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Circuit Analysis II
with MATLAB® Computing and
Simulink®/SimPowerSystems® Modeling
Steven T. Karris

Orchard Publications
www.orchardpublications.com
Circuit Analysis II
with MATLAB® Computing and
Simulink® / SimPowerSystems®
Modeling
Steven T. Karris

Orchard Publications, Fremont, California

www.orchardpublications.com
Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB® Computing and Simulink® / SimPowerSystems® Modeling

Copyright  2009 Orchard Publications. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.

Direct all inquiries to Orchard Publications, 39510 Paseo Padre Parkway, Fremont, California 94538, U.S.A.
URL: http://www.orchardpublications.com

Product and corporate names are trademarks or registered trademarks of the MathWorks, Inc., and Microsoft
Corporation. They are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009930247

ISBN10: 1934404201
ISBN13: 9781934404209

TX 5745064

Disclaimer
The author has made every effort to make this text as complete and accurate as possible, but no warranty is implied.
The author and publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss
or damages arising from the information contained in this text.

This book was created electronically using Adobe Framemaker.

 Preface

This text is written for use in a second course in circuit analysis. It encompasses a spectrum of
subjects ranging from the most abstract to the most practical, and the material can be covered in
one semester or two quarters.The reader of this book should have the traditional undergraduate
knowledge of an introductory circuit analysis material such as Circuit Analysis I with
MATLAB®Computing and Simulink®/ SimPowerSystems®Modeling, ISBN 978-1-934404-17-1.
Another prerequisite would be a basic knowledge of differential equations, and in most cases,
engineering students at this level have taken all required mathematics courses. Appendix H serves
as a review of differential equations with emphasis on engineering related topics and it is
recommended for readers who may need a review of this subject.
There are several textbooks on the subject that have been used for years. The material of this
book is not new, and this author claims no originality of its content. This book was written to fit
the needs of the average student. Moreover, it is not restricted to computer oriented circuit
analysis. While it is true that there is a great demand for electrical and computer engineers,
especially in the internet field, the demand also exists for power engineers to work in electric
utility companies, and facility engineers to work in the industrial areas.
Chapter 1 is an introduction to second order circuits and it is essentially a sequel to first order
circuits discussed in the last chapter of Circuit Analysis I with MATLAB®Computing and
Simulink®/ SimPowerSystems®Modeling, ISBN 978-1-934404-17-1. Chapter 2 is devoted to
resonance, and Chapter 3 presents practical methods of expressing signals in terms of the
elementary functions, i.e., unit step, unit ramp, and unit impulse functions. Accordingly, any
signal can be represented in the complex frequency domain using the Laplace transformation.
Chapters 4 and 5 are introductions to the unilateral Laplace transform and Inverse Laplace
transform respectively, while Chapter 6 presents several examples of analyzing electric circuits
using Laplace transformation methods. Chapter 7 is an introduction to state space and state
equations. Chapter 8 begins with the frequency response concept and Bode magnitude and
frequency plots. Chapter 9 is devoted to transformers with an introduction to self and mutual
inductances. Chapter 10 is an introduction to one- and two-terminal devices and presents several
practical examples. Chapters 11 and 12 are introductions to three-phase circuits.
It is not necessary that the reader has previous knowledge of MATLAB®. The material of this
text can be learned without MATLAB. However, this author highly recommends that the reader
studies this material in conjunction with the inexpensive MATLAB Student Version package that
is available at most college and university bookstores. Appendix A of this text provides a practical
introduction to MATLAB, Appendix B is an introduction to Simulink, and Appendix C
introduces SimPowerSystems. The pages where MATLAB scripts, Simulink / SimPowerSystems
models appear are indicated in the Table of Contents.
The author highly recommends that the reader studies this material in conjunction with the
inexpensive Student Versions of The MathWorks™ Inc., the developers of these outstanding
products, available from:
The MathWorks, Inc.
3 Apple Hill Drive
Natick, MA, 01760
Phone: 508-647-7000,
www.mathworks.com
[email protected].
Appendix D is a review of complex numbers, Appendix E is an introduction to matrices,
Appendix F discusses scaling methods, Appendix G introduces the per unit system used
extensively in power systems and in SimPwerSystems examples and demos. As stated above,
Appendix H is a review of differential equations. Appendix I provides instructions for
constructing semilog templates to be used with Bode plots.
In addition to numerous examples, this text contains several exercises at the end of each
chapter. Detailed solutions of all exercises are provided at the end of each chapter. The
rationale is to encourage the reader to solve all exercises and check his effort for correct
solutions and appropriate steps in obtaining the correct solution. And since this text was
written to serve as a self-study or supplementary textbook, it provides the reader with a
resource to test his knowledge.
The author is indebted to several readers who have brought some errors to our attention.
Additional feedback with other errors, advice, and comments will be most welcomed and
greatly appreciated.
Orchard Publications
39510 Paseo Padre Parkway
Suite 315
Fremont, California 94538
www.orchardpublications.com
[email protected]
Table of Contents
1 Second Order Circuits 11
1.1 Response of a Second Order Circuit ....................................................................11
1.2 Series RLC Circuit with DC Excitation ...............................................................12
1.2.1 Response of Series RLC Circuits with DC Excitation ...............................13
1.2.2 Response of Series RLC Circuits with AC Excitation .............................111
1.3 Parallel RLC Circuit ...........................................................................................115
1.3.1 Response of Parallel RLC Circuits with DC Excitation ..........................117
1.3.2 Response of Parallel RLC Circuits with AC Excitation..........................126
1.4 Other Second Order Circuits .............................................................................130
1.5 Summary .............................................................................................................136
1.6 Exercises..............................................................................................................138
1.7 Solutions to EndofChapter Exercises .............................................................140
MATLAB Computing: Pages 16, 17, 19, 113, 119, 1through 123,
125, 126, 128, 129, 132 through 134, 142,
144, 145
Simulink/SimPowerSystems Models: Pages 110, 114, 129, 153

2 Resonance 21
2.1 Series Resonance.................................................................................................. 21
2.2 Quality Factor Q0s in Series Resonance .............................................................. 24
2.3 Parallel Resonance ............................................................................................... 26
2.4 Quality Factor Q0P in Parallel Resonance........................................................... 29
2.5 General Definition of Q ....................................................................................... 29
2.6 Energy in L and C at Resonance........................................................................ 210
2.7 Half-Power Frequencies  Bandwidth ............................................................... 211
2.8 A Practical Parallel Resonant Circuit................................................................ 216
2.9 Radio and Television Receivers ......................................................................... 218
2.10 Summary ............................................................................................................ 221
2.11 Exercises ............................................................................................................. 223
2.12 Solutions to EndofChapter Exercises............................................................. 225
MATLAB Computing: Pages 25, 26, 225, 227, 230, 231
Simulink / SimPowerSystems models: Pages 215, 216

3 Elementary Signals 31

3.1 Signals Described in Math Form ...........................................................................31

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling i

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 3.2 The Unit Step Function........................................................................................ 32
3.3 The Unit Ramp Function ..................................................................................... 39
3.4 The Delta Function ............................................................................................ 311
3.4.1 The Sampling Property of the Delta Function.......................................... 311
3.4.2 The Sifting Property of the Delta Function .............................................. 312
3.5 Higher Order Delta Functions............................................................................ 313
3.6 Summary ............................................................................................................. 319
3.7 Exercises .............................................................................................................. 320
3.8 Solutions to EndofChapter Exercises.............................................................. 321
Simulink model: Pages 37, 38

4 The Laplace Transformation 41

4.1 Definition of the Laplace Transformation .............................................................. 41
4.2 Properties and Theorems of the Laplace Transform............................................... 42
4.2.1 Linearity Property........................................................................................ 42
4.2.2 Time Shifting Property................................................................................. 43
4.2.3 Frequency Shifting Property........................................................................ 43
4.2.4 Scaling Property........................................................................................... 44
4.2.5 Differentiation in Time Domain Property .................................................. 44
4.2.6 Differentiation in Complex Frequency Domain Property........................... 45
4.2.7 Integration in Time Domain Property ........................................................ 46
4.2.8 Integration in Complex Frequency Domain Property ................................ 47
4.2.9 Time Periodicity Property ........................................................................... 48
4.2.10 Initial Value Theorem................................................................................. 49
4.2.11 Final Value Theorem ................................................................................ 410
4.2.12 Convolution in Time Domain Property .................................................... 411
4.2.13 Convolution in Complex Frequency Domain Property ............................ 411
4.3 Laplace Transform of Common Functions of Time.............................................. 412
4.3.1 Laplace Transform of the Unit Step Function u 0  t  ................................. 412
4.3.2 Laplace Transform of the Ramp Function u 1  t  ....................................... 412
4.3.3 Laplace Transform of t n u 0  t  .................................................................... 414
4.3.4 Laplace Transform of the Delta Function   t  ......................................... 417
4.3.5 Laplace Transform of the Delayed Delta Function   t – a  ...................... 417
4.3.6 Laplace Transform of e –at u 0  t  .................................................................. 418
– at
4.3.7 Laplace Transform of t n e u0  t  ............................................................... 418
4.3.8 Laplace Transform of sin  t u 0 t ................................................................. 419
4.3.9 Laplace Transform of cos  t u 0 t ................................................................ 419
4.3.10 Laplace Transform of e –at sin  t u 0  t  ......................................................... 420
4.3.11 Laplace Transform of e –at cos  t u 0  t  ........................................................ 420
4.4 Laplace Transform of Common Waveforms......................................................... 421

ii Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 4.4.1 Laplace Transform of a Pulse .......................................................................422
4.4.2 Laplace Transform of a Linear Segment ......................................................422
4.4.3 Laplace Transform of a Triangular Waveform.............................................423
4.4.4 Laplace Transform of a Rectangular Periodic Waveform............................424
4.4.5 Laplace Transform of a HalfRectified Sine Waveform..............................425
4.5 Using MATLAB for Finding the Laplace Transforms of Time Functions.............426
4.6 Summary .................................................................................................................427
4.7 Exercises .................................................................................................................430
Laplace Transform of a Sawtooth Periodic Waveform .......................................431
Laplace Transform of a FullRectified Sine Waveform ......................................431
4.8 Solutions to EndofChapter Exercises .................................................................432
MATLAB Computing: Page 4-37
Simulink Model: Page 4-38

5 The Inverse Laplace Transformation 51

5.1 The Inverse Laplace Transform Integral................................................................51
5.2 Partial Fraction Expansion .....................................................................................51
5.2.1 Distinct Poles ...............................................................................................52
5.2.2 Complex Poles..............................................................................................55
5.2.3 Multiple (Repeated) Poles............................................................................58
5.3 Case where F(s) is Improper Rational Function...................................................513
5.4 Alternate Method of Partial Fraction Expansion.................................................514
5.5 Summary ...............................................................................................................518
5.6 Exercises ...............................................................................................................519
5.7 Solutions to EndofChapter Exercises ...............................................................520
MATLAB Computing: Pages 53 through 56, 58, 510
512 through 514, 520

6 Circuit Analysis with Laplace Transforms 61

6.1 Circuit Transformation from Time to Complex Frequency .................................. 61
6.1.1 Resistive Network Transformation............................................................. 61
6.1.2 Inductive Network Transformation............................................................ 61
6.1.3 Capacitive Network Transformation .......................................................... 62
6.2 Complex Impedance Z(s)..................................................................................... 611
6.3 Complex Admittance Y(s)................................................................................... 613
6.4 Transfer Functions ............................................................................................... 616
6.5 Using the Simulink Transfer Fcn Block............................................................... 620
6.6 Summary .............................................................................................................. 623
6.7 Exercises ............................................................................................................... 624

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling iii
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 6.8 Solutions to EndofChapter Exercises............................................................... 627
MATLAB Computing: Pages 66, 68, 615, 619 through 621,
629 through 6-32, 637
Simulink / SimPowerSystems models: Pages 68 through 611, 620 through 622

7 State Variables and State Equations 71

7.1 Expressing Differential Equations in State Equation Form................................... 71
7.2 Solution of Single State Equations ........................................................................ 76
7.3 The State Transition Matrix ................................................................................. 78
7.4 Computation of the State Transition Matrix ...................................................... 710
7.4.1 Distinct Eigenvalues (Real of Complex)................................................... 711
7.4.2 Multiple (Repeated) Eigenvalues.............................................................. 715
7.5 Eigenvectors......................................................................................................... 718
7.6 Circuit Analysis with State Variables.................................................................. 722
7.7 Relationship between State Equations and Laplace Transform.......................... 729
7.8 Summary .............................................................................................................. 737
7.9 Exercises .............................................................................................................. 740
7.10 Solutions to EndofChapter Exercises .............................................................. 742
MATLAB Computing: Pages 74, 76, 78, 712, 713, 715, 717, 721
730, 744, 745, 746, 748, 750
Simulink models: Pages 79, 710

8 Frequency Response and Bode Plots 81

8.1 Decibel Defined .................................................................................................... 81
8.2 Bandwidth and Frequency Response..................................................................... 83
8.3 Octave and Decade ............................................................................................... 84
8.4 Bode Plot Scales and Asymptotic Approximations............................................... 85
8.5 Construction of Bode Plots when the Zeros and Poles are Real ........................... 86
8.6 Construction of Bode Plots when the Zeros and Poles are Complex.................. 812
8.7 Corrected Amplitude Plots.................................................................................. 824
8.8 Summary .............................................................................................................. 835
8.9 Exercises .............................................................................................................. 837
8.10 Solutions to EndofChapter Exercises .............................................................. 838
MATLAB Computing: Pages 819, 820, 822, 823, 833, 840, 843, 845

