Client: - Abedilshikur Mohammed Agriculture plc.

TEL- + TEL- +251912242558

Address: Wolkite
Project:-Seed Multiplication farm irrigation project

Location:- C/Ethiopia region Gurage Zone Enor Ener Meger

woreda

Agronomy Study Report

Consultant: - Bezabih Endris water work consulting .

TEL. +25911674695/912406247

December 2024
Wolkite
ETHIOPIA

Jul, 2023
Addis Abeba
 Abedilshikur Mohammed Agronomy feasibility
Agriculture Plc. Study report

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................4
1.1 OBJECTIVE, SCOPE AND APPROACHES THE STUDY.............................................5
1.1.1 General Objectives.........................................................................................................5
1.1.2 Specific Objectives.........................................................................................................5
1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY..................................................................................................5
1.3 METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES........................................................................6
1.3.1 Methodologies...............................................................................................................6
1.3.2 Approaches....................................................................................................................6
i. The organization approach............................................................................................6
1.4 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS..............................................................................................6
1.4.1 General.........................................................................................................................6
1.5 PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE PROJECT.....................................................................6
1.5.1 Location........................................................................................................................6
1.6 TOPOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................7
1.7 ACCESSIBILITY.............................................................................................................7
1.8 AGRO-ECOLOGY ZONE................................................................................................7
1.9 SOILS..............................................................................................................................8
1.10 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS...............................................................................................9
1.10.1 Rainfall.........................................................................................................................9
1.10.2 Temperature................................................................................................................10
1.10.3 Relative Humidity.........................................................................................................10
1.10.4 Wind Speed..................................................................................................................11
1.10.5 Sun shine hours............................................................................................................11
2. CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS......................................................13
2.1 CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS..................................................................................13
2.1.1 Available soil water depletion.......................................................................................14
2.1.2 Determination of Effective rainfall.................................................................................14
2.1.3 Determination of Evapo-transpiration (ET)....................................................................15
2.1.4 Crop Coefficients (Kc)..................................................................................................15
2.1.5 Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR)..................................................................................16
2.1.6 Application Efficiency...................................................................................................16
2.1.7 Peak Consumptive Use.................................................................................................17
2.1.8 Gross Irrigation (GIP)..................................................................................................17
2.1.9 Irrigation interval........................................................................................................17
2.1.10 Irrigation scheduling....................................................................................................18
3. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................ 20
Annex 21

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 Soil laboratory results of Girma Eshete Banana farm project........................................................8
Table 1-2 Mean Monthly And 80% Dependable rainfall of project area.....................................................10
Table 1-3 Max and Min Temperature of The project Area.................................................................10
Table 1-4 Relative Humidity data of project area...............................................................................10
Table 1-5 Project Area Wind Speed...................................................................................................11
Table 1-6 summery of climate data of Girma Eshete Banana Farm............................................................12
Table 2-1 irrigation water requirement calculation summary of the project.................................................17
Table 2-2 duty result of Girma eshete Banana farm Project.......................................................................19

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 location Map Of Girma Eshete Banana farm.............................................................................7
Figure 1-2 Soil Laboratory Test Result................................................................................................9
Figure 1-3 climate data graph.................................................................................................................12

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1. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture, crop production is the economic mainstay of the target project area like many
rural areas of Ethiopia. However, its dependency on nature, rainfall, which is unreliable and
erratic, affects the sector. This is worsened by the current climate change and climate
variability and becoming the sole prominent factor for crop failure. Irrigation Development
project command area is found in uncertainty of rainfall intensity, distribution and duration
where crop failure due to drought is a frequent phenomenon exposing the farmers for hunger
and sometimes famine unless emergency aid supplied to support basic needs. Moreover, the
farming community is trying to have irrigation crops to fill the wet season production gap
through using water.
Abedilshikur Mohammed Irrigation project is found in Central Ethiopia Region Gurage
Zone Enor Ener Meger woreda Wedesha Kebela is among the most potential agricultural
production areas of the zone. The agronomy study describes mainly the existing physical
features of the project area,
From irrigation agronomy perspective, the command area seems promising that can grow
Maize Crop Seed Multiplication
This report, therefore, deals with the Terms of Reference’s specific requirements, which
includes:
 Description of current agriculture situation and provision of background information
on the general farming practices of the project.
 rationale for the development of irrigated agriculture and identification of technical
issues in relation to irrigated crop production,
 identification and selection of the crops to be grown under irrigation and
determination of crop water needs, and
 Recognition of problems of irrigated crop production and identification of measures
to be taken.
 Describe and calculate CWR (crop water requirement of the project based on agro
ecology and climate data.

