the effectiveness of educational institutions.
 School leaders’
 Their function is to take charge of the management of the school. They are
expected to have collective vision of the future direction of the organization
that is clearly understood by its stakeholders in order to meet the school
organization’s goals and objectives.
 According to Christie, Thompson and Whiteley (2009) believe that getting the
right people to become school leaders is very important and by providing them
with competencies to be effective leaders is critical to their profession.
# Important aspects of a School leader’s Role:
1. Developing a deep understanding of how to support teachers- They should
understand the need of teachers that will capacitate them in order to become
effective teachers.
2. Managing the curriculum in ways that promote student learning- learners have
different learning style ; curriculum shall be carefully managed accordingly by
planning for appropriate strategies in curriculum delivery that will suit the
learning style of students.
3. Developing the ability to transform schools into more effective organization to
foster powerful teaching and learning for all students- transformational
 Leadership is inherent to the teaching

profession.
According to Jackson (cited in ASCD,2015) The roles and responsibilities of teacher
nowadays are becoming more complex in view of the reforms in education
brought about by global demands.
 The skills required for teachers is no longer just for teaching but also include
adminitrative functions that are required of a teacher leader.

 According to Gabriel (2005), teacher leader possess a semblance of authority but

no formal power.
 # Roles that teacher leaders may assume :
1. Grade level/Subject coordinator- include instructional leadership and
administrative function.
2. Department chair/coordinator- serves as liaison officer between administration &
colleagues.
3. Curriculum and assessment specialist- leads teachers to follow curriculum
standards and develop appropriate assessment.
 According to Yuki (2013) Leadership is different from managers. It includes
motivating subordinates and creating favorable conditions for doing their
work which is considered as one of the important managerial roles.
# Leaders can influence the effectiveness of an organization through the ff:
1. The choice of objectives and strategies to pursue ;
2. The motivation of members to achieve the objectives ;
3. The mutual trust and cooperation of members ;
4. The organization and coordination of work activities ;
5. The allocation of resources to activities and objectives ;
6. The development of member skills and confidence ;
7. The learning and sharing of knowledge by members ;
8. The enlistment support and cooperation from outsiders ;
9. The design of formal structure, programs, systems ; and
10. The shared belief and values of members.
Becoming an effective teacher and a leader at the same time requires
passion, perseverance, and competency not just to influence students but
also to make meaningful changes in their lives while attending school.
# School leaders involved various Leadership styles:
1. Instructional Leadership- primary role of a school principal is to promote
learning and make students successful in their academic endeavors.
Instructional leadership is based on three-dimensional approach which
includes defining school’s mission, managing the instructional program
and promoting a positive school climate . In short, it promotes
collaboration between the school principal and teachers to develop
curriculum and instruction in order to improve student’s performance.
2. Transformational Leadership- they are the type of leaders who inspire
their followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes by inspiring them. It
focuses on developing one’s capacity to innovate and support the
development of changes to practices of teaching and learning.
3. Distributed Leadership- it is considered as a shared effort by more than
one person. Draws from different perspective to support the
instructional leadership team by establishing a system of improving
curriculum and instruction through collaboration. Leadership can be
The School as an Organization

 Essential persons responsible behind the operation of the school and

understand their functions and responsibilities: (Basic Education school in
Philippines)
1. Administrator/Principal- leader that will guide faculty members and support
staff in fulfilling school’s mandate. They are the one who is responsible for
leading the entire organization of school. Also, in charge of managing the
major administrative tasks and supervising all the teachers and students
which include evaluation of teachers, handling student discipline,
developing, implementing and evaluating school programs and projects,
etc.
2. Teaching personnel/Faculty members- they are the licensed teachers
assignes to teach in different subject areas in different grade levels and are
responsible for managing classroom environment.
3. Academic Non-teaching Personnel- assigned to support to help maintain a
positive learning environmentand to keep the school clean and safe from
harm. They work as librarians, guide counsilors, office personnel and security
and maintenance staff.
4. Students- they are the primary stakeholders that benefits from the school.
They come from different age groups, cultures and backgrounds whose
ultimate goal is to be trained and educated.
5. Community- the location where the school is situated. It plays a very
important role in creating a positive learning environment.
Organizational Structure of School
# Involves various theories :
1. Formalization of school procedure- involves development of written
policies that serve as a guide for members of organization to follow which is
the plans, vision, mission, goals and objectives.
2. Centralization/Decentralization of decision making- the division of tasks in
decision making from the top management or the administrators/School
prinicipal down to middle managers or the Assistant Principal and
instructional leaders/head teachers known as top down approach or in
some cases uses the bottom up approach where middle managers make
decision and relay to the top management for approval.
3. Specialization of task- One of the most applicable theories in education
theories. Departmentalization is one of the horizontal specializations often
used an educational organization. . Faculty members from the
departments are considered experts in their own field and are given
teaching assignment that are aligned with their field of specializations.
 Reforms in the Department of
Education
# The Enhanced Basic Education
 According to the Senate Economic Planning Office (SECO) (2011), the
Philippines, together with Djibouti and Angola of Africa are the only three (3)
remaining countries in the world that retains 10 year basic education system.
SECO (2011) Articulated that the continous detoriation of the quality of
education in the Philippines despite of the constitutional guarantees has
promoted DepEd to push the implementation of the K to 12 program, which
entails the institutional of the Kindergarten and the additional two more years
of high school in the basic education cycle.
 Six (6) reasons why the Philippines should shift to K to 12:
1. The Philippines is the only country in Asia with a 10-year basic education
2. Poor quality of education
3. Too many non-practical subjects
4. Too young for labor force
5. Not prepared for college education
6. No global recognition
Finally, in 2012, RA No. 10533 otherwise known as the “Enhanced Basic
Education Act” was passed institutionalizing the K to 12 curriculum which
added Kindergarten and 2 more years of Senior High School in the Basic
education program.
Following salient features of the K-12 highlighted by DepEd:
1. Strenghthening of the Kindergarten in the Philippines
2. Making the curriculum relevent to the learners
3. Building proficiency
4. Ensuring integrated and seamless learning
5. Gearing up for the future
6. Nurturing the holistically developed Filipino