9 Self and Mutual Inductances  Transformers 91

9.1 SelfInductance .......................................................................................................91

iv Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 9.2 The Nature of Inductance..................................................................................... 91
9.3 Lenz’s Law.............................................................................................................. 93
9.4 Mutually Coupled Coils......................................................................................... 93
9.5 Establishing Polarity Markings ............................................................................ 911
9.6 Energy Stored in a Pair of Mutually Coupled Inductors .....................................914
9.7 Circuits with Linear Transformers....................................................................... 919
9.8 Reflected Impedance in Transformers................................................................. 924
9.9 The Ideal Transformer......................................................................................... 927
9.10 Impedance Matching ........................................................................................... 930
9.11 Simplified Transformer Equivalent Circuit ......................................................... 931
9.12 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit............................................................................... 932
9.13 Autotransformer .................................................................................................. 936
9.14 Transformers with Multiple Secondary Windings............................................... 937
9.15 Transformer Tests................................................................................................ 937
9.16 Efficiency..............................................................................................................942
9.17 Voltage Regulation .............................................................................................. 946
9.18 Transformer Modeling with Simulink / SimPowerSystems ................................. 949
9.19 Summary ..............................................................................................................957
9.20 Exercises............................................................................................................... 962
9.21 Solutions to EndofChapter Exercises .............................................................. 965
MATLAB Computing: Page 913, 914, 922, 944
Simulink / SimPowerSystems model: Page 949 through 956

10 One and TwoPort Networks 101

10.1 Introduction and Definitions...............................................................................101
10.2 One-Port Driving-Point and Transfer Admittances........................................... 102
10.3 One-Port Driving-Point and Transfer Impedances .............................................107
10.4 Two-Port Networks ...........................................................................................1011
10.4.1 The y Parameters...................................................................................1011
10.4.2 The z parameters ...................................................................................1017
10.4.3 The h Parameters ..................................................................................1022
10.4.4 The g Parameters...................................................................................1026
10.5 Reciprocal Two-Port Networks .........................................................................1031
10.6 Summary ............................................................................................................1035
10.7 Exercises.............................................................................................................1040
10.8 Solutions to EndofChapter Exercises ............................................................1042
MATLAB Computing: Page 1049
Simulink / SimPowerSystems model: Page 1050

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling v

Copyright © Orchard Publications
11 Balanced ThreePhase Systems 111
11.1 Advantages of ThreePhase Systems ................................................................ 111
11.2 ThreePhase Connections................................................................................. 111
11.3 Transformer Connections in ThreePhase Systems ......................................... 114
11.4 LinetoLine and LinetoNeutral Voltages and Currents............................. 115
11.5 Equivalent Y and  Loads.................................................................................. 119
11.6 Computation by Reduction to Single Phase.................................................... 1119
11.7 Three-Phase Power .......................................................................................... 1120
11.8 Instantaneous Power in Three-Phase Systems ................................................ 1122
11.9 Measuring ThreePhase Power ....................................................................... 1125
11.10 Practical ThreePhase Transformer Connections .......................................... 1128
11.11 Transformers Operated in Open Configuration .......................................... 1129
11.12 ThreePhase Systems Modeling with Simulink / SimPowerSystems .............. 1131
11.13 Summary .......................................................................................................... 1136
11.14 Exercises........................................................................................................... 1138
11.15 Solutions to EndofChapter Exercises .......................................................... 1141
MATLAB Computing: Pages 1146, 1151
Simulink / SimPowerSystems models: Pages 1132, 1143

12 Unbalanced ThreePhase Systems 121

12.1 Unbalanced Loads.............................................................................................. 121
12.2 Voltage Computations ....................................................................................... 123
12.3 PhaseSequence Indicator ................................................................................. 124
 Y Transformation........................................................................................... 127
12.5 Practical and Impractical Connections.............................................................. 128
12.6 Symmetrical Components................................................................................ 1210
12.7 Cases where ZeroSequence Components are Zero........................................ 1216
12.8 Summary .......................................................................................................... 1220
12.9 Exercises ........................................................................................................... 1222
12.10 Solutions to EndofChapter Exercises........................................................... 1223
MATLAB Computing: Page 1227
Simulink / SimPowerSystems models: Page 1228

A Introduction to MATLAB A1

A.1 Command Window .............................................................................................. A1
A.2 Roots of Polynomials ............................................................................................ A3
A.3 Polynomial Construction from Known Roots ...................................................... A4
A.4 Evaluation of a Polynomial at Specified Values .................................................. A5

vi Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling

Copyright © Orchard Publications
 A.5 Rational Polynomials ...........................................................................................A8
A.6 Using MATLAB to Make Plots ..........................................................................A9
A.7 Subplots .............................................................................................................A18
A.8 Multiplication, Division and Exponentiation ...................................................A19
A.9 Script and Function Files ..................................................................................A26
A.10 Display Formats .................................................................................................A31
MATLAB Computations: Entire Appendix A

B Introduction to Simulink B1

B.1 Simulink and its Relation to MATLAB ............................................................... B1
B.2 Simulink Demos ................................................................................................. B20
Simulink Modeling: Entire Appendix B

C Introduction to SimPowerSystems C1

C.1 Simulation of Electric Circuits with SimPowerSystems ...................................... C1
SimPowerSystems Modeling: Entire Appendix C

D Review of Complex Numbers D1

D.1 Definition of a Complex Number ........................................................................ D1
D.2 Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers ................................................ D2
D.3 Multiplication of Complex Numbers................................................................... D3
D.4 Division of Complex Numbers ............................................................................ D4
D.5 Exponential and Polar Forms of Complex Numbers ........................................... D4
MATLAB Computing: Pages D6 through D8
Simulink Modeling: Page D7

E Matrices and Determinants E1

E.1 Matrix Definition ................................................................................................ E1
E.2 Matrix Operations............................................................................................... E2
E.3 Special Forms of Matrices ................................................................................... E6
E.4 Determinants .................................................................................................... E10
E.5 Minors and Cofactors........................................................................................ E12
E.6 Cramer’s Rule.................................................................................................... E17
E.7 Gaussian Elimination Method .......................................................................... E19
E.8 The Adjoint of a Matrix ................................................................................... E21
E.9 Singular and NonSingular Matrices ............................................................... E21
E.10 The Inverse of a Matrix .................................................................................... E22

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling vii
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 E.11 Solution of Simultaneous Equations with Matrices .......................................... E24
E.12 Exercises ............................................................................................................ E31
MATLAB Computing: Pages E3, E4, E5, E7, E8, E9, E10, E12,
E15, E16, E18, E22, E25, E6, E29
Simulink Modeling: Page E3
Excel Spreadsheet: Page E27

F Scaling F 1
F.1 Magnitude Scaling .................................................................................................. F1
F.2 Frequency Scaling ................................................................................................... F1
F.3 Exercises.................................................................................................................. F8
F.4 Solutions to EndofAppendix Exercises............................................................... F9
MATLAB Computing: Pages F3, F5

G Per Unit System G1

G.1 Per Unit Defined .................................................................................................... G1
G.2 Impedance Transformation from One Base to Another Base ............................... G3

H Review of Differential Equations H1

H.1 Simple Differential Equations................................................................................H1
H.2 Classification..........................................................................................................H3
H.3 Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE)............................................H6
H.4 Solution of the Homogeneous ODE......................................................................H8
H.5 Using the Method of Undetermined Coefficients for the Forced Response .......H10
H.6 Using the Method of Variation of Parameters for the Forced Response.............H20
H.7 Exercises...............................................................................................................H24
MATLAB Computing: Pages H11, H13, H14, H16, H17, H9, H22, H23
I Constructing Semilog Paper with Excel® and with MATLAB® I 1
I.1 Instructions for Constructing Semilog Paper with Excel..........................................I1
I.4 Instructions for Constructing Semilog Paper with MATLAB..................................I4
Excel Spreadsheet: Page I1
MATLAB Computing: Page I4
References R1
Index IN1

viii Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB  Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1
Second Order Circuits

T
his chapter discusses the natural, forced and total responses in circuits that contain resis-
tors, inductors and capacitors. These circuits are characterized by linear secondorder dif-
ferential equations whose solutions consist of the natural and the forced responses. We will
consider both DC (constant) and AC (sinusoidal) excitations.

1.1 Response of a Second Order Circuit

A circuit that contains n energy storage devices (inductors and capacitors) is said to be an nth
order circuit, and the differential equation describing the circuit is an nthorder differential equa-
tion. For example, if a circuit contains an inductor and a capacitor, or two capacitors or two
inductors, along with other devices such as resistors, it is said to be a secondorder circuit and the
differential equation that describes it will be a second order differential equation. It is possible,
however, to describe a circuit having two energy storage devices with a set of two firstorder dif-
ferential equations, a circuit which has three energy storage devices with a set of three firstorder
differential equations and so on. These are called state equations and are discussed in Chapter 7.

As we know from previous studies,* the response is found from the differential equation describ-
ing the circuit, and its solution is obtained as follows:
1. We write the differential or integrodifferential (nodal or mesh) equation describing the circuit.
We differentiate, if necessary, to eliminate the integral.
2. We obtain the forced (steadystate) response. Since the excitation in our work here will be
either a constant (DC) or sinusoidal (AC) in nature, we expect the forced response to have
the same form as the excitation. We evaluate the constants of the forced response by substitu-
tion of the assumed forced response into the differential equation and equate terms of the left
side with the right side. The form of the forced response (particular solution), is described in
Appendix H.
3. We obtain the general form of the natural response by setting the right side of the differential
equation equal to zero, in other words, solve the homogeneous differential equation using the
characteristic equation.
4. We add the forced and natural responses to form the complete response.
5. Using the initial conditions, we evaluate the constants from the complete response.

* The natural and forced responses for firstorder circuits are discussed in Circuit Analysis I with MATLAB®
Computing and Simulink®/ SimPowerSystems® Modeling, ISBN 9781934404171.

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 11
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

1.2 Series RLC Circuit with DC Excitation

Consider the circuit of Figure 1.1 where the initial conditions are i L  0  = I 0 , v C  0  = V 0 , and
u 0  t  is the unit step function.* We want to find an expression for the current i  t  for t  0 .

R L

+

C
vS u0  t  it

Figure 1.1. Series RLC Circuit

For this circuit
t
di 1
Ri + L ----- + ----
dt C  0
i dt + V 0 = v S t0 (1.1)

and by differentiation 2
di d i i dv
R ----- + L ------2- + ---- = -------S- t  0
dt dt C dt

To find the forced response, we must first specify the nature of the excitation v S , that is DC or
AC.
If v S is DC ( v S = cons tan t ), the right side of (1.1) will be zero and thus the forced response com-
ponent i f = 0 . If v S is AC ( v S = V cos  t +   , the right side of (1.1) will be another sinusoid
and therefore i f = I cos  t +   . Since in this section we are concerned with DC excitations, the
right side will be zero and thus the total response will be just the natural response.
The natural response is found from the homogeneous equation of (1.1), that is,
2
di d i i
R ----- + L ------2- + ---- = 0 (1.2)
dt dt C
whose characteristic equation is
2 1
Ls + Rs + ---- = 0
C
or
2 R 1
s + ---- s + -------- = 0
L LC
from which

* The unit step function and other elementary functions used in science and engineering are discussed in Chapter
3.

12 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Series RLC Circuit with DC Excitation

2
R R 1
s 1 s 2 = – -------  ---------2 – -------- (1.3)
2L 4L LC
We will use the following notations:

R 1
 S = -------  0 = -----------
- S = S – 0
2 2
nS =
2
0 – S
2
2L LC
















(1.4)











 or Damping Resonant Beta Damped Natural
Coefficient Frequency Coefficient Frequency

where the subscript s stands for series circuit. Then, we can express (1.3) as
2 2 2 2
s 1 s 2 = –  S   S –  0 = –  S   S if  S   0 (1.5)
or
2 2 2 2
s 1 s 2 = –  S   0 –  S = –  S   n S if  0   S (1.6)

Case I: If  2S   20 , the roots s 1 and s 2 are real, negative, and unequal. This results in the over-
damped natural response and has the form
s1 t s2 t
in  t  = k1 e + k2 e (1.7)

Case II: If  2S =  20 , the roots s 1 and s 2 are real, negative, and equal. This results in the critically
damped natural response and has the form
–S t
i n  t  = Ae  k1 + k2 t  (1.8)

Case III: If  20   2S , the roots s 1 and s 2 are complex conjugates. This is known as the under-
damped or oscillatory natural response and has the form
–S t –S t
in  t  = e  k 1 cos  n S t + k 2 sin  n S t  = k 3 e  cos  n S t +   (1.9)

Typical overdamped, critically damped and underdamped responses are shown in Figure 1.2, 1.3,
and 1.4 respectively where it is assumed that i n  0  = 0 .

1.2.1 Response of Series RLC Circuits with DC Excitation

Depending on the circuit constants R , L , and C , the total response of a series RLC circuit which
is excited by a DC source, may be overdamped, critically damped or underdamped. In this section
we will derive the total response of series RLC circuits that are excited by DC sources.