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1.1 OBJECTIVE, SCOPE AND APPROACHES THE STUDY

1.1.1 General Objectives

The Objective of the feasibility study is to determine types and methods of modern
irrigation agricultural technologies which are useful to raise crops production and income of
Abedilshikur Mohammed farm project.

1.1.2 Specific Objectives

The Specific objectives are to:

 Study the existing project agricultural development practices,

 investigate the existing challenges of the project,
 Determine crops that are adapted in the prevailing climate and soils conditions,
 Verify best performing Maize Seed Multiplication for irrigation agriculture.
 Determine methods and formula used for crop water requirement calculation,
 Calculate crops water requirements for selected crops,
 Determine crops pick consumptive use and duty of water for irrigable area of the
envisage command area,

1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The irrigation agronomy has focused on the following scope of study:

 Assessment of existing natural resources, agricultural practices and services of the

users in the intended project
 Collection of primary and secondary data and information from organizations.
 Collecting of climatic data of nearest station from authorized organization and
manipulate.
 Identification of agricultural development challenges and proposes solutions.
 Prioritization of crops with sated selection criteria.
 Calculation of water requirements, net and gross irrigation, schedule, frequency of
irrigation and pick consumptive use of water taking into consideration the needs of
selected crops.
 Assessment of the economic benefits for proposed crops.

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 Recommendation of agricultural practices, pests controlling, post harvesting,

provision of inputs such as seed, fertilizer, pesticides, mechanization, extension
services and credit.

1.3 METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES

1.3.1 Methodologies
Methodologies which are used for this study program area as following.

 Discussing with pertinent Abedilshikur Mohammed farm project general manager.

 Conducting consultation meeting with Abedilshikur Mohammed a farm with site
investigation.
 Determining crops length of growing season, planting and harvesting times,

1.3.2 Approaches

i. The organization approach

 Meetings have been carried organization offices on the agenda of project sites work.
 Gathering of basic data and information on the Abedilshikur Mohammed farm
project in natural resources, climatic conditions and crops production.
 Verifying Information and data which have been gathered from different
stakeholders of agricultural development offices,

1.4 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS

1.4.1 General
The envisage Abedilshikur Mohammed farm project description contains descriptions on
physical features, climate conditions, land resources and existing agricultural resources and
practices of project.

1.5 PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

1.5.1 Location
Abedelshikur Mohammed farm Established in 250 ha of land for seed multiplication
production it is located at Enor Ener meger woreda at Wedesha kebela of Gurage Zone,
Central Ethiopia Regional state

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Figure 1-1 location Map Of Abedelshikur Mohammed farm

1.6 TOPOGRAPHY

The topographic feature of the project site is very dominantly Flat Gentle slop. Some land
needed grading formation of the area is the constraint for proper soil conservation
managements. The elevation around the site is about 1600 m.a.s.l with this, connection the
place is categorized in hot low land climatic zone.

1.7 ACCESSIBILITY

Abedelshikur Mohammed farm Irrigation project is located at Enor Ener Meger Woreda of
Gurage Zone, Central Ethiopia Regional State. The selected Diversion site is accessible and
is located at about 6 km from Mika Town (wereda center), and 45 km from the zonal capital
Welkite, along the Asphalt and some Gravel road. The location of the proposed River
Diversion site is given the figure below.

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1.8 AGRO-ECOLOGY ZONE

According to Ethiopian agro-ecology zones classification map, the whole area locations laid
in Hot Sub- Humid Mid low lands category. The agro-ecology zone of higher altitude areas
particularly in the existing south east Gurage zones

1.9 SOILS

Soil of the envisage irrigation project command area has good depth, dominantly black-
cotton with deep clay loam friable textures when touched with hand thumbs. According to
soil laboratory taste analysis, the top soil up to 70cm depth profile is vertisol and the sub soil
to the depth is Nitosols. The PH is 6.3 In addition to these, by visual observation it has been
realized well.

