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20190306 GDVT - Electronics Part 2

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5 views62 pages

20190306 GDVT - Electronics Part 2

Uploaded by

sumtomo95
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamental of Electrical &

Electronic 2
Electronics

2019.02.27/TKK/GDVT
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TRANSISTORS

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• emitter base collector
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Electron Flow
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Operating Region Parameters


VBE <0.7 V
Cut Off
IB = IC = 0
VBE >0.7 V
Linear
IC = β*IB
IB > 0, IC > 0
Saturated VBE >0.7 V,
VCE 0.2 V
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OPTOELECTRONICS

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LEDs

Red LED White LED

LED for displays


Blue LED LED for traffic light
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

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Single-ended Amplifier

• Differential Amplifier
– Amplifies difference
between inputs
• Output gain high
– A ~= 106
• Tiny difference in the input
voltages result in a very
large output voltage
– Output limited by supply
voltages
• Comparator
– If V+>V-, Vout = HVS
– If V+<V-, Vout = LVS
– If V+=V-, Vout = 0V
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Closed Loop Transfer Function

H(s) = A / (1 + AF)

When AF >> 1…

H(s) = 1 / F
Where: A = Op Amp Open Loop Gain
F = Feedback Loop Gain
1. The output attempts to do whatever is necessary to make the
voltage difference between the inputs zero.
2. The inputs draw no current.
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Ideal Op Amp
Ideal Op-Amp Typical Op-Amp

Input Resistance infinity 106  (bipolar)


109  - 1012  (FET)
Input Current 0 10-12 – 10-8 A
Output Resistance 0 100 – 1000 
Operational Gain infinity 105 - 109
Common Mode Gain 0 10-5
Bandwidth infinity Attenuates and phases at high
frequencies (depends on slew
rate)
Temperature independent Bandwidth and gain
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www.wikipedia.org

Uses: Amplify…straight up
www.wikipedia.org

Uses: Analog inverter


V1
Vout
V2

www.allaboutcircuits.com

Uses: Low-voltage alarms,


night light controller
Summation

www.wikipedia.org

Uses: Add multiple sensors inputs until a


threshold is reached.
Difference

V 2 R3  R1 R4 V1R3


Vout  
( R4  R2 ) R1 R1

If all resistors are equal:

Vout  V2  V1
www.wikipedia.org

Uses: PID Controller


www.wikipedia.org

(where Vin and Vout are functions of time)


• Decouple the low-pass RC
filter from the load.

Uses: Simple audio.


Remove frequencies over
20kHz (audible)
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www.wikipedia.org
www.wikipedia.org

Band-pass filter cascades both high-pass and low-pass!


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Heating
resistor

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