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 13
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Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

Typical Overdamped Response

Voltage
Time

Figure 1.2. Typical overdamped response

Typical Critically Damped Response

Voltage

Time

Figure 1.3. Typical critically damped response

Typical Underdamped Response

Voltage

Time

Figure 1.4. Typical underdamped (oscillatory) response

Example 1.1
For the circuit of Figure 1.5, i L  0  = 5 A , v C  0  = 2.5 V , and the 0.5  resistor represents the
resistance of the inductor. Compute and sketch i  t  for t  0 .
Solution:
This circuit can be represented by the integrodifferential equation
t
di 1
Ri + L ----- + ----
dt C 
0
i dt + v C  0  = 15 t  0 (1.10)

14 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
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 Series RLC Circuit with DC Excitation

0.5  1 mH

+ 100  6 mF
 i t
15u 0  t  V

Figure 1.5. Circuit for Example 1.1

Differentiating and noting that the derivatives of the constants v C  0  and 15 are zero, we obtain
the homogeneous differential equation
2
di d i i
R ----- + L -------2 + ---- = 0
dt dt C
or 2
d R di
-------2i + ---- ----- + -------
i- = 0
dt L dt LC

and by substitution of the known values R , L , and C

2
d di
-------2i + 500 ----- + 60000i = 0 (1.11)
dt dt

The roots of the characteristic equation of (1.11) are s 1 = – 200 and s 2 = – 300 . The total
response is just the natural response and for this example it is overdamped. Therefore, from (1.7),
s1 t s2 t – 200 t – 300 t
i  t  = in  t  = k1 e + k2 e = k1 e + k2 e (1.12)

The constants k 1 and k 2 can be evaluated from the initial conditions. Thus from the first initial
condition i L  0  = i  0  = 5 A and (1.12) we obtain
0 0
i  0  = k1 e + k2 e = 5
or
k1 + k2 = 5 (1.13)

We need another equation in order to compute the values of k 1 and k 2 . This equation will make
dv
use of the second initial condition, that is, v C  0  = 2.5 V . Since i C  t  = i  t  = C --------C- , we differ-
dt
entiate (1.12), we evaluate it at t = 0 + , and we equate it with this initial condition. Then,
di di
----- = – 200k 1 e –200 t – 300k 2 e –300 t and ----- = – 200k 1 – 300 k 2 (1.14)
dt dt +
t=0
+
Also, at t = 0 ,

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 15
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

+ di +
Ri  0  + L ----- + v c  0  = 15
dt +
t=0

and solving for di

----- we obtain
dt +
t=0
di
----- = 15 – 0.5  5 – 2.5 = 10000
--------------------------------------- (1.15)
dt + 10
–3
t=0

Next, equating (1.14) with (1.15) we obtain:

– 200k 1 – 300 k 2 = 10000

– k 1 – 1.5 k 2 = 50 (1.16)

Simultaneous solution of (1.13) and (1.16) yields k 1 = 115 and k 2 = – 110 . By substitution into
(1.12) we find the total response as
– 200 t – 300 t
i  t  = i n  t  = 115e – 110 e (1.17)
Check with MATLAB*:
syms t; % Define symbolic variable t
% Must have Symbolic Math Toolbox installed
R=0.5; L=10^(3); C=100*10^(3)/6; % Circuit constants
y0=115*exp(200*t)110*exp(300*t); % Let solution i(t)=y0
y1=diff(y0); % Compute the first derivative of y0, i.e., di/dt
y2=diff(y0,2); % Compute the second derivative of y0, i.e, di2/dt2
% Substitute the solution i(t), i.e., equ (1.17)
% into differential equation of (1.11) to verify that
% correct solution was obtained. We must also
% verify that the initial conditions are satisfied.
y=y2+500*y1+60000*y0;
i0=115*exp(200*0)110*exp(300*0);
vC0=R*i0L*(23000*exp(200*0)+33000*exp(300*0))+15;
fprintf(' \n');...
disp('Solution was entered as y0 = '); disp(y0);...
disp('1st derivative of solution is y1 = '); disp(y1);...
disp('2nd derivative of solution is y2 = '); disp(y2);...
disp('Differential equation is satisfied since y = y2+y1+y0 = '); disp(y);...
disp('1st initial condition is satisfied since at t = 0, i0 = '); disp(i0);...
disp('2nd initial condition is also satisfied since vC+vL+vR=15 and vC0 = ');...
disp(vC0);...
fprintf(' \n')

* An introduction to MATLAB is presented in Appendix A.

16 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Series RLC Circuit with DC Excitation

Solution was entered as y0 =

115*exp(-200*t)-110*exp(-300*t)
1st derivative of solution is y1 =
-23000*exp(-200*t)+33000*exp(-300*t)
2nd derivative of solution is y2 =
4600000*exp(-200*t)-9900000*exp(-300*t)
Differential equation is satisfied since y = y2+y1+y0 = 0
1st initial condition is satisfied since at t = 0, i0 = 5
2nd initial condition is also satisfied since vC+vL+vR=15 and vC0
= 2.5000

We denote the first term as i 1  t  = 115e –200t , the second term as i 2  t  = 110e –300t , and the total
current i  t  as the difference of these two terms. The response is shown in Figure 1.6.

– 200 t – 300 t
i  t  = 115e – 110 e
– 300 t
i 2  t  = 110e
Current (A)

– 200 t
i 1  t  = 115e

Time (sec)
Figure 1.6. Plot for i  t  of Example 1.1

In the above example, differentiation eliminated (set equal to zero) the right side of the differen-
tial equation and thus the total response was just the natural response. A different approach how-
ever, may not set the right side equal to zero, and therefore the total response will contain both
the natural and forced components. To illustrate, we will use the following approach.
t
1
The capacitor voltage, for all time t, may be expressed as v C  t  = ----  i dt and as before, the cir-
C –
cuit can be represented by the integrodifferential equation
t
di 1
Ri + L ----- + ----
dt C 
–
i dt = 15 u 0  t  (1.18)

and since

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 17
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

dv
i = i C = C --------C-
dt
we rewrite (1.18) as 2
dv dv
RC --------C- + LC --------2C- + v C = 15 u 0  t  (1.19)
dt dt
We observe that this is a nonhomogeneous differential equation whose solution will have both
the natural and the forced response components. Of course, the solution of (1.19) will give us the
capacitor voltage v C  t  . This presents no problem since we can obtain the current by differentia-
tion of the expression for v C  t  .
Substitution of the given values into (1.19) yields
2
50 dv dv
------  10 –3 --------C- + 1  10 –3  100
--------- 10 –3 --------2C- + v C = 15 u 0  t 
6 dt 6 dt
or 2
dv C dv 5
--------2- + 500 --------C- + 60000v C = 9  10 u 0  t  (1.20)
dt dt

The characteristic equation of (1.20) is the same as of that of (1.11) and thus the natural response
is
s1 t s2 t – 200 t – 300 t
v Cn  t  = k 1 e + k2 e = k1 e + k2 e (1.21)
Since the right side of (1.20) is a constant, the forced response will also be a constant and we
denote it as v Cf = k 3 . By substitution into (1.20) we obtain

0 + 0 + 60000k 3 = 900000
or
v Cf = k 3 = 15 (1.22)
The total solution then is the summation of (1.21) and (1.22), that is,
– 200 t – 300 t
v C  t  = v Cn  t  + v Cf = k 1 e + k2 e + 15 (1.23)

As before, the constants k 1 and k 2 will be evaluated from the initial conditions. First, using
v C  0  = 2.5 V and evaluating (1.23) at t = 0 , we obtain
0 0
v C  0  = k 1 e + k 2 e + 15 = 2.5
or
k 1 + k 2 = – 12.5 (1.24)
Also,
dv dv i dv iL  0  5
i L = i C = C --------C- --------C- = ---L- and --------C- = -----------
- = -------------------------------
- = 300 (1.25)
dt dt C dt t=0
C 100  6  10
–3

18 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Series RLC Circuit with DC Excitation

Next, we differentiate (1.23), we evaluate it at t = 0 and equate it with (1.25). Then,

dv C – 200 t – 300 t dv
--------- = – 200k 1 e – 300k 2 e and --------C- = – 200k 1 – 300k 2 (1.26)
dt dt t=0

Equating the right sides of (1.25) and (1.26) we obtain

– 200k 1 – 300k 2 = 300
or
– k 1 – 1.5k 2 = 1.5 (1.27)

From (1.24) and (1.27), we obtain k 1 = – 34.5 and k 2 = 22 . By substitution into (1.23), we obtain
the total solution as
– 300 t – 200 t
v C  t  =  22e – 34.5 e + 15 u 0  t  (1.28)
Check with MATLAB:
syms t % Define symbolic variable t. Must have Symbolic Math Toolbox installed
y0=22*exp(300*t)34.5*exp(200*t)+15; % The total solution y(t)
y1=diff(y0) % The first derivative of y(t)
y1 = -6600*exp(-300*t)+6900*exp(-200*t)
y2=diff(y0,2) % The second derivative of y(t)
y2 = 1980000*exp(-300*t)-1380000*exp(-200*t)
y=y2+500*y1+60000*y0 % Summation of y and its derivatives
y = 900000
Using the expression for v C  t  we can find the current as

dv 100 –3 – 200t – 300t – 200t – 300t

i = i L = i C = C --------C- = ---------  10  6900e – 6600 e  = 115e – 110 e A (1.29)
dt 6
We observe that (1.29) is the same as (1.17). The plot for (1.28) is shown in Figure 1.7.

The same results are obtained with the Simulink/SimPowerSystems* model shown in Figure 1.8.
The waveforms for the current and the voltage across the capacitor are shown in Figure 1.9.

* For an introduction to Simulink SimPowerSystems please refer to Appendices B and C respectively.

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 19
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

Voltage (V)

– 300 t – 200 t
v C  t  =  22 e – 34.5 e + 15 u 0  t 

Time (sec)
Figure 1.7. Plot for v C  t  of Example 1.1

Figure 1.8. Simulink/SimPowerSystems model for the circuit in Figure 1.5

Figure 1.9. Waveforms produced by the Simulink/SimPowerSystems model in Figure 1.8

110 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Series RLC Circuit with DC Excitation

1.2.2 Response of Series RLC Circuits with AC Excitation

The total response of a series RLC circuit, which is excited by a sinusoidal source, will also consist
of the natural and forced response components. As we found in the previous section, the natural
response can be overdamped, or critically damped, or underdamped. The forced component will
be a sinusoid of the same frequency as that of the excitation, and since it represents the AC
steadystate condition, we can use phasor analysis to find it. The following example illustrates the
procedure.

Example 1.2
For the circuit in Figure 1.10, i L  0  = 5 A , v C  0  = 2.5 V , and the 0.5  resistor represents the
resistance of the inductor. Compute and sketch i  t  for t  0 .
0.5  1 mH

vS
100  6 mF
it

v S =  200 cos 10000t u 0  t  V

Figure 1.10. Circuit for Example 1.2
Solution:
This circuit is the same as that in Example 1.1 except that the circuit is excited by a sinusoidal
source; therefore it can be represented by the integrodifferential equation
t
di 1
Ri + L ----- + ----
dt C 
0
i dt + v C  0  = 200 cos 10000t t0 (1.30)

whose solution consists of the summation of the natural and forced responses. We know its natu-
ral response from the previous example. We begin with
– 200 t – 300 t
i  t  = in  t  + if  t  = k1 e + k2 e + if  t  (1.31)

where the constants k 1 and k 2 will be evaluated from the initial conditions after i f  t  has been
found. The steady state (or forced) response will have the form i f  t  = k 3 cos  10 000t +   in the
time domain ( t – domain ) and the form k 3  in the frequency domain ( j – domain ).

To find i f  t  we will use the phasor analysis relation I = V  Z where I is the phasor current, V is
the phasor voltage, and Z is the impedance of the phasor circuit which, as we know, is

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 111
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

–1
1 1 2 1
Z = R + j  L – --------  = R +  L – --------   tan  L – --------   R
2

(1.32)
C   C   C 

The inductive and capacitive reactances are

4 –3
X L = L = 10  10 = 10 
and
1 1 –3
X C = -------- = --------------------------------------------- = 6  10 
C 4
10   100  6 10
– 3

Then,
1 2
=  0.5  = 0.25 and  L – --------  =  10 – 6  10  = 99.88
2 2 –3 2
R
 C 
Also, –1 –3 –1
–1
1  10 – 6  10  9.994
tan  L – --------   R = tan ------------------------------------ = tan  ------------- 
 C  0.5  0.5 

and this yields  = 1.52 rads = 87.15 . Then, by substitution into (1.32),
o o
Z = 0.25 + 99.88  = 10 87.15
and thus o
V 200 0 o o
I = ---- = ---------------------------o = 20 –87.15  20 cos  10000t – 87.15  = i f  t 
Z 10 87.15

The total solution is

– 200 t – 300 t o
i  t  = in  t  + if  t  = k1 e + k2 e + 20 cos  10000t – 87.15  (1.33)

As before, the constants k 1 and k 2 are evaluated from the initial conditions. From (1.33) and the
first initial condition i L  0  = 5 A we obtain
0 0 o
i  0  = k 1 e + k 2 e + 20 cos  – 87.15  = 5
or
i  0  = k 1 + k 2 + 20  0.05 = 5
or
k1 + k2 = 4 (1.34)

We need another equation in order to compute the values of k 1 and k 2 . This equation will make
dv
use of the second initial condition, that is, v C  0  = 2.5 V . Since i C  t  = i  t  = C --------C- , we differ-
dt
entiate (1.33), we evaluate it at t = 0 , and we equate it with this initial condition. Then,
di
----- = – 200k 1 e –200 t – 300k 2 e –300 t – 2  10 5 sin  10000t – 87.15 o  (1.35)
dt

112 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
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 Series RLC Circuit with DC Excitation

and at t = 0 ,
di 6 o 5
----- = – 200k 1 – 300k 2 – 2  10 sin  – 87.15  = – 200k 1 – 300k 2 + 2  10 (1.36)
dt t=0

Also, at t = 0 +
+ di +
Ri  0  + L ----- + v c  0  = 200 cos  0  = 200
dt +
t=0

and solving for di

----- we obtain
dt +
t=0
di
----- = 200 – 0.5  5 – 2.5 = 195000
------------------------------------------ (1.37)
dt + 10
–3
t=0

Next, equating (1.36) with (1.37) we obtain

– 200k 1 – 300 k 2 = – 5000
or
k 1 + 1.5k 2 = 25 (1.38)

Simultaneous solution of (1.34) and (1.38) yields k 1 = – 38 and k 2 = 42 . Then, by substitution

into (1.31), the total response is
– 200 t – 300 t o
i  t  = – 38 e + 42e + 20 cos  10000t – 87.15  A (1.39)
The plot is shown in Figure 1.11 and it was created with the following MATLAB script:
t=0:0.005:0.25; t1=38.*exp(200.*t); t2=42.*exp(300.*t); t3=20.*cos(10000.*t87.5*pi/180);
x=t1+t2+t3; plot(t,t1,t,t2,t,t3,t,x); grid

– 300t
i 2  t  = 42 e
i t
Current (A)

– 200t
i 1  t  = – 38e

Time (sec)
Figure 1.11. Plot for i  t  of Example 1.2

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 113
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Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

The same results are obtained with the Simulink/SimPowerSystems model shown in Figure 1.12.