• Goal of the K to 12 basic education program

- To prepare Filipino students for tertiary education and in the field of work by
providing those with enough time in basic education to master skills and
develop competencies that will enable them perform better when they
decided to go to the field work.
# Institutionalization of Kindergarten
 General kindergarten program refers to the 10-month program provided to
children who are atleat 5 years old in regular elementary schools using
thematic and integrative curriculum to ensure the development of
foundational skills among children to prepare them for grade 1. (DepEd
2012)
 Prior to the implementatiom of K to 12, kindergarten is optional to parents.
By virtue of RA 8672, known as the “Barangay – Level Total Protection of
Children Act of 1990” has mandated the local government units in
coordination with Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
to establish a day-care center in every community covering kindergarten
program.
 In 2011, RA No. 10517, otherwise known as the “Kindergarten Education
Act” was passed institutionalizing the kindergarten into the basic education
system. Kindergarten was applied to elementary school system being the
first stage of compulsary and mandatory formal education.
# Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education
 Mother tongue-based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) was made as
medium of instruction for teaching and learning in the kindergarten level by
virtue of DepEd Order No. 32 series of 2012.
 Mother Tongue is seen as an important medium of instruction by using a
local language understood by the learners.
Benefits associated with an education that takes into account children’s
Mother Tongue:
1. Children learn better and faster in a language they can understand
2. They enjoy school more and feel more at home
3. Pupil tend to increase self-esteem
4. Parents participation is increased by helping kids in their homework and
participating in school activities
5. When childrem take advantage of their multilingualism they also have
higher socio-economic status including higher earnings
6. On average, schools perform better, reporting less repetition
7. Finally, children stay in school longer.
# Contextualized Curriculum
 In terms of curriculum, DepEd has restructed the content of the old basic
education curricula to make it more relevant to learners through
contextualization and enhancement.
 Curriculum contextualization is done by using examples, activities, songs,
poems, stories and illustrations for teaching and learning that are based on
local culture, history and reality.
 The enhanced curriculum also aims to provide students the opportunity to
acquire in-depth knowledge, skills, values and attitudes through continuity
and consitency across all levels and subjects.
 Curriculum was also made seamless using spiral progression concept by
teaching the simplest concept to more complicated concept through
grade levels which will ensure a mastery of knowledge and skills after each
level.
# Senior High School
 The additional two (2) years of Senior High school is one of the most relevant reforms that
may be considered. The 2 years of SHS was made to provide students sufficient time for
mastery of concept and skills, develop lifelong learners and prepare graduates for tertiary
education, middle-level skills development , employment and entreprenuership.
Tracks in the Senior High School:
•Academic track
 Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)
 Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)
 Science, Technology , Engineering and Math (STEM)
 Pre-baccalaureate Maritime
•Technical-Vocational-Livelihood
1. Agri-Fishery
2. Home Economics
3. Information and Communications Technology
4. TVL Maritime
•Sports
•Arts and Design
Organizational Structure of the
Department of Education
 When the Department of Education as restructed in 2001 through the
passage of RA No. 9155, DECS was renamed to DepEd and shifted the
focus of its mandate to basic education.
 According to DepEd, the new DepEd organizational structure is a result of
the through study conducted by the DepEd Change Management Team
(CMT) the long term education reforms.
 In the new organizational structure, there are newly created offices while
other existing offices were renamed, merged, transferred and some are
abolished like the bureau of Physical Education. Under the Office of the
Secretary (OSEC) there are 5 (five) : Undersecretaries for Curriculum and
Instruction, Governance and Operations, Legal and Legislative affairs,
Finance and Administration, Strategic Management Office.
Activity Time ! 😊
• Give the correct answer to the following questions.
1. It is an essential factor that contributes to the successful operation of an
organization.
2. It refers to the established group of people with a specific common goal to
achieve.
3. Who is the primary contributor of Scientific Management which originated
in the early 20th century ?
4. What are the 3 types of power according to Max Weber ?
5. Who laid the first foundation for modern scientific management in the early
1900 which serve as guidelines for decision making and management
actions ?
• True or False. Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement
is wrong.
1. According to Yuki (2013) Leadership is different from managers. It includes
motivating subordinates and creating favorable conditions for doing their
work which is considered as one of the important managerial roles.
2. Charismatic authority is based on historically created legitimacy where
authority is hereditary.
3. Students are the primary stakeholders that benefits from the school.
4. Mother tongue is seen as an important medium of instruction by using a
local language understood by the learners.
5. Senior High School is great opportunity for students to choose their own
field of interest.
 The End.

Thank you for

listening ! 😊