Table 1-1 Soil laboratory results of Abedilshikur Mohammed farm project

Soil Laboratory
Site name Analysis result
Abedilshikur Mohammed Farm Soil sample depth 0-70 cm
effective depth Deep
Permanent wilting point (%) 25.3
Ph-H2O 6.3
Field capacity (%) 32.4
Soil texture class Clay loam
Total nitrogen (%) 0.23

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Figure 1-2 Soil Laboratory Test Result

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1.10 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

The climatic data of monthly average, rain fall, minimum and maximum temperature,
relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine hours have been used in the station long term
data from Project Area station

1.10.1 Rainfall

The area is usually gating two season rainfall. Total cumulative annual average rain fall
reaches about 1266.9 mm. According to the climatology data, the amount of rainfall started
to be increased from month of May and decreases between January and October. The
highest rain fall recorded in July and April and may about 263.6 mm June and July.

Table 1-2 Mean Monthly Effective rainfall of project area

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
Mean
Monthly
(mm) 16.7 24.1 53.8 82 105.2 263.6 263.6 257 143.9 40.9 9.6 6.4 1266.9
Eff rain
(mm) 16.3 23.2 49.2 71.3 87.5 151.4 151.4 150.7 110.7 38.2 9.4 6.3 865.5

1.10.2 Temperature

The maximum average monthly temperature from January to April for four months on
average was 37.97 degree Celsius. Totally from January to June is relatively the hottest
months of the year. However, the minimum temperature variability gaps between different
months are not so much wide. The list minimum temperature has occurred 15.5 and 15.83
degree

Table 1-3 Max and Min Temperature of The project Area

Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Tmax 31.12 33.46 33.77 33.4 33.97 30.33 24.3 24.04 24.89 26.6 28.16 28.53
Tmin 3.94 7.15 9 10.97 11.98 11.4 11.13 10.74 10.24 6.82 4.99 4.69
Celsius in December and January.

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1.10.3 Relative Humidity

Humidity has the ability to increase or decrease crop growth .High relative humidity can
prolong the survival of crops under moisture stress. In general relative humidity reduces the
evaporation losses from moist soil during day time. On the contrary, relative humidity has a
role in diseases and insect epidermis In general base on climatology data source, the average
relative humidity of the intended irrigation project area during irrigation crops growing
seasons October to May in two growing seasons was between 50.12% in February and
While the highest monthly average relative humidity was 85.71 % in august.
Table 1-4 Relative Humidity data of project area
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Month
Relative
Humidity (%) 55.24 50.12 55 65.7 72.39 81.76 85.23 85.71 82.5 72.32 65.92 60.46

1.10.4 Wind Speed

Wind blows can affect crops in several ways. Wind can increase crop water requirement by
increasing evapo-transpiration due to removal of accumulated humid air around leaves. On
other side calm to moderate winds can favor dew deposition. According to the climatic data
sources, the annual monthly average wind velocity m/ sec throughout the year is very small
less than 1.25 meters/second means very calm.

Table 1-5 Project Area Wind Speed

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Month
Wind Speed
in (m/s) 1.28 1.45 1.32 1.22 1.11 1.11 1.27 1.26 1.09 1.27 1.31 1.3

1.10.5 Sun shine hours

The duration of bright hors can influence crops growth and developments. Solar energy
influences the thermal environment for physiological functions of the crops and can also
establish sufficient light environment for photosynthesis and other functions.

With regard to these, the annual average monthly duration of sunshine hours in the envisage
irrigation project area is 7.8 hours. While the minimum and maximum average is 5.7 hrs in
August.

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Table 1-6 summery of climate data of Abedilshikur Mohammed Farm

Figure 1-3 climate data graph

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2. CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS

In this part proposals the determination of crops, crops selection criteria, cropping patterns,
livestock feed and daily water need, scheduling of planting time length of growing seasons,
determination of calculation of crop water requirements (Net, gross irrigation and out let
duties of water, requirements of inputs, manpower and materials amount cost per items,
revenue from crop products and operational schedules have been proposed in detail as
following:

2.1 CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS

Irrigation can be used as a sole source of water or to supplement the uneven distribution of
rainfall. Therefore, the determination of crop water requirements of crops for the envisage
command area is the pre-requisite activity to decide different parameters.

If irrigation is the sole source of water supply for the crop, then the irrigation requirement
will be at least equal to the crop water requirement, and is generally greater to allow for
inefficiencies in the irrigation system.

Plants need water to meet the demand of evaporation (E), Transpiration and for metabolic
reaction of plant collectively as known as Consumptive use (CU).

CU = E+T+ Metabolic needs.

In the other side, water consumed by plant for metabolic needs is very small, less than 1 %.
About 99 % of water will be consumed for evaporation, transpiration.