Figure 1.12. Simulink/SimPowerSystems model for the circuit in Figure 1.10

The waveforms for the current and the voltage across the capacitor are shown in Figures 1.13 and
1.14 respectively. We observe that the steady-state current is consistent with the waveform shown
in Figure 1.11, and the steady state voltage across the capacitor is small since the magnitude of
the capacitive reactance is X C = 6  10 –3  .

Figure 1.13. Waveform displayed in Scope 1 for the Simulink/SimPowerSystems model in Figure 1.12

114 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
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 Parallel RLC Circuit

Figure 1.14. Waveform displayed in Scope 2 for the Simulink/SimPowerSystems model in Figure 1.12

1.3 Parallel RLC Circuit

Consider the circuit of Figure 1.10 where the initial conditions are i L  0  = I 0 , v C  0  = V 0 , and
u 0  t  is the unit step function. We want to find an expression for the voltage v  t  for t  0 .

iG iL iC
vt G L C
iS u0  t 

Figure 1.15. Parallel RLC circuit

For this circuit
iG  t  + iL  t  + iC  t  = iS  t 
or t
1 dv
Gv + ---
L 0
v dt + I 0 + C ------ = i S
dt
t0

By differentiation, 2
dv dv di
C -------2- + G ------ + --v- = ------S- t0 (1.40)
dt dt L dt

To find the forced response, we must first specify the nature of the excitation i S , that is DC or AC.

If i S is DC ( v S = cons tan t ), the right side of (1.40) will be zero and thus the forced response com-
ponent v f = 0 . If i S is AC ( i S = I cos  t +   , the right side of (1.40) will be another sinusoid and
therefore v f = V cos  t +   . Since in this section we are concerned with DC excitations, the
right side will be zero and thus the total response will be just the natural response.
The natural response is found from the homogeneous equation of (1.40), that is,

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 115
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Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

2
dv dv v
C -------2- + G ------ + --- = 0 (1.41)
dt dt L
whose characteristic equation is
Cs + Gs + --1- = 0
2
L
or
2 G i- = 0
s + ---- s + -------
C LC
from which
2
G G 1
s 1 s 2 = – -------  ---------2 – -------- (1.42)
2C 4C LC
and with the following notations,
G 1
 P = -------  0 = ------------ P =
2
P – 0
2
 nP =
2
0 – P
2
2C LC

















(1.43)














 or Damping Resonant Beta Damped Natural

Coefficient Frequency Coefficient Frequency

where the subscript p stands for parallel circuit, we can express (1.42) as
2 2 2 2
s 1 s 2 = –  P   P –  0 = –  P   P if  P   0 (1.44)
or
2 2 2 2
s 1 s 2 = –  P   0 –  P = –  P   nP if  0   P (1.45)

Note: From (1.4), Page 13, and (1.43), Page 114, we observe that  S   P
As in the series circuit, the natural response v n  t  can be overdamped, critically damped, or
underdamped.

Case I: If  2P   20 , the roots s 1 and s 2 are real, negative, and unequal. This results in the over-
damped natural response and has the form
s1 t s2 t
vn  t  = k1 e + k2 e (1.46)

Case II: If  2P =  20 , the roots s 1 and s 2 are real, negative, and equal. This results in the criti-
cally damped natural response and has the form
–P t
vn  t  = e  k1 + k2 t  (1.47)

Case III: If  20   2P , the roots s 1 and s 2 are complex conjugates. This results in the under-
damped or oscillatory natural response and has the form

116 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Parallel RLC Circuit
–P t –P t
vn  t  = e  k 1 cos  nP t + k 2 sin  nP t  = k 3 e  cos  nP t +   (1.48)

1.3.1 Response of Parallel RLC Circuits with DC Excitation

Depending on the circuit constants G (or R), L, and C, the natural response of a parallel RLC cir-
cuit may be overdamped, critically damped or underdamped. In this section we will derive the
total response of a parallel RLC circuit which is excited by a DC source for the example which fol-
lows.

Example 1.3
For the circuit of Figure 1.16, i L  0  = 2 A and v C  0  = 5 V . Compute and sketch v  t  for t  0 .

iR iL iC
vt 32  10 H 1  640 F
10u 0  t  A

Figure 1.16. Circuit for Example 1.3

Solution:
We could write the integrodifferential equation that describes the given circuit, differentiate, and
find the roots of the characteristic equation from the homogeneous differential equation as we did
in the previous section. However, we will skip these steps and begin with
v  t  = vf  t  + vn  t  (1.49)
di
and when steadystate conditions have been reached, we will have v = v L = L ----- = 0 , v f = 0
dt
and v  t  = v n  t  .
To find out whether the natural response is overdamped, critically damped, or oscillatory, we need
to compute the values of  P and  0 using (1.43) and the values of s 1 and s 2 using (1.44) or
(1.45). Then we will use (1.46), or (1.47), or (1.48) as appropriate. For this example,
G- = ----------
 P = ------ 1 - = ------------------------------------
1 - = 10
2C 2RC 2  32  1  640
or 2
 P = 100
and
2 1 - = ---------------------------
 0 = ------- 1 - = 64
LC 10  1  640
Then
2 2
s 1 s 2 = –  P   P –  0 = – 10  6

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 117
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Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

or s 1 = – 4 and s 2 = – 16 . Therefore, the natural response is overdamped and from (1.46) we

obtain
s1 t s2 t –4 t – 16 t
v  t  = vn  t  = k1 e + k2 e = k1 e + k2 e (1.50)

and the constants k 1 and k 2 will be evaluated from the initial conditions.

With the initial condition v C  0  = v  0  = 5 V and (1.50) we obtain

0 0
v  0  = k1 e + k2 e = 5
or
k1 + k2 = 5 (1.51)

The second equation that is needed for the computation of the values of k 1 and k 2 is found from
dv dv
the other initial condition, that is, i L  0  = 2 A . Since i C  t  = C --------C- = C ------ , we differentiate
dt dt
(1.50), we evaluate it at t = 0 + , and we equate it with this initial condition.Then,
dv dv
------ = – 4k 1 e –4 t – 16k 2 e –16 t and ------ = – 4k 1 – 16 k 2 (1.52)
dt dt +
t=0
+
Also, at t = 0
1- + + dv
--- v  0  + i L  0  + C ------ = 10
R dt +
t=0

and solving for dv

------ we obtain
dt +
t=0
dv 10 – 5  32 – 2
------ = ------------------------------- = 502 (1.53)
dt +
1  640
t=0

Next, equating (1.52) with (1.53) we obtain

– 4k 1 – 16 k 2 = 502
or
– 2k 1 – 8 k 2 = 251 (1.54)

Simultaneous solution of (1.51) and (1.54) yields k 1 = 291  6 , k 2 = – 261  6 , and by substitution
into (1.50) we obtain the total response as
291 –4 t 261 –16 t –4 t – 16 t
v  t  = v n  t  = --------- e – --------- e = 48.5e – 43.5 e V (1.55)
6 6
Check with MATLAB:
syms t % Define symbolic variable t. Must have Symbolic Math Toolbox installed
y0=291*exp(4*t)/6261*exp(16*t)/6; % Let solution v(t) = y0

118 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
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 Parallel RLC Circuit

y1=diff(y0) % Compute and display first derivative

y1 = -194*exp(-4*t)+696*exp(-16*t)
y2=diff(y0,2) % Compute and display second derivative
y2 = 776*exp(-4*t)-11136*exp(-16*t)
y=y2/640+y1/32+y0/10 % Verify that (1.40) is satisfied
y = 0

The plot is shown in Figure 1.17.

– 4t
v 1  t  = 48.5 e
Voltage (V)

vt
– 16t
v 2  t  = – 43.5 e

Time (sec)
Figure 1.17. Plot for v  t  of Example 1.3

From the plot of Figure 1.17, we observe that v  t  attains its maximum value somewhere in the
interval 0.10 and 0.12 sec., and the maximum voltage is approximately 24 V . If we desire to com-
pute precisely the maximum voltage and the exact time it occurs, we can compute the derivative
of (1.55), set it equal to zero, and solve for t . Thus,
dv –4 t – 16 t
------ = – 1164e + 4176e = 0 (1.56)
dt t=0

Division of (1.56) by e –16t yields

12t
– 1164e + 4176 = 0
or
12t 348
e = ---------
97
or
348
12t = ln  --------- = 1.2775
 97 
and

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 119
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Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

1.2775
t = t max = ---------------- = 0.106 s
12
By substitution into (1.55)
– 4 x0.106 – 16 x0.106
v max = 48.5e – 43.5 e = 23.76 V (1.57)

A useful quantity, especially in electronic circuit analysis, is the settling time, denoted as t S , and it
is defined as the time required for the voltage to drop to 1% of its maximum value. Therefore, t S
is an indication of the time it takes for v  t  to dampout, meaning to decrease the amplitude of
v  t  to approximately zero. For this example, 0.01  23.76 = 0.2376 V , and we can find t S by sub-
stitution into (1.55). Then,
– 4t – 16t
0.01v max = 0.2376 = 48.5e – 43.5e (1.58)
and we need to solve for the time t . To simplify the computation, we neglect the second term on
the right side of (1.58) since this component of the voltage damps out much faster than the other
component. This expression then simplifies to
–4 ts
0.2376 = 48.5e
or
– 4 t S = ln  0.005  =  – 5.32 
or
t S = 1.33 s (1.59)

Example 1.4
For the circuit of Figure 1.18, i L  0  = 2 A and v C  0  = 5 V , and the resistor is to be adjusted so
that the natural response will be critically damped.Compute and sketch v  t  for t  0 .

iR iL iC
vt 10 H 1  640 F
10u 0  t  A

Figure 1.18. Circuit for Example 1.4

Solution:
Since the natural response is to be critically damped, we must have  20 = 64 because the L and C
values are the same as in the previous example. Please refer to (1.43), Page 116. We must also
have
G 1 1
 P = ------- = ----------- =  0 = -------- = 8
2C 2RC LC
or

120 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
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 Parallel RLC Circuit

2-
1- = 8  -------- 1-
--- = -----
R 640 40
or R = 40  and thus s 1 = s 2 = –  P = – 8 . The natural response will have the form
–P t – 8t
v  t  = vn  t  = e  k 1 + k 2 t  or v  t  = v n  t  = e  k 1 + k 2 t  (1.60)

Using the initial condition v C  0  = 5 V , and evaluating (1.60) at t = 0 , we obtain

0
v  0  = e  k1 + k2 0  = 5
or
k1 = 5 (1.61)
and (1.60) simplifies to – 8t
v  t  = e  5 + k2 t  (1.62)

As before, we need to compute the derivative dv  dt in order to apply the second initial condition
and find the value of the constant k 2 .
We obtain the derivative using MATLAB as follows:
syms t k2; v0=exp(8*t)*(5+k2*t); v1=diff(v0); % v1 is 1st derivative of v0
% Must have Symbolic Math Toolbox installed
v1 = -8*exp(-8*t)*(5+k2*t)+exp(-8*t)*k2
Thus,
dv
------ = – 8e –8t  5 + k 2 t  + k 2 e –8t
dt
and
dv
------ = – 40 + k 2 (1.63)
dt t=0

dv i
Also, i C = C ------ or dv
------ = ---C- and
dt dt C
+ + +
dv iC  0  IS –iR  0  – iL  0 
------ = --------------
- = ------------------------------------------- (1.64)
dt +
C C
t=0
or
dv IS – vC  0   R – iL  0  10 – 5  40 – 2 7.875
------ = -------------------------------------------------- = ------------------------------- = ---------------- = 5040 (1.65)
dt t=0
C 1  640 1  640

Equating (1.63) with (1.65) and solving for k 2 we obtain

– 40 + k 2 = 5040
or
k 2 = 5080 (1.66)

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 121
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Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

and by substitution into (1.62), we obtain the total solution as

– 8t
v  t  = e  5 + 5080t  V (1.67)
Check with MATLAB:
syms t; y0=exp(8*t)*(5+5080*t); y1=diff(y0) % Compute 1st derivative
% Must have Symbolic Math Toolbox installed
y1 = -8*exp(-8*t)*(5+5080*t)+5080*exp(-8*t)
y2=diff(y0,2) % Compute 2nd derivative
y2 = 64*exp(-8*t)*(5+5080*t)-81280*exp(-8*t)
y=y2/640+y1/40+y0/10 % Verify differential equation, see (1.40), Pg 1-15
y = 0
The plot is shown in Figure 1.19.
Voltage (V)

Time (sec)
Figure 1.19. Plot for v  t  of Example 1.4
By inspection of (1.67), we see that at t = 0 , v  t  = 5 V and thus the second initial condition is
satisfied. We can verify that the first initial condition is also satisfied by differentiation of (1.67).
We can also show that v  t  approaches zero as t approaches infinity with L’Hôpital’s rule, i.e.,
d-
----  5 + 5080t 
– 8t  5 + 5080t  dt 5080
lim v  t  = lim e  5 + 5080t  = lim ---------------------------
- = lim --------------------------------- = lim -----------
- = 0 (1.68)
t t t e
8t t   d
----- e 8t t   8e
8t

dt

Example 1.5
For the circuit of Figure 1.20, i L  0  = 2 A and v C  0  = 5 V . Compute and sketch v  t  for t  0 .

