● Surrounded by a membrane that

Basic Cell Structure controls the passage of materials in

and out of the area
● Contains DNA
● DNA is located on chromosomes
● Most organisms are diploid – have
two chromosomes for each trait.

Blue Green Bacteria

Have the ability to produce their food like

plants Most bacteria get their food from
other sources

Cell

● Basic building blocks of life

● Understanding of cell morphology is
critical to the study of biotechnology
● Smallest living unit of an organism
● Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt,
and respond to their environment.
● Many cannot be seen with the naked
eye.
● A cell may be an entire organism or
it may be one of billions of cells that
make up the organism.
● Divided and classified in many ways
● One common classification method
is the presence or absence of a cell
Prokaryotes
nucleus
● Single-celled organism
Nucleus
● Kingdom Monera
● Relatively large structure with a cell ● Lacks a cell nucleus
● Directs cell activities ● The internal structure is less
● Some simple single-celled organized than other cells
organisms lack a nucleus ● Genetic info needed is within the cell
● Prokaryotes – have no nucleus ● The two most common – blue-green
● Eukaryotes – have a nucleus bacteria and true bacteria
● The largest and most identifiable ● Less complex than eukaryotes
part of the cell ● Still have many of the basic internal
● The brain of the cell characteristics
● Site of much of the manipulation
done in biotechnology
Common Prokaryotes Structures Cell Membrane

● Cytoplasm ● Controls what enters and leaves the

● Chromosomal material cell
● Cell membrane and wall ● Plants, algae and bacteria typically
● Ribosomes have a tough outer structure known
● Some have flagellum for mobility as a cell wall

Cell Wall

● Provides additional structure and

protects the cell from pressure
caused by movement of water
● Animal cells do not have walls

Cytoplasm

● Organelles are surrounded by a jelly

like substance
● Primary component is water

Other Organelles
Eukaryotes
● Ribosomes
● Organism made up of cells that have ● Mitochondria
a nucleus ● Golgi bodies
● May be single celled – Kingdom ● Endoplasmic reticulum
Protista
● May have billions of cells like plant Diploid
and animal kingdoms
● Single celled eukaryotes include ● Humans – 23 pair
paramecia, euglena, and diatoms ● Goldfish – 90 chrms, 45 pair
● Typically are highly organized
Cytoplasmic Organelles
● Infinite number of shapes and
purposes ● Organelles are required for proper
● Human body has at least 85 different cell function
cell types ● Ribosome – make proteins for
● All eukaryotes have a number of cellular use and communication
● May be attached to endoplasmic
structures in common
reticulum
Eukaryotes Common Structures Endoplasmic Reticulum
● Organelles – smaller parts of the cell ● Layered membraneous
with specific funtions ● Make and transport proteins
● Cell membrane – acts as a ● Its composition has two
gatekeeper components: the smooth
 endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and Cellular Processes
the rough endoplasmic reticulum
(RER) 1. Respiration
● The rough ER, which is covered by 2. Osmosis
ribosomes on its outer surface, 3. Diffusion
functions in protein processing. 4. Photosynthesis
● The smooth ER is not associated
with ribosomes and is involved in Respiration
lipid, rather than protein,
metabolism. ● Cells break down carbohydrates and
other molecules to produce energy
Vacoule ● Oxidation of glucose is one of most
common forms
● Large organelle, without specific ● Breaking down of sugar into water,
shape carbon dioxide, and energy
● Store waste or raw materials used in ● Energy is used to do the work of the
synthesis of proteins cell

Golgi Bodies Osmosis & Diffusion

● Golgi apparatus ● Transport of raw materials, wastes,

● Similar to endo. Ret. and synthesized materials out of the
● Look like a thick elastic band that cell
has been folded several times
● Adds modifications to unfinished Osmosis
proteins
● Makes lysosomes ● Specific type of diffusion
● Movement of water through a
Lysosomes membrane from areas of high
concentration to areas of low
● Small round concentration
● Store enzymes that break down food
into chemical compounds Diffusion
● Destroy cell organelles and the cell
itself ● Movement of molecules, especially
gases and liquids from areas of high
Mitochondria concentration to areas of low
concentration
● Energy factories
● Rod shaped Equilibrium
● Change food into molecules that can
be used for energy ● Diffusion and osmosis happen to
● Contain DNA enable a cell to reach equilibrium
● Can replicate themselves
Cellular Reproduction
Chloroplast
1. Three ways
● Found in plants and some other 2. Fission
organisms 3. Mitosis
● Contain chlorophyll 4. Meiosis
Fission

● Prokaryotes
● Cell grows larger and makes a
second copy of its DNA
● At some point the cell membrane
divides the cell by the growth of a
transverse septum
● Two new cells are formed as the
division grows inward from either
side of the cell
● Two cells now called “daughter cells”
● Sometimes known as “binary fission”

Mitosis

● Eukaryotes
● Requires 6 stages
● Interphase, prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
● Creates cells that are identical to the
original cell.
● Have the entire compliment of
chromosomes existing in pairs -
diploid

Meosis

● Division of sex cells

● Stages of Meiosis I: Interphase I,
prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase
I, telophase I, cytokinesis I
● Meiosis II: Interphase II, prophase II,
metaphase II, anaphase II,
telophase II, cytokinesis II
● Each cell receives one chromosome
from each pair randomly
● Resulting cells have half the normal
number of Chromosomes - haploid