Considering the application losses of water in the form of seepage, percolation and other
losses, water requirements can be also determined with the following formula:

WR = ET+AL+WSP,

Where, ET = Evapotranspiration,

A L= Application Loss,

WSP = `Water for Special Purposes

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The main climatic parameters to be used for estimation of crop water requirement are:
maximum and minimum temperature, solar radiation, wind, humidity and Precipitation (Pe).
For this intended irrigation project CWR calculation, long term climatic data from nearest In
the project area have been collected through hydrology from National Meteorology Agency.

The calculation procedures of Crop water requirement is as following:

The calculation of ETo has been done using Modified Penman method, FAO Crop Watt
Version 8.0 software within 10 days intervals.

Crop Coefficient (Kc) value depended on selected crops development stages, planting time,
length of growing period, have been determined.

2.1.1 Available soil water depletion

The availability of soil moisture holding capacity of the soil of the envisage Abedilshikur
farm project together with other soils analysis evaluated by soil laboratory and based on the
data CWR calculation each crops has been worked. According to the data received from soil
study, the available water capacity (AWC) of the command area is 124mm/m and the
infiltration rate of the soil is 53mm/m.

Usually the root systems of most the crops which are shallow in the early stages may
eventually grow up to 1 meter deep in permeable soils. On the other side parts of the crops
root system which are located in wet soil layer at deeper depth may extract enough moisture
to meet evapo-transpiration needs of the crop.

2.1.2 Determination of Effective rainfall

Several factors can influence the effective rainfall. Among these, crop characteristics, rain
fall, land features, soils, farming practices are main factors. The consumptive use of rainfall
depends on depth of the root zone of each crop and the soil storage capacity. The remaining
portion of rainfall amount may be lost as surface runoff, deep percolation, beyond rot zone
or by evaporation.
There are three calculation methods of dependable rainfall(ER). Among these:-

The formula used for the calculation of dependable rainfall(ER) is FAO/ AGLAW method
are as followings:

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Peff = 0.6 x P-10, for P month < = 70mm.

Peff=0.8 x P-24, for P month > 70 mm.

Now days the FAO/AGLAW and USDA Soil Conservation Service are widely applied
formulas. However to determine effective rainfall of the envisage Abedilshikur Mohammed
farm projects, FAO/ AGLAW calculation method has been applied to identify the amount of
effective rainfall. With regard to this dependable rainfall amount of the area is 865.5 mm of
the total 1266.9 mm annual rainfall.

Table 2- Effective rain fall in the project area

2.1.3 Determination of Evapo-transpiration (ET)

Evapo-transpiration is a total water loss from soil surface in the form of evaporation (E) and
loss of water from plants bodies by climate, plants, soils and management factors.

Modified Penman method will be applied to estimate ET with the support of FAO Crop
Watt Version 8.0 software calculation and further Crop coefficient (Kc) and Potential
Evapo-transpiration (ETO) will be estimated correspondently.

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2.1.4 Crop Coefficients (Kc)

Crop coefficients formula uses to measure ETo using a reference crop such as good
established or well watered, dense and good stand grass. Etc refers to ET of diseases free,
crop in a larger field under a given crop conditions. Actual crop water requirements apart of
climatic conditions include crops types, LGP and growing stages, crop growth habit,
irrigation method, tillage practices Etc.

To determine Kc the following information such as date of sowing total length of growing
period and classifying different growing stages such as initial stage from germination to
10% development stage when the plant reaches 10 - 80% ground cover. Mid- season
growing stage (80%) ground covering stage and last growing stage usually from ripening to
harvesting stage.

2.1.5 Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR)

Net Irrigation water requirement is the depth of Net IR = ETo – Pe,

Where, ETo = crop evaporation

Pe = effective rainfall.

Net Irrigation is a depth of irrigation water, exclusive of effective rainfall, ground water and
any soil moisture level considered for timing the irrigation that is required to meet the
consumptive use.

NIR = x BD x Ds

Where, NIR + Net Irr Requirement

Mfc = Soil moisture content (%) at field capacity

Mbi= Soil moisture content (%) before irrigation

BD = Bulk density

Ds = Soil depth (Cm).

2.1.6 Application Efficiency

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The application efficiency of irrigation is the proportion between the water added to the soil
in the effective root zone (NIR) and totally water given by irrigation (GIR) expressed in
percentage. The application efficiency for Abedilshikur Mohammed farm has been proposed
to be 75 % (for furrow irrigation)

It has been identified that the existing prevailing cold temperature and Clay loamy soil
characteristic, will result less moisture loses in the form of ETo, seepage and percolation
losses entirely.