122 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
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 Parallel RLC Circuit

iR iL iC
vt 50  10 H 1  640 F
10u 0  t  A
Figure 1.20. Circuit for Example 1.5
Solution:
This is the same circuit as the that of the two previous examples except that the resistance has
been increased to 50  . For this example,
G- = ----------
 P = ------ 1 - = ------------------------------------
1 - = 6.4
2C 2RC 2  50  1  640
or 2
 P = 40.96
and as before,
2 1 1
 0 = -------- = ---------------------------- = 64
LC 10  1  640

Also,  20   2P . Therefore, the natural response is underdamped with natural frequency

2 2
 nP = 0 – P = 64 – 40.96 = 23.04 = 4.8

Since v f = 0 , the total response is just the natural response. Then, from (1.48),
–P t – 6.4t
v  t  = v n  t  = ke cos   nP t +   = ke cos  4.8t +   (1.69)

and the constants k and  will be evaluated from the initial conditions.
From the initial condition v C  0  = v  0  = 5 V and (1.69) we obtain
0
v  0  = ke cos  0 +   = 5
or
k cos  = 5 (1.70)
To evaluate the constants k and  we differentiate (1.69), we evaluate it at t = 0 , we write the
equation which describes the circuit at t = 0 + , and we equate these two expressions. Using MAT-
LAB we obtain:
syms t k phi; y0=k*exp(6.4*t)*cos(4.8*t+phi); y1=diff(y0)
% Must have Symbolic Math Toolbox installed
y1 = -32/5*k*exp(-32/5*t)*cos(24/5*t+phi)
-24/5*k*exp(-32/5*t)*sin(24/5*t+phi)
pretty(y1)

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 123
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Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

- 32/5 k exp(- 32/5 t) cos(24/5 t + phi)

- 24/5 k exp(- 32/5 t) sin(24/5 t + phi)
Thus,
dv – 6.4t – 6.4t
------ = – 6.4ke cos  4.8t +   – 4.8ke sin  4.8t +   (1.71)
dt
and
dv
------ = – 6.4k cos  – 4.8k sin 
dt t=0

By substitution of (1.70), the above expression simplifies to

dv
------ = – 32 – 4.8k sin  (1.72)
dt t=0

dv i
Also, i C = C ------ or dv
------ = ---C- and
dt dt C
+ + +
dv iC  0  IS –iR  0  – iL  0 
------ = --------------
- = ------------------------------------------
-
dt +
C C
t=0
or
dv IS – vC  0   R – iL  0  – 5  50 – 2- = 7.9  640 = 5056
------ = -------------------------------------------------- = 10
------------------------------ (1.73)
dt t=0
C 1  640
Equating (1.72) with (1.73) we obtain
– 32 – 4.8k sin  = 5056
or
k sin  = – 1060 (1.74)
The phase angle  can be found by dividing (1.74) by (1.70). Then,
k sin  = tan  = –
--------------- 1060- = – 212
--------------
k cos  5
or –1
 = tan  – 212  = – 1.566 rads = – 89.73 deg
The value of the constant k is found from (1.70) as
k cos  – 1.566  = 5
or
5
k = ------------------------------ = 1042
cos  – 1.566 
and by substitution into (1.69), the total solution is
– 6.4t
v  t  = 1042e cos  4.8t – 89.73  (1.75)
The plot is shown in Figure 1.21.

124 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
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 Parallel RLC Circuit

Voltage (V)

Time (sec)
Figure 1.21. Plot for v  t  of Example 1.5
From the plot of Figure 1.21 we observe that the maximum value occurs somewhere between
t = 0.10 sec and t = 0.20 sec , while the minimum value occurs somewhere between t = 0.73 sec
and t = 0.83 sec . Values for the maximum and minimum accurate to 3 decimal places are deter-
mined with the MATLAB script below.
fprintf(' \n');
disp(' t Vc');
disp('-----------------');
t=0.10:0.01:0.20; Vc=zeros(11,2); Vc(:,1)=t';
Vc(:,2)=1042.*exp(6.4.*t).*cos(4.8.*t87.5*pi./180);
fprintf('%0.2f\t %8.3f\n',Vc')
t Vc
-----------------
0.10 274.736
0.11 278.822
0.12 280.743
0.13 280.748
0.14 279.066
0.15 275.911
0.16 271.478
0.17 265.948
0.18 259.486
0.19 252.242
0.20 244.354
fprintf(' \n');
disp(' t Vc');
disp('-----------------');

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 125
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

t=0.73:0.01:0.83; Vc=zeros(11,2); Vc(:,1)=t';

Vc(:,2)=1042.*exp(6.4.*t).*cos(4.8.*t87.5*pi./180);
fprintf('%0.2f\t %8.3f\n',Vc')
t Vc
-----------------
0.73 -3.850
0.74 -4.010
0.75 -4.127
0.76 -4.205
0.77 -4.248
0.78 -4.261
0.79 -4.246
0.80 -4.208
0.81 -4.149
0.82 -4.073
0.83 -3.981
The maximum and minimum values and the times at which they occur are listed in the table
below.
t (sec) v (V)
Maximum 0.13 280.748
Minimum 0.78 4.261

Alternately, we can find the maxima and minima by differentiating the response of (1.75) and set-
ting it equal to zero.

1.3.2 Response of Parallel RLC Circuits with AC Excitation

The total response of a parallel RLC circuit that is excited by a sinusoidal source also consists of
the natural and forced response components. The natural response will be overdamped, critically
damped or underdamped. The forced component will be a sinusoid of the same frequency as that
of the excitation, and since it represents the AC steadystate condition, we can use phasor analy-
sis to find the forced response. We will derive the total response of a parallel RLC circuit which is
excited by an AC source with the following example.

Example 1.6
For the circuit of Figure 1.22, i L  0  = 2 A and v C  0  = 5 V . Compute and sketch v  t  for t  0 .

126 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Parallel RLC Circuit

iR iL iC
vt 50  10 H 1  640 F
iS

i S = 20 sin  6400t + 90 u 0  t  A

Figure 1.22. Circuit for Example 1.6
Solution:

This is the same circuit as the previous example where the DC source has been replaced by an AC
source. The total response will consist of the natural response v n  t  which we already know from
the previous example, and the forced response v f  t  which is the AC steadystate response, will be
found by phasor analysis.
The t – domain to j – domain j transformation yields
i s  t  = 20 sin  6400t + 90  = 20 cos 6400t  I = 20 0

The admittance Y is
–1
1 1 2 1
Y = G + j  C – -------- = G +  C – --------  tan  C – --------  G
2
 L  L   L
where
1- = ----- 1-
1- , C = 6400  -------- 1 1 - = --------------
1 -
G = --- = 10 and -------- = -----------------------
R 50 640 L 6400  10 64000
and thus
1 2  1 2 –1
1 1
Y =  ----- -  tan   10 – ---------------  ------ = 10 89.72
- + 10 – --------------
 50   64000    64000 50 

Now, we find the phasor voltage V as

I 20 0
V = ---- = --------------------------- = 2 – 89.72
Y 10 89.72

and j – domain to t – domain transformation yields

V = 2 – 89.72  v f  t  = 2 cos  6400t – 89.72 
The total solution is
– 6.4t
v  t  = v n  t  + v f  t  = ke cos  4.8t +   + 2 cos  6400t – 89.72  (1.76)

Now, we need to evaluate the constants k and  .

With the initial condition v C  0  = 5 V (1.76) becomes

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 127
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

0
v  0  = v C  0  = ke cos  + 2 cos  – 89.72  = 5
or
k cos   5 (1.77)
To make use of the second initial condition, we differentiate (1.76) using MATLAB as follows,
and then we evaluate it at t = 0 .
syms t k phi; y0=k*exp(-6.4*t)*cos(4.8*t+phi)+2*cos(6400*t-1.5688); % Must have Sym Math
y1=diff(y0); % Differentiate v(t) of (1.76)
y1 = -32/5*k*exp(-32/5*t)*cos(24/5*t+phi)-24/5*k*exp(-32/
5*t)*sin(24/5*t+phi)-12800*sin(6400*t-1961/1250)
or
dv
------ = – 6.4ke
– 6.4t
cos  4.8t +   – 4.8ke
– 6.4t
sin  4.8t +   – 12800 sin  6400t – 1.5688 
dt
and
dv
------ = – 6.4k cos  – 4.8k sin  – 12800 sin  – 1.5688 
dt t=0 (1.78)
= – 6.4k cos  – 4.8k sin  + 12800
With (1.77) we obtain
dv
------ = – 32 – 4.8k sin  + 12800  – 4.8k sin  + 12832 (1.79)
dt t=0

dv i
Also, i C = C ------ or dv
------ = ---C- and
dt dt C
+ + + +
dv iC  0  iS  0  –iR  0  – iL  0 
------ = --------------
- = -----------------------------------------------------
-
dt +
C C
t=0
or +
dv iS  0  – vC  0   R – iL  0  20 – 5  50 – 2- = 11456
------ = ------------------------------------------------------------
- = ------------------------------ (1.80)
dt t=0
C 1  640

Equating (1.79) with (1.80) and solving for k we obtain

– 4.8k sin  + 12832 = 11456
or
k sin  = 287
Then with (1.77) and (1.81),
k sin  287
--------------- = tan  = --------- = 57.4
k cos  5
or
 = 1.53 rad = 89

The value of the constant k is found from (1.77), that is,

128 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Parallel RLC Circuit

k = 5   cos 89  = 279.4

By substitution into (1.76), we obtain the total solution as
– 6.4t
v  t  = 279.4e cos  4.8t + 89  + 2 cos  6400t – 89.72  (1.81)
With MATLAB we obtain the plot shown in Figure 1.23. The plot was created with the MAT-
LAB script below.
t=0: 0.01: 1; vt=279.4.*exp(-6.4.*t).*cos(4.8.*t+89*pi./180)+2.*cos(6400.*t-89.72.*pi./180);
plot(t,vt); grid

Figure 1.23. Plot for v  t  of Example 1.6

The same results are obtained with the Simulink/SimPowerSystems model shown in Figure 1.24.

Figure 1.24. Simulink/SimPowerSystems model for the circuit in Figure 1.23

The waveform displayed by the Scope block is shown in Figures 1.25, and we observe that it is
consistent with the waveform shown in Figure 1.23.

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 129
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

Figure 1.25. Waveform displayed by the Scope block in Figure 1.24

1.4 Other Second Order Circuits

Second order circuits are not restricted to RLC circuits. They include amplifiers and filter among
others, and since it is beyond the scope of this text to analyze such circuits in detail, we will illus-
trate the transient analysis of a second order active lowpass filter.

Example 1.7
The circuit of Figure 1.26 a known as a Multiple Feed Back (MFB) active lowpass filter. For this
circuit, the initial conditions are v C1 = v C2 = 0 . Compute and sketch v out  t  for t  0 .

40 k R2 C2 10 nF
R1 50 k
+ v1 R v2
200 k 3 +
vin vout
 C1 25 nF


vin(t)= (6.25 cos 6280t)u(t) V

Figure 1.26. Circuit for Example 1.7
Solution:
At node V 1 :
v 1 – v in dv v 1 – v out v 1 – v 2
----------------- + C 1 --------1 + ------------------- + ---------------- = 0 t  0 (1.82)
R1 dt R2 R3
At node V 2 :
v2 – v1 dv out
---------------- = C 2 -----------
- (1.83)
R3 dt

130 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
Copyright © Orchard Publications
 Other Second Order Circuits

We observe that v 2 = 0 (virtual ground).

Collecting like terms and rearranging (1.83) and (1.84) we obtain

1
 ----- 1 1 dv 1 1
- + ------ + ------  v 1 + C 1 --------1 – ------ v out = ------ v in (1.84)
 R1 R2 R3  dt R 2 R1
and
dv out
v 1 = – R 3 C 2 -----------
- (1.85)
dt
Differentiation of (1.86) yields 2
dv dv out
--------1 = – R 3 C 2 -------------
2
- (1.86)
dt dt
and by substitution of given numerical values into (1.85) through (1.87), we obtain

1 - + -----------------
 ----------------- 1 -  v + 25  10 –9 dv
1 - + ----------------- 1 -
--------1 – ----------------- 1
v out = ------------------5 v in
 2  10 5 4  10 4 5  10 4  1 dt 4  10 4
2  10
or
–3 –9 dv 1
 0.05  10 v 1 + 25  10 -------- –  0.25  10 –4 v out =  0.5  10 –5 v in (1.87)
dt

– 4 dv out
v 1 = – 5  10 -----------
- (1.88)
dt
2
dv – 4 d v out
--------1 = – 5  10 -------------
2
- (1.89)
dt dt
Next, substitution of (1.89) and (1.90) into (1.88) yields
2
– 4 dv out d v out
0.05  10  – 5  10 -----------
–3
- + 25  10 –9  – 5  10 –4  -------------
- (1.90)
 dt  dt
2

–4 –5
–  0.25  10 v out =  0.5  10 v in

or 2
– 13 d v out – 7 dv out
– 125  10 -------------- - –  0.25  10 –4 v out = 10 –4 v in
– 0.25  10 -----------
dt
2 dt

and division by – 125  10 –13 yields

2
d dv out
v out- + 2  10 3 -----------
-------------- - + 2  10 6 v out =  – 1.6  10 5 v in
dt
2 dt
or 2
d v out 3 dv out
--------------
- + 2  10 ------------ + 2  10 6 v out = – 10 6 cos 6280t (1.91)
dt
2 dt

Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling 131
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Chapter 1 Second Order Circuits

We use MATLAB to find the roots of the characteristic equation of (1.92).

syms s; y0=solve('s^2+2*10^3*s+2*10^6') % Must have Symbolic Math Toolbox installed
y0 =
[-1000+1000*i]
[-1000-1000*i]
that is,
s 1 ,s 2 = –   j = – 1000  j1000 = 1000  – 1  j1 

We cannot classify the given circuit as series or parallel and therefore, we should not use the
damping ratio  S or  P . Instead, for the natural response v n  t  we will use the general expression
s1 t s2 t – t
v n  t  = Ae + Be = e  k 1 cos t + k 2 sin t  (1.92)
where
s 1 ,s 2 = –   j = – 1000  j1000

