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Copy of PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

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nandhapvs
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© © All Rights Reserved
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PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

A.C. Generator
Contents

1.Certificate
2.Acknowledgment
3.Introduction
4. Theory Circuit
5.Components of A.C.Generator
6.Efficiency of an AC Generator
7.Produced Result
8.Applications of A.C.
9.Advantages and Disadvantages
10.Expression for instantaneous
e.m.f produced
11.Losses in AC Generator
12.Precaution
12.Generator Bibliography
Introduction

A.C. Generator means Alternating


current generator. It is a device which
is used to convert mechanical energy
into electrical energy.

A.C. generator forces electric current


to flow through an external circuit.
The source of mechanical energy
may be a reciprocating or turbine
steam engine,water falling through a
turbine or water wheel, an internal
combustion engine, a wind turbine, a
hand crank,compressed air, or any
other source of mechanical energy.
THEORY AND WORKING
● The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow through
the field coil of the rotor.
● The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through the use of
slip rings and brushes.
● Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip rings to
provide the continuous connection between the field coil and
the external excitation circuit.
● The armature is contained within the windings of the stator and
is connected to the output.
● Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one
complete cycle of AC is developed.
● A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of the
rotor.
● The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC generator is
dependent on the field strength and speed of the rotor.
● Most generators are operated at a constant speed; therefore,
the generated voltage depends on field excitation, or strength
Components of A.C.Generator
FIELD

The field in an AC generator consists of coils of conductors


within the generator that receive a voltage from a source (called
excitation) and produce a magnetic flux.

● The magnetic flux in the field cuts the armature to produce a


voltage. This voltage is ultimately the output voltage of the AC
generator.

ARMATURE

● The armature is the part of an AC generator in which voltage is


produced.
● This component consists of many coils of wire that are large
enough.

PRIME MOVER

● The prime mover is the component that is used to drive the AC


generator.
● The prime mover may be any type of rotating machine, such as
a diesel engine, a steam turbine, or a motor.
ROTOR

● The rotor is driven by the generator’s prime mover, which may be


a steam turbine, gas turbine, or diesel engine. Depending on the
type of generator, this component may be the armature or the
field.
● The rotor will be the armature if the voltage output is generated
there; the rotor will be the field if the field excitation is applied
there.

STATOR

● Like the rotor, this component may be the armature or the field,
depending on the type of generator.
The stator will be the armature if the voltage output is generated
there; the stator will be the field if the field excitation is applied
there
● The stator of an AC generator is the part that is stationary.
● The rotor of an AC generator is the rotating component of the
generator, as shown in Figure 1.

SLIP RINGS
● In a DC generator, a commutator was used to provide an output
whose current always flowed in the positive direction.
● Slip rings are used in AC generators because the desired output
of the generator is a sine wave.
● The slip ring consists of a circular conducting material that is
connected to the rotor windings and insulated from the shaft.
Brushes ride on the slip ring as the rotor rotates. The electrical
connection to the rotor is made by connections to the brushes.
● Slip rings are electrical connections that are used to transfer
power to and from the rotor of an AC generator.
EFFICIENCY OF AN A.C GENERATOR

● Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio of the useful power


output to the total power input.
● Because any mechanical process experiences some losses, no
AC generators can be 100 percent efficient.
● Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated using Equation.
● Efficiency = [Output /Input] X 100

OR

Efficiency = [POWER OUT/POWER IN] X 100

EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRIC GENERATOR

EFFICIENCY = [POWER OUTPUT / POWER INPUT ] 100


RESULT
● WHEN THE AXLE OF GENERATING MOTOR IS ROTATED, E.M.F.
IS PRODUCED BY IT.

REASON: CHANGE IN FLUX THROUGH THE WINDING OF


MOTOR.

● THIS E.M.F. REMAINS IN THE CIRCUIT AS LONG AS AXLE IS


ROTATED.

HENCE, FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC


INDUCTION IS VERIFIED.

● AS THE SPEED OF ROTOR IS INCREASED, THE VOLTAGE AND


CURRENT PRODUCED BY GENERATOR ALSO GET INCREASED.

REASON: RATE OF CHANGE OF FLUX INCREASES.


APPLICATIONS OF AC GENERATOR

● Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind generators, high


speed gas turbine generators.

● Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems, automotive starter


generators.
● An ac generator, or ‘alternator’, is used to produce ac voltages
for transmission via the grid system or, locally, as portable
generators.

All of our household appliances run on AC current. Ex:


Refrigerator, washing machines, oven, lights,fan

.
ADVANTAGES OF AC GENERATOR

• AC is extremely simple and economical to transmit over an


extended distance instead of DC
• The style of the AC generator is quite easier than the DC
generator sort.
• No want for matching a voltage.
• Cost of possession is lower.
• They have a quiet operation.
• This conjointly makes it easier to keep up this generator.
• An AC generator permits users to convert its current to different
voltages with the utilization of transformers.

DISADVANTAGES OF AC GENERATOR

• This poses a challenge once it involves handling due to the


bigger voltages required to provide a set level of power.
• These systems need further insulation due to the bigger voltages
required to provide a set level of power.
• In addition to any or all these risks, An AC generator isn't as
sturdy as a DC generator.
• Working with electrical energy systems has some distinct risks
and difficulties as compared to what will be expected from DC
motors.
• In addition to any or all these risks, AN AC generator isn't as
sturdy as a DC generator sort
LOSSES IN AC GENERATOR

Internal Voltage Drop

● The load current flows through the armature in all AC


generators. The armature has some amount of resistance
and inductive reactance.
● The combination of these make up what is known as the
internal resistance, which causes a loss in a n AC generator.
● When the load current flows, a voltage drop is developed
across the internal resistance.
● This voltage drop subtracts from the output voltage and,
therefore, represents generated voltage and power that is
lost and not available to the load.

HYSTERESIS LOSSES

● Hysteresis losses occur when iron cores in an AC generator


are subject to effects from a magnetic field.
● The magnetic domains of the cores are held in alignment
with the field in varying numbers, dependent upon field
strength.
● The magnetic domains rotate, with respect to the domains
not held in alignment, one complete turn during each
rotation of the rotor. This rotation of magnetic domains in
the iron causes friction and heat.
● The heat produced by this friction is called magnetic
hysteresis loss.
● After the heat-treated silicon steel is formed to the desired
shape, the laminations are heated to a dull red and then
allowed to cool.
● This process, known as annealing, reduces hysteresis
losses to a very low value.
● To reduce hysteresis losses, most AC armatures are
constructed of heat-treated silicon steel, which has an
inherently low hysteresis loss.

MECHANICAL LOSSES
● Rotational or mechanical losses can be caused by bearing
friction, brush friction on the commutator, and air friction
(called windage), which is caused by the air turbulence due
to armature rotation.
● Careful maintenance can be instrumental in keeping bearing
friction to a minimum.
● Clean bearings and proper lubrication are essential to the
reduction of bearing friction.
● Brush friction is reduced by ensuring: proper brush seating,
proper brush use, and maintenance of proper brush tension.
● A smooth and clean commutator also aids in the reduction
of brush friction

PRECAUTIONS

● Do all the connection carefully

● Fix all the component on cardboard with strong glue

● Do not take a high voltage LED bulb (1.5V preferred)

● Use only DC motor in making the model

● Before doing any experiment please consult to your subject


teacher or lab assistance

BIBLIOGRAPHY

● Wikipedia.com
● Pinterest.com
● Physics NCERT book

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