Application efficiency (%) = NIR/GIR× 100

2.1.7 Peak Consumptive Use

Peak consumptive use of different crops during their growing period is variable with
relation to the maximum daily evapo-transpiration rate of crops during the normal irrigation
period and crop growth stage.

Certain period during the crop growth and development are most sensitive to soil moisture
stress compared with others. These periods are known as Moisture Sensitive Periods.
Inadequate water supply during moisture sensitive periods will irreversibly reduce yield and
provision of adequate water and other management practices at other growth stages will not
help in recovering the yield loss.

2.1.8 Gross Irrigation (GIP)

It is the amount of irrigation water which must be applied to the field to meet the net
irrigation requirement. However the Gross Irrigation Requirement the net irrigation amount
plus water losses or the total irrigation amount that is to be applied.

GIR = x 100

Table 2-7 irrigation water requirement calculation summary of the project

2.1.9 Irrigation interval

The irrigation interval of different crops will be depended on soils, climate, and crop root
depth and growth stages. Moisture use rate increases with increase leaf area and in hot days.

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The average moisture use rate during pick period is the rate to be considered in designing
and planning of irrigation system.

The interval of irrigation will be flexible according to crops growing stages, rooting depth.
The consumptive use of water during flowering, fruits development and mass biomass
development stages will be increased. determination irrigation interval days by testing the
soils moisture holding capacity such as by hand testing, by observing younger leaves of
plants during mid-day time whether they are showing wilting or not are the best practices
which are to be applied by irrigation agronomists particularly for small scale irrigation. With
regard to this, the application of irrigation interval by furrow irrigation depending growth
stages of each crop is as following.

The irrigation interval of the Abedilshikur Mohammed farm is 5 day For Maize Crop

In case of adverse climatic conditions such as with the occurrence of cloudy, rainy
conditions, the irrigation interval or frequency will be delayed. Therefore, Irrigation farm
operator has to follow the practical way of irrigation interval and frequency.

2.1.10 Irrigation scheduling

Scheduling of irrigation refers to the development of schedules for the distribution seasonal
water requirement during the growing period of a given crop. Irrigation scheduling is the
application of irrigation water at a time of actual need of the crop depending on the
availability of water over the growing period of the crop with just sufficient water to wet the
effective root zone of soil.

Irrigation scheduling is considered to minimize the loss of irrigation water due to minimize
the loss of irrigation water due to evaporation, leaching, supplying, etc. and to maximize the
effect use available water sources.

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Table 2-8 duty result of Abedilshikur Mohammed Maiz Seed Multiplication farm Project

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

in l/s/h 0.69 0.76 0.67 0.61 0.63 0 0 0 0.56 0.53 0.61 0.65
Irr.Eff 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
GIR(l/sec/ha) 0.92 1.01 0.89 0.81 0.84 0 0 0 0.75 0.71 0.81 0.87
Irr.req. for actual area
0.92 1.01 0.89 0.81 0.84 0 0 0 0.75 0.71 0.81 0.87
(l/s/h) For 24 Hor
Irr.req. for actual area
1.84 2.03 1.79 1.63 1.68 0 0 0 1.49 1.41 1.63 1.73
(l/s/h) For 12 Hor

So the duity is 1.01 l/s/ha for 24 for irrigation time and the annual volume of water for 1 ha is 19923.84 m3.

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3. CONCLUSIONS
The agro-climate, soil and topography of the area is suitable to grow of Maize crop Seed
Multiplication that are cultivated in the Abedilshikur Mohammed farm project

With regard to CWR results that have been shown in tables under annex of this study report,
the total out let duty for all proposed crops in main irrigation season is 1.01l/s/ha. The pick
water demanding periods are February. After March the water needs of crops drastically
reduces due to with the commencement of the Belg rain fall in the area.

In general the existing cultivation and water conservation practices of the projects and their
motivation in the application of improved irrigation technologies is encouraging and best
experience. Hopefully after some times or years, they are able to it will be adopted as
country’s best practice and it is model project for many similar projects

Recommendations
The project is established considering the preferences of the company and suitability of the
agro-ecology and soil and water resources. The project will only be viable and sustainable
Irrigation practice is somewhat a specialized discipline form the rain fed agriculture.
Therefore, Irrigation professionals shall be assigned at the field level to support labor in
irrigation agronomic practices,

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Annex

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