Therefore, the natural response is oscillatory and has the form

– 1000t
vn  t  = e  k 1 cos 1000t + k 2 sin 1000t  (1.93)
Since the right side of (1.92) is a sinusoid, the forced response has the form
v f  t  = k 3 cos 6280t + k 4 sin 6280t (1.94)
Of course, for the derivation of the forced response we could use phasor analysis but we must first
derive an expression for the impedance or admittance, since the expressions we used earlier were
for series and parallel circuits only.
The coefficients k 3 and k 4 will be found by substitution of (1.95) into (1.92) and then by equat-
ing like terms. Using MATLAB we obtain:
syms t k3 k4; y0=k3*cos(6280*t)+k4*sin(6280*t); y1=diff(y0)
y1 =
-6280*k3*sin(6280*t)+6280*k4*cos(6280*t)
y2=diff(y0,2)
y2 =
-39438400*k3*cos(6280*t)-39438400*k4*sin(6280*t)
y=y2+2*10^3*y1+2*10^6*y0
y =
-37438400*k3*cos(6280*t)-37438400*k4*sin(6280*t)-
12560000*k3*sin(6280*t)+12560000*k4*cos(6280*t)
Equating like terms with (1.92) we obtain

132 Circuit Analysis II with MATLAB Computing and Simulink / SimPowerSystems Modeling
Copyright © Orchard Publications
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Apes and
Angels
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Apes and Angels

Author: Richard Edward Connell

Release date: April 30, 2021 [eBook #65201]

Language: English

Credits: Al Haines, Cindy Beyer & the online Project Gutenberg

team at https://www.pgdpcanada.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APES AND

ANGELS ***
APES AND ANGELS
BY
RICHARD EDWARD CONNELL

Short Story Index Reprint Series

BOOKS FOR LIBRARIES PRESS

FREEPORT, NEW YORK

First Published 1924

Reprinted 1970
 DEDICATION
To Apes playing Angels, and remembering their Halos while
forgetting their Tails—
To the Earnest and Purposeful Men and Women, of the world, who
have made it what it is today—
To Kings, Generals, Ecclesiastics, Statesmen—
To Dignitaries generally, not forgetting Wearers of Regalia and Phi
Beta Kappa keys—
To All who, taking life heavily and solemnly, thank God they have a
sense of Humor—
To Leaders of Movements, Champions of Causes and all Minor
Messiahs—
To Those who have found Absolute Truth and know no Doubt—
To Prudent, Thrifty Souls who save up their pleasure in this world so
they may enjoy it, with interest, in the next—
To Men who feel refreshed in the presence of Thoroughbred Horses
—
To Patronizers of Humor—
To Artists who think an Important Manner makes Matter Important—
To New-laid Æsthetes who bamboozle other New-laid Æsthetes by
saying Nothing in a New Way—
To Revilers of Public Taste who forget that clarity begins at home—
To Critics whose most lethal epithet is “light,” who deem tears more
civilized than laughter, and the causing of pain a higher art than
the giving of pleasure—
To Weepers in Playtime and Dieters at the Banquet of Life—
To all Mental Masochists—
To the Serious Minded—
This book of light tragedies is dedicated in warm gratitude for the
joy they have given me.
RICHARD CONNELL
Green’s Farms, Conn.
February 11, 1924.

CONTENTS

PAGE

.A .Friend
. . . .of. N
. apoleon
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
.A .R.eputation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
.Son
. . of
. .a .Sloganeer
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
.The
. .W . ronging
. . . . . of
. .Edwin
. . .D
. ell
. . . . . . . 98
.The
. . U. nfamiliar
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
.A .H.ouse
. . .in. the
. . C. ountry
. . . . . . . . . . . . 163
.Shoes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
.The
. . P.rince
. . . H.as. the
. . .M.umps
. . . . . . . . . 199
.The
. . B.attle
. . .of. W. .ashington
. . . . . S
. quare
. . . . . . 224
.The
. . L.ast
. .of. the
. . .Flatfeet
. . . . . . . . . . . . 256
.The
. . M. an
. .W. ho
. .C.ould
. . I. mitate
. . . .a .B.ee. . . 291
 APES AND ANGELS

A FRIEND OF NAPOLEON

A LL Paris held no happier man than Papa Chibou. He loved his

work—that was why. Other men might say—did say, in fact—that
for no amount of money would they take his job; no, not for ten
thousand francs for a single night. It would turn their hair white and
give them permanent goose flesh, they averred. On such men Papa
Chibou smiled with pity. What stomach had such zestless ones for
adventure? What did they know of romance? Every night of his life
Papa Chibou walked with adventure and held the hand of romance.
Every night he conversed intimately with Napoleon; with Marat
and his fellow revolutionists; with Carpentier and Cæsar; with Victor
Hugo and Lloyd George; with Foch and with Bigarre, the Apache
murderer whose unfortunate penchant for making ladies into curry
led him to the guillotine; with Louis XVI and with Madame
Lablanche, who poisoned eleven husbands and was working to make
it an even dozen when the police deterred her; with Marie Antoinette
and with sundry early Christian martyrs who lived in sweet
resignation in electric-lighted catacombs under the sidewalk of the
Boulevard des Capucines in the very heart of Paris. They were all his
friends and he had a word and a joke for each of them as, on his
nightly rounds, he washed their faces and dusted out their ears, for
Papa Chibou was night watchman at the Museum Pratoucy—“The
World in Wax. Admission, one franc. Children and soldiers, half price.
Nervous ladies enter the Chamber of Horrors at their own risk. One
is prayed not to touch the wax figures or to permit dogs to circulate
in the establishment.”
He had been at the Museum Pratoucy so long that he looked like
a wax figure himself. Visitors not infrequently mistook him for one
and poked him with inquisitive fingers or canes. He did not
undeceive them; he did not budge; Spartanlike he stood stiff under
the pokes; he was rather proud of being taken for a citizen of the
world of wax, which was, indeed, a much more real world to him
than the world of flesh and blood. He had cheeks like the small red
wax pippins used in table decorations, round eyes, slightly poppy,
and smooth white hair, like a wig. He was a diminutive man and,
with his horseshoe mustache of surprizing luxuriance, looked like a
gnome going to a fancy-dress ball as a small walrus. Children who
saw him flitting about the dim passages that led to the catacombs
were sure he was a brownie.
His title “Papa” was a purely honorary one, given him because he
had worked some twenty-five years at the museum. He was unwed,
and slept at the museum in a niche of a room just off the Roman
arena where papìer-mâché lions and tigers breakfasted on assorted
martyrs. At night, as he dusted off the lions and tigers, he rebuked
them sternly for their lack of delicacy.
“Ah,” he would say, cuffing the ear of the largest lion, which was
earnestly trying to devour a grandfather and an infant
simultaneously, “sort of a pig that you are! I am ashamed of you,
eater of babies. You will go to hell for this, Monsieur Lion, you may
depend upon it. Monsieur Satan will poach you like an egg, I
promise you. Ah, you bad one, you species of a camel, you Apache,
you profiteer——”
Then Papa Chibou would bend over and very tenderly address
the elderly martyr who was lying beneath the lion’s paws and
exhibiting signs of distress, and say, “Patience, my brave one. It
does not take long to be eaten, and then, consider: The good Lord
will take you up to heaven, and there, if you wish, you yourself can
eat a lion every day. You are a man of holiness, Phillibert. You will be
Saint Phillibert, beyond doubt, and then won’t you laugh at lions!”
Phillibert was the name Papa Chibou had given to the venerable
martyr; he had bestowed names on all of them. Having consoled
Phillibert, he would softly dust the fat wax infant whom the lion was
in the act of bolting.
 “Courage, my poor little Jacob,” Papa Chibou would say. “It is not
every baby that can be eaten by a lion; and in such a good cause
too. Don’t cry, little Jacob. And remember: When you get inside
Monsieur Lion, kick and kick and kick! That will give him a great
sickness of the stomach. Won’t that be fun, little Jacob?”
So he went about his work, chatting with them all, for he was
fond of them all, even of Bigarre the Apache and the other grisly
inmates of the Chamber of Horrors. He did chide the criminals for
their regrettable proclivities in the past and warn them that he would
tolerate no such conduct in his museum. It was not his museum of
course. Its owner was Monsieur Pratoucy, a long-necked, melancholy
marabou of a man who sat at the ticket window and took in the
francs. But, though the legal title to the place might be vested in
Monsieur Pratoucy, at night Papa Chibou was the undisputed
monarch of his little wax kingdom. When the last patron had left and
the doors were closed Papa Chibou began to pay calls on his
subjects; across the silent halls he called greetings to them:
“Ah, Bigarre, you old rascal, how goes the world? And you,
Madame Marie Antoinette, did you enjoy a good day? Good evening,
Monsieur Cæsar; aren’t you chilly in that costume of yours? Ah,
Monsieur Charlemagne, I trust your health continues to be of the
best.”
His closest friend of them all was Napoleon. The others he liked;
to Napoleon he was devoted. It was a friendship cemented by the
years, for Napoleon had been in the museum as long as Papa
Chibou. Other figures might come and go at the behest of a fickle
public, but Napoleon held his place, albeit he had been relegated to
a dim corner.
He was not much of a Napoleon. He was smaller even than the
original Napoleon, and one of his ears had come in contact with a
steam radiator and as a result it was gnarled into a lump the size of
a hickory nut; it was a perfect example of that phenomenon of the
prize ring, the cauliflower ear. He was supposed to be at St. Helena
and he stood on a papier-mâché rock, gazing out wistfully over a
nonexistent sea. One hand was thrust into the bosom of his long-
tailed coat, the other hung at his side. Skin-tight breeches, once
white but white no longer, fitted snugly over his plump bump of
waxen abdomen. A Napoleonic hat, frayed by years of conscientious
brushing by Papa Chibou, was perched above a pensive waxen brow.
Papa Chibou had been attracted to Napoleon from the first.
There was something so forlorn about him. Papa Chibou had been
forlorn, too, in his first days at the museum. He had come from
Bouloire, in the south of France, to seek his fortune as a grower of
asparagus in Paris. He was a simple man of scant schooling and he
had fancied that there were asparagus beds along the Paris
Boulevards. There were none. So necessity and chance brought him
to the Museum Pratoucy to earn his bread and wine, and romance
and his friendship for Napoleon kept him there.
The first day Papa Chibou worked at the museum Monsieur
Pratoucy took him round to tell him about the figures.
“This,” said the proprietor, “is Toulon, the strangler. This is
Mademoiselle Merle, who shot the Russian duke. This is Charlotte
Corday, who stabbed Marat in the bathtub; that gory gentleman is
Marat.” Then they had come to Napoleon. Monsieur Pratoucy, was
passing him by.
“And who is this sad-looking gentleman?” asked Papa Chibou.
“Name of a name! Do you not know?”
“But no, monsieur.”
“But that is Napoleon himself.”
That night, his first in the museum, Papa Chibou went round and
said to Napoleon, “Monsieur, I do not know with what crimes you are
charged, but I, for one, refuse to think you are guilty of them.”
So began their friendship. Thereafter he dusted Napoleon with
especial care and made him his confidant. One night in his twenty-
fifth year at the museum Papa Chibou said to Napoleon, “You
observed those two lovers who were in here tonight, did you not, my
good Napoleon? They thought it was too dark in this corner for us to
see, didn’t they? But we saw him take her hand and whisper to her.
Did she blush? You were near enough to see. She is pretty, isn’t she,
with her bright dark eyes? She is not a French girl; she is an
American; one can tell that by the way she doesn’t roll her r’s. The
young man, he is French; and a fine young fellow he is, or I’m no
judge. He is so slender and erect, and he has courage, for he wears
the war cross; you noticed that, didn’t you? He is very much in love,
that is sure. This is not the first time I have seen them. They have
met here before, and they are wise, for is this not a spot most
romantic for the meetings of lovers?”
Papa Chibou flicked a speck of dust from Napoleon’s good ear.
“Ah,” he exclaimed, “it must be a thing most delicious to be
young and in love. Were you ever in love, Napoleon? No? Ah, what a
pity! I know, for I, too, have had no luck in love. Ladies prefer the
big, strong men, don’t they? Well, we must help these two young
people, Napoleon. We must see that they have the joy we missed.
So do not let them know you are watching them if they come here
tomorrow night. I will pretend I do not see.”
Each night after the museum had closed, Papa Chibou gossiped
with Napoleon about the progress of the love affair between the
American girl with the bright dark eyes and the slender, erect young
Frenchman.
“All is not going well,” Papa Chibou reported one night, shaking
his head. “There are obstacles to their happiness. He has little
money, for he is just beginning his career. I heard him tell her so
tonight. And she has an aunt who has other plans for her. What a
pity if fate should part them! But you know how unfair fate can be,
don’t you, Napoleon? If we only had some money we might be able
to help him, but I, myself, have no money, and I suppose you, too,
were poor, since you look so sad. But attend; tomorrow is a day
most important for them. He had asked her if she will marry him,
and she has said that she will tell him tomorrow night at nine in this
very place. I heard them arrange it all. If she does not come it will
mean no. I think we shall see two very happy ones here tomorrow
night, eh, Napoleon?”
 The next night when the last patron had gone and Papa Chibou
had locked the outer door, he came to Napoleon, and tears were in
his eyes.
“You saw, my friend?” broke out Papa Chibou. “You observed?
You saw his face and how pale it grew? You saw his eyes and how
they held a thousand agonies? He waited until I had to tell him three
times that the museum was closing. I felt like an executioner, I
assure you; and he looked up at me as only a man condemned can
look. He went out with heavy feet; he was no longer erect. For she
did not come, Napoleon; that girl with the bright dark eyes did not
come. Our little comedy of love has become a tragedy, monsieur.
She has refused him, that poor, that unhappy young man.”
On the following night at closing time Papa Chibou came hurrying
to Napoleon; he was a-quiver with excitement.
“She was here!” he cried. “Did you see her? She was here and
she kept watching and watching; but, of course, he did not come. I
could tell from his stricken face last night that he had no hope. At
last I dared to speak to her. I said to her, ‘Mademoiselle, a thousand
pardons for the very great liberty I am taking, but it is my duty to
tell you—he was here last night and he waited till closing time. He
was all of a paleness, mademoiselle, and he chewed his fingers in
his despair. He loves you, mademoiselle; a cow could see that. He is
devoted to you; and he is a fine young fellow, you can take an old
man’s word for it. Do not break his heart, mademoiselle.’ She
grasped my sleeve. ‘You know him, then?’ she asked. ‘You know
where I can find him?’ ‘Alas, no,’ I said. ‘I have only seen him here
with you.’ ‘Poor boy!’ she kept saying. ‘Poor boy! Oh, what shall I do?
I am in dire trouble. I love him, monsieur.’ ‘But you did not come,’ I
said. ‘I could not,’ she replied, and she was weeping. ‘I live with an
aunt; a rich tiger she is, monsieur, and she wants me to marry a
count, a fat leering fellow who smells of attar of roses and garlic. My
aunt locked me in my room. And now I have lost the one I love, for
he will think I have refused him, and he is so proud he will never ask
me again.’ ‘But surely you could let him know?’ I suggested. ‘But I
do not know where he lives,’ she said. ‘And in a few days my aunt is
taking me off to Rome, where the count is, and oh, dear, oh, dear,
oh, dear——’ And she wept on my shoulder, Napoleon, that poor
little American girl with the bright dark eyes.”
Papa Chibou began to brush the Napoleonic hat.
“I tried to comfort her,” he said. “I told her that the young man
would surely find her, that he would come back and haunt the spot
where they had been happy, but I was telling her what I did not
believe. ‘He may come tonight,’ I said, ‘or tomorrow.’ She waited
until it was time to close the museum. You saw her face as she left;
did it not touch you in the heart?”
Papa Chibou was downcast when he approached Napoleon the
next night.
“She waited again till closing time,” he said, “but he did not
come. It made me suffer to see her as the hours went by and her
hope ebbed away. At last she had to leave, and at the door she said
to me, ‘If you see him here again, please give him this.’ She handed
me this card, Napoleon. See, it says, ‘I am at the Villa Rosina, Rome.
I love you. Nina.’ Ah, the poor, poor young man. We must keep a
sharp watch for him, you and I.”
Papa Chibou and Napoleon did watch at the Museum Pratoucy
night after night. One, two, three, four, five nights they watched for
him. A week, a month, more months passed, and he did not come.
There came instead one day news of so terrible a nature that it left
Papa Chibou ill and trembling. The Museum Pratoucy was going to
have to close its doors.
“It is no use,” said Monsieur Pratoucy, when he dealt this blow to
Papa Chibou. “I cannot go on. Already I owe much, and my creditors
are clamoring. People will no longer pay a franc to see a few old
dummies when they can see an army of red Indians, Arabs, brigands
and dukes in the moving pictures. Monday the Museum Pratoucy
closes its doors forever.”
“But, Monsieur Pratoucy,” exclaimed Papa Chibou, aghast, “what
about the people here? What will become of Marie Antoinette, and
the martyrs and Napoleon?”
 “Oh,” said the proprietor, “I’ll be able to realize a little on them
perhaps. On Tuesday they will be sold at auction. Someone may buy
them to melt up.”
“To melt up, monsieur?” Papa Chibou faltered.
“But certainly. What else are they good for?”
“But surely monsieur will want to keep them; a few of them
anyhow?”
“Keep them? Aunt of the devil, but that is a droll idea! Why
should anyone want to keep shabby old wax dummies?”
“I thought,” murmured Papa Chibou, “that you might keep just
one—Napoleon, for example—as a remembrance——”
“Uncle of Satan, but you have odd notions! To keep a souvenir of
one’s bankruptcy!”
Papa Chibou went away to his little hole in the wall. He sat on his
cot and fingered his mustache for an hour; the news had left him
dizzy, had made a cold vacuum under his belt buckle. From under
his cot, at last, he took a wooden box, unlocked three separate locks
and extracted a sock. From the sock he took his fortune, his hoard
of big copper ten-centime pieces, tips he had saved for years. He
counted them over five times most carefully; but no matter how he
counted them he could not make the total come to more than two
hundred and twenty-one francs.
That night he did not tell Napoleon the news. He did not tell any
of them. Indeed he acted even more cheerful than usual as he went
from one figure to another. He complimented Madame Lablanche,
the lady of the poisoned spouses, on how well she was looking. He
even had a kindly word to say to the lion that was eating the two
martyrs.
“After all, Monsieur Lion,” he said, “I suppose it is as proper for
you to eat martyrs as it is for me to eat bananas. Probably bananas
do not enjoy being eaten any more than martyrs do. In the past I
have said harsh things to you, Monsieur Lion; I am sorry I said
them, now. After all, it is hardly your fault that you eat people. You
were born with an appetite for martyrs, just as I was born poor.” And
he gently tweaked the lion’s papier-mâché ear.
When he came to Napoleon, Papa Chibou brushed him with
unusual care and thoroughness. With a moistened cloth he polished
the imperial nose, and he took pains to be gentle with the
cauliflower ear. He told Napoleon the latest joke he had heard at the
cabmen’s café where he ate his breakfast of onion soup, and, as the
joke was mildly improper, nudged Napoleon in the ribs, and winked
at him.
“We are men of the world, eh, old friend?” said Papa Chibou. “We
are philosophers, is that not so?” Then he added, “We take what life
sends us, and sometimes it sends hardnesses.”
He wanted to talk more with Napoleon, but somehow he
couldn’t; abruptly, in the midst of a joke, Papa Chibou broke off and
hurried down into the depths of the Chamber of Horrors and stood
there for a very long time staring at an unfortunate native of Siam
being trodden on by an elephant.
It was not until the morning of the auction sale that Papa Chibou
told Napoleon. Then, while the crowd was gathering, he slipped up
to Napoleon in his corner and laid his hand on Napoleon’s arm.
“One of the hardnesses of life has come to us, old friend,” he
said. “They are going to try to take you away. But, courage! Papa
Chibou does not desert his friends. Listen!” And Papa Chibou patted
his pocket, which gave forth a jingling sound.
The bidding began. Close to the auctioneer’s desk stood a man, a
wizened, rodent-eyed man with a diamond ring and dirty fingers.
Papa Chibou’s heart went down like an express elevator when he
saw him, for he knew that the rodent-eyed man was Mogen, the
junk king of Paris. The auctioneer, in a voice slightly encumbered by
adenoids, began to sell the various items in a hurried, perfunctory
manner.
“Item 3 is Julius Cæsar, toga and sandals thrown in. How much
am I offered? One hundred and fifty francs? Dirt cheap for a Roman
emperor, that is. Who’ll make it two hundred? Thank you, Monsieur
Mogen. The noblest Roman of them all is going at two hundred
francs. Are you all through at two hundred? Going, going, gone!
Julius Cæsar is sold to Monsieur Mogen.”
Papa Chibou patted Cæsar’s back sympathetically.
“You are worth more, my good Julius,” he said in a whisper.
“Goodby.”
He was encouraged. If a comparatively new Cæsar brought only
two hundred, surely an old Napoleon would bring no more.
The sale progressed rapidly. Monsieur Mogen bought the entire
Chamber of Horrors. He bought Marie Antoinette, and the martyrs
and lions. Papa Chibou, standing near Napoleon, withstood the
strain of waiting by chewing his mustache.
The sale was very nearly over and Monsieur Mogen had bought
every item, when, with a yawn, the auctioneer droned: “Now, ladies
and gentlemen, we come to Item 573, a collection of odds and ends,
mostly damaged goods, to be sold in one lot. The lot includes one
stuffed owl that seems to have molted a bit; one Spanish shawl,
torn; the head of an Apache who has been guillotined, body missing;
a small wax camel, no humps; and an old wax figure of Napoleon,
with one ear damaged. What am I offered for the lot?”
Papa Chibou’s heart stood still. He laid a reassuring hand on
Napoleon’s shoulder.
“The fool,” he whispered in Napoleon’s good ear, “to put you in
the same class as a camel, no humps, and an owl. But never mind.
It is lucky for us, perhaps.”
“How much for this assortment?” asked the auctioneer.
“One hundred francs,” said Mogen, the junk king.
“One hundred and fifty,” said Papa Chibou, trying to be calm. He
had never spent so vast a sum all at once in his life.
Mogen fingered the material in Napoleon’s coat.
“Two hundred,” said the junk king.
“Are you all through at two hundred?” queried the auctioneer.
 “Two hundred and twenty-one,” called Papa Chibou. His voice
was a husky squeak.
Mogen from his rodent eyes glared at Papa Chibou with
annoyance and contempt. He raised his dirtiest finger—the one with
the diamond ring on it—toward the auctioneer.
“Monsieur Mogen bids two hundred and twenty-five,” droned the
auctioneer. “Do I hear two hundred and fifty?”
Papa Chibou hated the world. The auctioneer cast a look in his
direction.
“Two hundred and twenty-five is bid,” the auctioneer repeated.
“Are you all through at two hundred and twenty-five? Going, going—
sold to Monsieur Mogen for two hundred and twenty-five francs.”
Stunned, Papa Chibou heard Mogen say casually, “I’ll send round
my carts for this stuff in the morning.”
This stuff!
Dully and with an aching breast Papa Chibou went to his room
down by the Roman arena. He packed his few clothes into a box.
Last of all he slowly took from his cap the brass badge he had worn
for so many years; it bore the words “Chief Watchman.” He had
been proud of that title, even if it was slightly inaccurate; he had
been not only the chief but the only watchman. Now he was
nothing. It was hours before he summoned up the energy to take
his box round to the room he had rented high up under the roof of a
tenement in a near-by alley. He knew he should start to look for
another job at once, but he could not force himself to do so that
day. Instead, he stole back to the deserted museum and sat down
on a bench by the side of Napoleon. Silently he sat there all night;
but he did not sleep; he was thinking, and the thought that kept
pecking at his brain was to him a shocking one. At last, as day
began to edge its pale way through the dusty windows of the
museum, Papa Chibou stood up with the air of a man who has been
through a mental struggle and has made up his mind.
“Napoleon,” he said, “we have been friends for a quarter of a
century and now we are to be separated because a stranger had
four francs more than I had. That may be lawful, my old friend, but
it is not justice. You and I, we are not going to be parted.”
Paris was not yet awake when Papa Chibou stole with infinite
caution into the narrow street beside the museum. Along this street
toward the tenement where he had taken a room crept Papa Chibou.
Sometimes he had to pause for breath, for in his arms he was
carrying Napoleon.
Two policemen came to arrest Papa Chibou that very afternoon.
Mogen had missed Napoleon, and he was a shrewd man. There was
not the slightest doubt of Papa Chibou’s guilt. There stood Napoleon
in the corner of his room, gazing pensively out over the housetops.
The police bundled the overwhelmed and confused Papa Chibou into
the police patrol, and with him, as damning evidence, Napoleon.
In his cell in the city prison Papa Chibou sat with his spirit caved
in. To him jails and judges and justice were terrible and mysterious
affairs. He wondered if he would be guillotined; perhaps not, since
his long life had been one of blameless conduct; but the least he
could expect, he reasoned, was a long sentence to hard labor on
Devil’s Island, and guillotining had certain advantages over that.
Perhaps it would be better to be guillotined, he told himself, now
that Napoleon was sure to be melted up.
The keeper who brought him his meal of stew was a pessimist of
jocular tendencies.
“A pretty pickle,” said the keeper; “and at your age too. You must
be a very wicked old man to go about stealing dummies. What will
be safe now? One may expect to find the Eiffel Tower missing any
morning. Dummy stealing! What a career! We have had a man in
here who stole a trolley car, and one who made off with the anchor
of a steamship, and even one who pilfered a hippopotamus from a
zoo, but never one who stole a dummy—and an old one-eared
dummy, at that! It is an affair extraordinary!”
“And what did they do to the gentleman who stole the
hippopotamus?” inquired Papa Chibou tremulously.
The keeper scratched his head to indicate thought.
 “I think,” he said, “that they boiled him alive. Either that or they
transported him for life to Morocco; I don’t recall exactly.”
Papa Chibou’s brow grew damp.
“It was a trial most comical, I can assure you,” went on the
keeper. “The judges were Messieurs Bertouf, Goblin and Perouse—
very amusing fellows, all three of them. They had fun with the
prisoner; how I laughed. Judge Bertouf said, in sentencing him, ‘We
must be severe with you, pilferer of hippopotamuses. We must make
of you an example. This business of hippopotamus pilfering is
getting all too common in Paris.’ They are witty fellows, those
judges.”
Papa Chibou grew a shade paler.
“The Terrible Trio?” he asked.
“The Terrible Trio,” replied the keeper cheerfully.
“Will they be my judges?” asked Papa Chibou.
“Most assuredly,” promised the keeper and strolled away
humming happily and rattling his big keys.
Papa Chibou knew then that there was no hope for him. Even
into the Museum Pratoucy the reputation of those three judges had
penetrated, and it was a sinister reputation indeed. They were three
ancient, grim men who had fairly earned their title, The Terrible Trio,
by the severity of their sentences; evildoers blanched at their
names, and this was a matter of pride to them.
Shortly the keeper came back; he was grinning.
“You have the devil’s own luck, old-timer,” he said to Papa
Chibou. “First you have to be tried by The Terrible Trio, and then you
get assigned to you as lawyer none other than Monsieur Georges
Dufayel.”
“And this Monsieur Dufayel, is he then not a good lawyer?”
questioned Papa Chibou miserably.
The keeper snickered.
 “He has not won a case for months,” he answered, as if it were
the most amusing thing imaginable. “It is really better than a circus
to hear him muddling up his client’s affairs in court. His mind is not
on the case at all. Heaven knows where it is. When he rises to plead
before the judges he has no fire, no passion. He mumbles and
stutters. It is a saying about the courts that one is as good as
convicted who has the ill luck to draw Monsieur Georges Dufayel as
his advocate. Still, if one is too poor to pay for a lawyer, one must
take what he can get. That’s philosophy, eh, old-timer?”
Papa Chibou groaned.
“Oh, wait till tomorrow,” said the keeper gaily. “Then you’ll have a
real reason to groan.”
“But surely I can see this Monsieur Dufayel.”
“Oh, what’s the use? You stole the dummy, didn’t you? It will be
there in court to appear against you. How entertaining! Witness for
the prosecution: Monsieur Napoleon. You are plainly as guilty as
Cain, old-timer, and the judges will boil your cabbage for you very
quickly and neatly, I can promise you that. Well, see you tomorrow.
Sleep well.”
Papa Chibou did not sleep well. He did not sleep at all, in fact,
and when they marched him into the inclosure where sat the other
nondescript offenders against the law he was shaken and utterly
wretched. He was overawed by the great court room and the thick
atmosphere of seriousness that hung over it.
He did pluck up enough courage to ask a guard, “Where is my
lawyer, Monsieur Dufayel?”
“Oh, he’s late, as usual,” replied the guard. And then, for he was
a waggish fellow, he added, “If you’re lucky he won’t come at all.”
Papa Chibou sank down on the prisoner’s bench and raised his
eyes to the tribunal opposite. His very marrow was chilled by the
sight of The Terrible Trio. The chief judge, Bertouf, was a vast puff of
a man, who swelled out of his judicial chair like a poisonous fungus.
His black robe was familiar with spilled brandy, and his dirty judicial
bib was askew. His face was bibulous and brutal, and he had the
wattles of a turkey gobbler. Judge Goblin, on his right, looked to
have mummified; he was at least a hundred years old and had
wrinkled parchment skin and red-rimmed eyes that glittered like the
eyes of a cobra. Judge Perouse was one vast jungle of tangled
grizzled whisker, from the midst of which projected a cockatoo’s
beak of a nose; he looked at Papa Chibou and licked his lips with a
long pink tongue. Papa Chibou all but fainted; he felt no bigger than
a bean, and less important; as for his judges, they seemed
enormous monsters.
The first case was called, a young swaggering fellow who had
stolen an orange from a push-cart.
“Ah, Monsieur Thief,” rumbled Judge Bertouf with a scowl, “you
are jaunty now. Will you be so jaunty a year from today when you
are released from prison? I rather think not. Next case.”
Papa Chibou’s heart pumped with difficulty. A year for an orange
—and he had stolen a man! His eyes roved round the room and he
saw two guards carrying in something which they stood before the
judges. It was Napoleon.
A guard tapped Papa Chibou on the shoulder. “You’re next,” he
said.
“But my lawyer, Monsieur Dufayel——” began Papa Chibou.
“You’re in hard luck,” said the guard, “for here he comes.”
Papa Chibou in a daze found himself in the prisoner’s dock. He
saw coming toward him a pale young man. Papa Chibou recognized
him at once. It was the slender, erect young man of the museum. He
was not very erect now; he was listless. He did not recognize Papa
Chibou; he barely glanced at him.
“You stole something,” said the young lawyer, and his voice was
toneless. “The stolen goods were found in your room. I think we
might better plead guilty and get it over with.”
“Yes, monsieur,” said Papa Chibou, for he had let go all his hold
on hope. “But attend a moment. I have something—a message for
you.”
 Papa Chibou fumbled through his pockets and at last found the
card of the American girl with the bright dark eyes. He handed it to
Georges Dufayel.
“She left it with me to give to you,” said Papa Chibou. “I was
chief watchman at the Museum Pratoucy, you know. She came there
night after night, to wait for you.”
The young man gripped the sides of the card with both hands;
his face, his eyes, everything about him seemed suddenly charged
with new life.
“Ten thousand million devils!” he cried. “And I doubted her! I
owe you much, monsieur. I owe you everything.” He wrung Papa
Chibou’s hand.
Judge Bertouf gave an impatient judicial grunt.
“We are ready to hear your case, Advocate Dufayel,” said the
judge, “if you have one.”
The court attendants sniggered.
“A little moment, monsieur the judge,” said the lawyer. He turned
to Papa Chibou. “Quick,” he shot out, “tell me about the crime you
are charged with. What did you steal?”
“Him,” replied Papa Chibou, pointing.
“That dummy of Napoleon?”
Papa Chibou nodded.
“But why?”
Papa Chibou shrugged his shoulders.
“Monsieur could not understand.”
“But you must tell me!” said the lawyer urgently. “I must make a
plea for you. These savages will be severe enough, in any event; but
I may be able to do something. Quick; why did you steal this
Napoleon?”
“I was his friend,” said Papa Chibou. “The museum failed. They
were going to sell Napoleon for junk, Monsieur Dufayel. He was my
friend. I could not desert him.”
 The eyes of the young advocate had caught fire; they were lit
with a flash. He brought his fist down on the table.
“Enough!” he cried.
Then he rose in his place and addressed the court. His voice was
low, vibrant and passionate; the judges, in spite of themselves,
leaned forward to listen to him.
“May it please the honorable judges of this court of France,” he
began, “my client is guilty. Yes, I repeat in a voice of thunder, for all
France to hear, for the enemies of France to hear, for the whole wide
world to hear, he is guilty. He did steal this figure of Napoleon, the
lawful property of another. I do not deny it. This old man, Jerome
Chibou, is guilty, and I for one am proud of his guilt.”
Judge Bertouf grunted.
“If your client is guilty, Advocate Dufayel,” he said, “that settles
it. Despite your pride in his guilt, which is a peculiar notion, I
confess, I am going to sentence him to——”
“But wait, your honor!” Dufayel’s voice was compelling. “You
must, you shall hear me! Before you pass sentence on this old man,
let me ask you a question.”
“Well?”
“Are you a Frenchman, Judge Bertouf?”
“But certainly.”
“And you love France?”
“Monsieur has not the effrontery to suggest otherwise?”
“No. I was sure of it. That is why you will listen to me.”
“I listen.”
“I repeat then: Jerome Chibou is guilty. In the law’s eyes he is a
criminal. But in the eyes of France and those who love her his guilt is
a glorious guilt; his guilt is more honorable than innocence itself.”
The three judges looked at one another blankly; Papa Chibou
regarded his lawyer with wide eyes; Georges Dufayel spoke on.
 “These are times of turmoil and change in our country, messieurs
the judges. Proud traditions which were once the birthright of every
Frenchman have been allowed to decay. Enemies beset us within
and without. Youth grows careless of that honor which is the soul of
a nation. Youth forgets the priceless heritage of the ages, the great
names that once brought glory to France in the past, when
Frenchmen were Frenchmen. There are some in France who may
have forgotten the respect due a nation’s great”—here Advocate
Dufayel looked very hard at the judges—“but there are a few
patriots left who have not forgotten. And there sits one of them.
“This poor old man has deep within him a glowing devotion to
France. You may say that he is a simple unlettered peasant. You may
say that he is a thief. But I say, and true Frenchmen will say with
me, that he is a patriot, messieurs the judges. He loves Napoleon.
He loves him for what he did for France. He loves him because in
Napoleon burned that spirit which has made France great. There
was a time, messieurs the judges, when your fathers and mine
dared share that love for a great leader. Need I remind you of the
career of Napoleon? I know I need not. Need I tell you of his
victories? I know I need not.”
Nevertheless Advocate Dufayel did tell them of the career of
Napoleon. With a wealth of detail and many gestures he traced the
rise of Napoleon; he lingered over his battles; for an hour and ten
minutes he spoke eloquently of Napoleon and his part in the history
of France.
“You may have forgotten,” he concluded, “and others may have
forgotten, but this old man sitting here a prisoner—he did not forget.
When mercenary scoundrels wanted to throw on the junk heap this
effigy of one of France’s greatest sons, who was it that saved him?
Was it you, messieurs the judges? Was it I? Alas, no. It was a poor
old man who loved Napoleon more than he loved himself. Consider,
messieurs the judges; they were going to throw on the junk heap
Napoleon—France’s Napoleon—our Napoleon. Who would save him?
Then up rose this man, this Jerome Chibou, whom you would brand
as a thief, and he cried aloud for France and for the whole world to
hear, ‘Stop! Desecraters of Napoleon, stop! There still lives one
Frenchman who loves the memories of his native land; there is still
one patriot left. I, I, Jerome Chibou, will save Napoleon!’ And he did
save him, messieurs the judges.”
Advocate Dufayel mopped his brow, and leveling an accusing
finger at The Terrible Trio he said, “You may send Jerome Chibou to
jail. But when you do, remember this: You are sending to jail the
spirit of France. You may find Jerome Chibou guilty. But when you
do, remember this: You are condemning a man for love of country,
for love of France. Wherever true hearts beat in French bosoms,
messieurs the judges, there will the crime of Jerome Chibou be
understood, and there will the name of Jerome Chibou be honored.
Put him in prison, messieurs the judges. Load his poor, feeble, old
body with chains. And a nation will tear down the prison walls, break
his chains, and pay homage to the man who loved Napoleon and
France so much that he was willing to sacrifice himself on the altar
of patriotism.”
Advocate Dufayel sat down; Papa Chibou raised his eyes to the
judges’ bench. Judge Perouse was ostentatiously blowing his beak of
a nose. Judge Goblin, who wore a Sedan ribbon in his buttonhole,
was sniffling into his inkwell. And Chief Judge Bertouf was openly
blubbering.
“Jerome Chibou, stand up.” It was Chief Judge Bertouf who
spoke, and his voice was thick with emotion.
Papa Chibou, quaking, stood up. A hand like a hand of pink
bananas was thrust down at him.
“Jerome Chibou,” said Chief Judge Bertouf, “I find you guilty.
Your crime is patriotism in the first degree. I sentence you to
freedom. Let me have the honor of shaking the hand of a true
Frenchman.”
“And I,” said Judge Goblin, thrusting out a hand as dry as
autumn leaves.
“And I also,” said Judge Perouse, reaching out a hairy hand.
 “And, furthermore,” said Chief Judge Bertouf, “you shall continue
to protect the Napoleon you saved. I subscribe a hundred francs to
buy him for you.”
“And I,” said Judge Goblin.
“And I also,” said Judge Perouse.
As they left the court room, Advocate Dufayel, Papa Chibou and
Napoleon, Papa Chibou turned to his lawyer.
“I can never repay monsieur,” he began.
“Nonsense!” said the lawyer.
“And would Monsieur Dufayel mind telling me again the last
name of Napoleon?”
“Why, Bonaparte, of course. Surely you knew——”
“Alas, no, Monsieur Dufayel. I am a man the most ignorant. I did
not know that my friend had done such great things.”
“You didn’t? Then what in the name of heaven did you think
Napoleon was?”
“A sort of murderer,” said Papa Chibou humbly.

Out beyond the walls of Paris in a garden stands the villa of

Georges Dufayel, who has become, everyone says, the most
eloquent and successful young lawyer in the Paris courts. He lives
there with his wife, who has bright dark eyes. To get to his house
one must pass a tiny gatehouse, where lives a small old man with a
prodigious walrus mustache. Visitors who peer into the gatehouse as
they pass sometimes get a shock, for standing in one corner of its
only room they see another small man, in uniform and a big hat. He
never moves, but stands there by the window all day, one hand in
the bosom of his coat, the other at his side, while his eyes look out
over the garden. He is waiting for Papa Chibou to come home after
his work among the asparagus beds to tell him the jokes and the
news of the day.
 A REPUTATION

S MOKE and talk filled the dining-room of the Heterogeneous Club,

one of those small, intimate clubs of reasonably liberal
professional men and women one finds here and there in New York
City. Alone, in his accustomed corner, Saunders Rook alternately
sipped black coffee and fingered a wan mustache. He was on the
fringe of an animated group, in it without being of it, and on this, as
on other evenings, was taking an inconspicuous, nodding part in the
conversation, sometimes going so far as to say “Not really?” to
which the speaker would reply perfunctorily, “Yes, really,” and go on
as before.
Nobody knew much about Saunders Rook, and he aroused little,
if any, curiosity. It was assumed by the other members, on what
grounds no one could say, that he was an artist of some kind;
perhaps he wrote music criticism for one of the more pallid of the
weeklies; maybe he contributed notes on birds to an ornithological
review; again, it might be that he was an architect, specializing in
designing ornamental drinking-fountains; perhaps he gave lessons
on the flute. His pepper-and-salt suits, his silent neckties, his
manner gave no hint. Yet he was not an enigma; he’d gladly have
told all about himself had anyone cared to ask him.
The members must have seen Saunders Rook scores of times
before that fateful evening, but had you asked any of them to
describe him, the reply doubtless would have been:
“Oh, yes, Saunders Rook. I believe there is such a fellow around
the club. Let me see. No, I don’t think he’s very tall or very short or
very dark or very light. In fact, I don’t believe he’s very anything.”
How and when he had become a member of the club no one
knew, and presumably no one had ever been concerned about
knowing. Perhaps he was a friend of a friend of a member now
deceased. He dined at the club four or five times a week and paid
his bills. No one remembered having seen his face anywhere else.
The Heterogeneous Club is proud of the range and brilliance of its
talk but until this night it had never discussed Saunders Rook. After
this night it could talk of little else.
Saunders Rook was not a glum, sullen, aloof soul; he was not
unnoticed by choice; evening after evening he was on the edge of
the circle of talk, listening, as politely attentive as a well-trained
collie. He may even have ventured on one or two occasions to come
out with something positive; but if he ever did so, it made no
impression on the members of the club, and they were a not
unimpressionable lot.
On this night, as he sat over his coffee, Saunders Rook from time
to time moistened his lips with his tongue and cleared his throat as if
he were making ready to say something important, and then
compressed his lips as if he had decided that it was not worth
saying.
The truth was that Saunders Rook was afflicted with “cab-wit,”
that he was one of those unfortunates who think of the bright things
they might have said only while on their way home in a taxicab. He
was oppressed by the knowledge that if he did say anything, it
would probably be as colorless and unoriginal as he suspected
himself to be. He was oppressed mildly, for he was mild in all things,
by the certainty that he could not compete with the witty Max Skye
or the sparkling Lucile Davega, who could always quote something
arresting from Krafft-Ebing. He did not enjoy being ignored any more
than any other man does, and he had his full share of man’s natural
desire for a beam of the limelight. A craving for attention had of late
been growing more insistent within him. His mind began to play with
ideas, which, he reasoned, if uttered in a loud enough voice, might
bring his hearers to their, and his, feet. He wanted just for once to
cause a stir. Just once, he told himself, would appease him.
Then came the lull that always comes from time to time when
groups are talking, and Saunders Rook found himself saying
distinctly:
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